The new variety of Cynodon dactylon named ‘Grand Prix’ exhibiting a dense stolon mat, fine textured leaves, low production of seed heads and wear tolerance.
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1. A new and distinct variety of Cyondon dactylon plant, substantially as described and illustrated herein, characterized particularly by a unique combination of morphological characters.
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The present invention relates to a new and distinct variety of Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. plant, botanically known as Cynodon dactylon, and hereinafter referred to by the cultivar name ‘Grand Prix’.
Cynodon dactylon is a member of the grass family generally used for turf and has the common name of green couch grass in Australia and Bermudagrass in the United States. ‘Grand Prix’ has demonstrated high turf quality, dense matting, improved wear tolerance and low seed head density amongst other unique features. This new grass is useful for golf course fairways, tees, residential and commercial lawns, sports fields, recreational areas, such as parks, and other similar applications.
The new cultivar ‘Grand Prix’ is a selection from a cross between ‘Wintergreen’ (female parent) and ‘Couch 5’ (male parent) in 1998. ‘Couch 5’ is also known as C5. The resultant seeds of that cross were germinated and 150 seedlings were observed during 1998 and 1999. During the summer of 1999 to 2000, seedling plants were culled based on their shoot density, leaf texture, internode length and colour. The remaining 20 plants were planted in pots at at Pakenham, Victoria, Australia in Spring of 2000. The final selection of Seedling 12 in 2002 was based on shoot density, leaf colour, turf quality and reduced thatch accumulation.
To ensure the unique characteristics of the new cultivar remained stable and reproduced true-to-type, the original selected plant was asexually propagated by dividing the stolon into nodal cuttings at Pakenham, Victoria, Australia and has been multiplied through four vegetative expansions without showing any discernible off types.
Internode length and branching, length and width of the leaf blade, inflorescence raceme length and culm length were characteristics which were used for determine the most similar varieties of common general knowledge. ‘C1’, ‘Hatfield’, ‘Riley's Evergreen’, ‘Winter Gem’ and ‘Wintergreen’ were identified.
‘C1’ is the variety not protected by any plant variety rights and is sold under the Australian registered trade mark Legend®. ‘Hatfield’ is disclosed in Australian PBR No. 2565. ‘Riley's Evergreen’ is disclosed in Australian PBR No. 1506 and is sold under the Australian registered trade mark Conquest®. ‘Winter Gem’ is disclosed in Australian PBR No. 3132 and ‘Wintergreen’ is disclosed in U.S. Plant Pat. No. 6,278.
Plants of the new cultivar ‘Grand Prix’ have not been observed under all possible environmental conditions. The phenotype may differ somewhat with variations in environment such as temperature, light intensity and day length without, however, any variance in genotype.
The following traits have been repeatedly observed and are determined to be the unique characteristics of ‘Grand Prix’. These characteristics in combination distinguish ‘Grand Prix’ as a new and distinct cultivar:
These characteristics contribute the advantageous features in ‘Grand Prix’ of forming a dense stolon mat that has finely textured leaves, low numbers of seed heads reducing the mowing requirement and improving wear tolerance of the turf.
The new variety is propagated vegetatively by sod, plugs, sprigs, tillers, rhizomes or stolons. Vegetative propagation has established that the characteristics have been passed through at least four generations without showing any discernible off types.
Latin name of the genus and species of the plant claimed: The present invention relates to the genus and species Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers, Variety denomination: ‘Grand Prix’.
Plants of the cultivar ‘Grand Prix’ have not been observed under all possible environmental conditions. The phenotype may vary somewhat with variations in environment such as temperature, light intensity and day length without, however, any variance in genotype.
1. Origin and Breeding
‘Grand Prix’ resulted from controlled pollination followed by selection. The new variety is a selection from a cross between ‘Wintergreen’ (female parent) and ‘Couch 5’ (male parent). ‘Couch 5’ also known as C5. was a selection from an earlier series of crosses by the breeder between ‘Wintergreen’ and a number of Cynodon dactylon accessions, which were collected by the breeder from the Mornington Peninsula area of Victoria, Australia between 1986 and 1990. C5 was an experimental breeding line, and was not subsequently reserved as vegetative germplasm. Living material of C5 is no longer in existence.
Following the crossing of ‘Couch 5’ and ‘Wintergreen’ in 1998, the resultant seed was germinated on moist blotting paper. Individual seedlings, a total of 150 in number, were planted into 150 mm pots and these plants observed during 1998 and 1999. During the summer of 1999-2000, the majority of the seedling plants were culled on the basis of their shoot density, leaf texture, internode length, and colour. In the spring of 2000, the remaining 20 potted seedlings were planted individually into 4m2 plots at a turf farm at Pakenham, Victoria, Australia and allowed to expand fully across these plots.
The final selection of Seedling 12 (later designated DN12) in late 2002 was based on shoot density, leaf colour, turf quality, and reduced thatch accumulation as expressed in these plots. The original selected plant was asexually propagated vegetatively by dividing the stolons into nodal cuttings which were struck on the turf farm at Pakenham. The selected plant has been multiplied through at least four (4) such vegetative expansions without showing any discernible off types.
2.Characteristics
The description of the variety is taken from the comparative trials conducted in the period of May 31, 2005 -Dec. 16, 2005 at Cleveland, Queensland, Australia (Latitude 27°32′ South, Longitude 153°15′ East, elevation 25 masl). The characteristics of the new variety are as follows, with all R.H.S. colour chart numbers referring to 2001 edition.
Conditions: Individual propagules were grown in 40×40 mm tubes from Mar. 8, 2005. All varieties were planted on a 1 m×1 m spacing in ferrosol soil (Isbell, R. F. (2002) ‘The Australian Soil Classification’. Revised Edition. CSIRO Publishing. Collingwood, Victoria. Australia) on May 31, 2005. The plants were not defoliated and weed control by pre-emergence oxadiazon was conducted on May 31, 2005 and Aug. 10, 2005. Pest and disease control was conducted with cyfluthrin (armyworm) on (Jun. 7, 2005, with dimethoate (couch tip maggot) on Oct. 17, 2005 and with propiconazole (leaf spot) on Oct. 17, 2005. Nutrition was maintained by slow release starter fertiliser (18-10-9) from May 31, 2005.
Trial Design: The trials composed of thirty (30) plants per variety, with five (5) plants per plot in six (6) randomised blocks.
Measurements: Four (4) diameter of spread measurements per plant were taken on Jul. 12, 2005, Jul. 24, 2005, Aug. 9, 2005, Aug. 23, 2005, Sep. 6, 2005 and the final at 173 days on Sep. 20, 2005. Two (2) stolon leaf, internode and colour measurements were taken on spaced plants on Nov. 15,-Nov. 21, 2005. Two (2) shoot and inflorescence measurements were taken on Dec. 14-16, 2005 on spaced plants. The inflorescence density (0.01 m2) per plant was collected Dec. 19-23, 2005.
In order to choose the trial comparators, the following characteristics used for grouping varieties to identify the most similar variety of common knowledge:
State of Expression in
Organ/Plant Part
Context
Group of Varieties
Stolon
internode length
short to medium
Stolon
internode branching
medium to strong
Leaf blade
length
medium to long
Leaf blade
width
medium
Inflorescence
raceme length
short
Culm
length
short
The most similar varieties of common knowledge identified (VCK).
Name
Comments
‘C1’
‘C1’ is the closest Variety of Common Knowledge.
Material planted was the truest to type available of
this cultivar. This variety is marketed as Legend ®
‘Riley's Evergreen’
The variety is marketed as Conquest ®
‘Winter Gem’
Planting material obtained from the breeder, derived
from the same cross as ‘Grand Prix’
‘Hatfield’
Planting material obtained from thc breeder
‘Wintergreen’
Samples were obtained from breeder Peter
McMaugh's ‘Wintergreen’ nursery block that has
been planted for 7-8 years. This material is the truest
to type available for this cultivar.
Table 1 shows the characteristics of the chosen comparative varieties and Tabe lists the statistical measurements.
TABLE 1
‘Riley's
‘Grand
Ever-
‘Winter-
‘Winter-
Prix’
‘C1’
‘Hatfield’
green’
Gem’
green’
PLANT: GROWTH TYPE
Creeping
Creeping
Creeping
Creeping
Creeping
Creeping
PLANT: HEIGHT
Short
Short
Short
Short
Short
Short
LEAF: PRIMARY COLOUR (RHS COLOUR CHART)
137B
137B
137B
137B
137B
137B
INFLORESCENCE SPIKES: MAXIMUM NUMBER
4
5
5
5
4
5
INFLORESCENCE SPIKES: MINIMUM NUMBER
2
3
3
2
3
3
STOLON: EXPOSED COLOUR (RHS COLOUR CHART)
N199A
N199A
N199A
N199A
148A
N199B
PLANT: LONGEVITY
perennial
perennial
perennial
perennial
perennial
perennial
PLANT: TYPE
mat-
mat-
mat-
mat-
mat-
mat-
forming
forming
forming
forming
forming
forming
PLANT: PROLIFERATION
stolons
stolons
stolons
stolons
stolons
stolons
and
and
and
and
and
and
rhizomes
rhizomes
rhizomes
rhizomes
rhizomes
rhizomes
STOLON: INTERNODE LENGTH
short to
short to
short to
short to
short to
short to
medium
medium
medium
medium
medium
medium
CULM: LENGTH
short
short
short
short
short
short
LEAF BLADE: LENGTH
short
short to
short
short
short to
short to
medium
medium
medium
INFLORESCENCE: PEDUNCLE LENGTH
short to
short
short
short
short to
short to
medium
medium
medium
STOLON: COMPOUND NODES
with =
with =
with =
with =
with =
with =
3 leaves
3 leaves
3 leaves
3 leaves
3 leaves
3 leaves
STOLON: INTERNODE THICKNESS
medium
medium
medium
medium
medium
medium
to thick
LEAF BLADE: WIDTH
medium
medium
medium
medium
medium
medium
LEAF BLADE: SHAPE
linear-
linear-
linear-
linear-
linear-
linear-
triangular
triangular
triangular
triangular
triangular
triangular
LIGULE: TYPE
hairs
hairs
hairs
hairs
hairs
hairs
LIGULE: HAIR PLACEMENT
dense
dense
dense
dense
dense
dense
INFLORESCENCE: SHAPE
digitate
digitate
digitate
digitate
digitate
digitate
INFLORESCENCE: BRANCHING
spicate
spicate
spicate
spicate
spicate
spicate
INFLORESCENCE: RACEME LENGTH
short
short
short
short
short
short
INFLORESCENCE: DENSITY
low
medium
medium
medium
medium
medium
to high
to high
to high
to high
to high
LIGULE: SIZE
short
short
short
short
short
short
TABLE 2
‘Riley's
‘Grand
‘Winter
‘Winter-
‘Hat-
Ever-
Prix’
Gem’
green’
field’
‘C1’
green’
MEAN PLANT DIAMETER AFTER 173 DAYS (cm)
mean
72.1
40.3
78.1
64.5
69.9
47.2
std
12.1
6.2
20.4
16.2
8.7
10.3
deviation
LSD/sig
12.2
P ≦
ns
ns
ns
P ≦ 0.05
0.05
FIRST STOLON NODE WITH
A SECOND LATERAL BRANCH (SPACED PLANTS)
mean
0.80
0.80
0.82
0.50
1.25
1.23
std
0.18
0.17
0.19
0.15
0.26
0.10
deviation
LSD/sig
0.22
ns
ns
P ≦
P ≦
P ≦ 0.05
0.05
0.05
FIRST STOLON NODE WITH
A THIRD LATERAL BRANCH (SPACED PLANTS)
mean
1.08
0.98
1.28
1.02
2.02
2.18
std
0.10
0.04
0.21
0.10
0.32
0.32
deviation
LSD/sig
0.25
ns
ns
ns
P ≦
P ≦ 0.05
0.05
FIRST STOLON NODE WITH
A FOURTH LATERAL BRANCH (SPACED PLANTS)
mean
1.65
1.38
1.95
1.22
3.23
3.33
std
0.36
0.12
0.35
0.34
0.50
0.32
deviation
LSD/sig
0.36
ns
ns
P ≦
P ≦
P ≦ 0.05
0.05
0.05
FIRST STOLON NODE WITH
A FIFTH LATERAL BRANCH (SPACED PLANTS)
mean
2.45
1.98
2.72
1.52
3.95
3.97
std
0.45
0.26
0.43
0.36
0.48
0.44
deviation
LSD/sig
0.40
P ≦
ns
P ≦
P ≦
P ≦ 0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
FIRST STOLON NODE WITH
A SIXTH LATERAL BRANCH (SPACED PLANTS)
mean
2.83
2.68
3.65
2.25
4.20
4.73
std
0.22
0.17
0.75
0.37
0.48
0.45
deviation
LSD/sig
0.54
ns
P ≦ 0.05
P ≦
P ≦
P ≦ 0.05
0.05
0.05
LENGTH OF FOURTH INTERNODE (mm) FROM STOLON TIP
mean
33.27
30.51
44.68
44.88
49.20
41.73
std
1.88
1.36
2.88
2.66
4.04
1.67
deviation
LSD/sig
3.17
ns
P ≦ 0.05
P ≦
P ≦
P ≦ 0.05
0.05
0.05
DIAMETER OF FOURTH INTERNODE (mm) FROM STOLON TIP
mean
1.75
1.36
1.41
1.52
1.59
1.28
std
0.05
0.06
0.04
0.09
0.13
0.06
deviation
LSD/sig
0.09
P ≦
P ≦ 0.05
P ≦
P ≦
P ≦ 0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
LENGTH OF LEAF SHEATH (mm)
ON FOURTH VISIBLE NODE FROM STOLON TIP
Mean
9.16
7.40
9.84
10.74
10.26
7.30
std
0.61
0.32
0.63
0.69
0.47
0.26
deviation
LSD/sig
0.63
P ≦
P ≦ 0.05
P ≦
P ≦
P ≦ 0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
LENGTH OF LEAF BLADE (mm)
ON FOURTH VISIBLE NODE FROM STOLON TIP
mean
3.03
3.28
8.00
6.39
7.97
4.91
std
0.75
0.31
2.00
1.57
1.88
1.01
deviation
LSD/sig
1.21
ns
P ≦ 0.05
P ≦
P ≦
P ≦ 0.05
0.05
0.05
WIDTH OF LEAF BLADE (mm)
ON FOURTH VISIBLE NODE FROM STOLON TIP
mean
1.46
1.35
2.02
1.85
2.31
1.77
std
0.20
0.10
0.21
0.21
0.26
0.13
deviation
LSD/sig
0.17
ns
P ≦ 0.05
P ≦
P ≦
P ≦ 0.05
0.05
0.05
LENGTH:WIDTH RATIO OF LEAF BLADE
ON FOURTH VISIBLE NODE FROM STOLON TIP
mean
1.89
2.37
3.80
3.34
3.31
2.66
std
0.19
0.24
0.72
0.46
0.53
0.36
deviation
LSD/sig
0.44
P ≦
P ≦ 0.05
P ≦
P ≦
P ≦ 0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
LENGTH OF SHEATH (mm)
ON FLAG LEAF ON FLOWERING TILLERS
mean
53.03
63.70
63.93
56.27
57.33
48.27
std
4.25
8.17
4.14
2.67
4.26
2.92
deviation
LSD/sig
5.58
P ≦
P ≦ 0.05
ns
ns
ns
0.05
LENGTH OF BLADE (mm)
ON FLAG LEAF ON FLOWERING TILLERS
mean
19.24
11.86
18.16
16.52
14.76
11.52
std
4.87
3.60
4.08
3.02
1.54
1.49
deviation
LSD/sig
3.92
P ≦
ns
ns
P ≦
P ≦ 0.05
0.05
0.05
WIDTH OF BLADE (mm)
ON FLAG LEAF ON FLOWERING TILLERS
mean
2.01
1.24
1.55
1.55
1.59
1.27
std
0.61
0.13
0.16
0.09
0.13
0.07
deviation
LSD/sig
0.30
P ≦
P ≦ 0.05
P ≦
P ≦
P ≦ 0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
LENGTH:WIDTH RATIO OF
FLAG LEAF BLADE ON FLOWERING TILLERS
mean
10.33
8.97
11.35
10.52
9.20
8.75
std
2.09
1.87
2.02
1.61
1.12
0.93
deviation
LSD/sig
2.07
ns
ns
ns
ns
ns
LENGTH OF SHEATH (mm)
ON FOURTH LEAF ON FLOWERING TILLERS
mean
15.42
16.27
17.93
16.94
16.00
14.67
std
1.88
3.12
1.16
1.16
1.05
1.05
deviation
LSD/sig
2.14
ns
P ≦ 0.05
ns
ns
ns
LENGTH OF BLADE (mm)
ON FOURTH LEAF ON FLOWERING TILLERS
mean
34.41
29.93
40.34
33.77
26.97
29.26
std
3.93
5.92
7.93
3.25
3.82
5.11
deviation
LSD/sig
6.46
ns
ns
ns
ns
ns
WIDTH OF BLADE (mm)
ON FOURTH LEAF ON FLOWERING TILLERS
mean
2.61
2.22
2.60
2.50
2.53
2.17
std
0.14
0.14
0.12
0.07
0.17
0.12
deviation
LSD/sig
0.14
P ≦
ns
ns
ns
P ≦ 0.05
0.05
LENGTH:WIDTH RATIO OF
FOURTH LEAF BLADE ON FLOWERING TILLERS
mean
13.26
11.17
15.47
13.56
10.76
13.53
std
1.35
2.23
2.56
1.32
1.75
2.11
deviation
LSD/sig
2.47
ns
ns
ns
0.05
ns
LENGTH OF PEDUNCLE (mm) ON FLOWERING TILLERS
mean
69.29
106.94
104.49
78.92
79.83
84.42
std
5.90
16.43
5.85
4.85
8.24
8.94
deviation
LSD/sig
10.47
P ≦
P ≦ 0.05
ns
P ≦
P ≦ 0.05
0.05
0.05
DIAMETER OF PEDUNCLE (mm) ON FLOWERING TILLERS
mean
0.53
0.48
0.63
0.55
0.59
0.50
std
0.04
0.03
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.04
deviation
LSD/sig
0.04
P ≦
P ≦ 0.05
ns
P ≦
ns
0.05
0.05
MEAN LENGTH OF SPIKES (mm)
mean
34.15
42.27
44.45
44.14
41.22
32.02
std
2.32
6.00
1.54
1.81
2.63
2.18
deviation
LSD/sig
3.79
P ≦
P ≦ 0.05
P ≦
P ≦
ns
0.05
0.05
0.05
NUMBER OF SPIKES PER INFLORESCENCE
mean
3.45
3.72
4.00
4.07
3.88
3.17
std
0.00
0.00
0.41
0.55
0.41
0.82
deviation
LSD/sig
0.25
P ≦
P ≦ 0.05
P ≦
P ≦
P ≦ 0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
INFLORESCENCE DENSITY
(NUMBER PER 0.1 M2): 23 DEC. 2005 (UNMOWN SWARDS)
mean
16.10
111.90
94.90
112.50
109.50
118.90
std
7.45
46.66
26.34
19.87
57.16
69.88
deviation
LSD/sig
57.05
P ≦
P ≦ 0.05
P ≦
P ≦
P ≦ 0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
MAXIMUM NUMBER OF SPIKES PER INFLORESCENCE
4
4
5
5
5
5
MINIMUM NUMBER OF SPIKES PER INFLORESCENCE
2
3
3
3
3
2
STOLON COLOUR EXPOSED TO SUNLIGHT (RHS, 2001)
N199A
148A
N199B
N199A
N199A
N199A
LEAF COLOUR (RHS, 2001)
137B
137B
137B
137B
137B
137B
Statistical differences among the cultivars were determined according to standard statistical tests.
After 173 days, ‘Grand Prix’ demonstrated a similar rate of lateral spread to all varieties except a ‘Riley's Evergreen’ and ‘Winter Gem’ which were relatively slower growing. The length of the fourth stolon internode of the new variety was relatively short with only ‘Winter Gem’ being smaller but not significantly. Short internodes enable greater shoot density as the shoots are produced from nodes on the stolons that are closer together forming a tight mat. In combination with its prostrate spreading habit, ‘Grand Prix’ forms a dense turf with good ground coverage.
The leaf length on the fourth internode of ‘Grand Prix’ was shorter than all comparators and the leaf width was less than the other comparators, except for ‘Winter Gem’. The new variety significantly had the lowest leaf length:width ratio and as such these leaf measurements indicate that ‘Grand Prix’ has fine textured leaves.
Of particular note, seed head production by ‘Grand Prix’ was significantly lower than all the other comparative varieties. This is shown by the inflorescence density where the new variety had an average 16.10 inflorescences per 0.1 m2 area compared to the comparators having over 90. The very low seed head production of ‘Grand Prix’ provides an attractive appearance to the turf and reduces the need mow as regularly as the other varieties. The inflorescence spike length is similar to ‘Riley's Evergreen’, but significantly shorter against all comparators. Short spikes are less intrusive visually in the turf.
The diameter of the fourth stolon internode of ‘Grand Prix’ is significantly larger than that of all the comparators. This characteristic assists in providing wear tolerance as a thicker stolon is able to provide more resistance to wear stress.
A wear trial was conducted at Cleveland, Queensland, Australia. ‘Grand Prix’ showed significantly greater tolerance to weekly and fortnightly wear treatments applied with a Brinkman Traffic Simulator (Cockerham, S. T. and D. J. Brinkman. (1989). A simulator for cleated-shoe sports traffic on turfgrass research plots. California Turfgrass Culture 39 (3, 4), 9-12.) fitted with smooth rubber rollers rotating at different speeds to give a scuffing action. ‘Grand Prix’ maintained higher turf quality and a lower percentage of bare ground under wear than the other cultivars. Table 3 shows the wear tolerance ratings for seven Cynodon dactylon cultivars based on turf quality and percentage of bare ground 35 days after commencing weekly and fortnightly wear treatments. The wear test started Jul. 14, 2006 and the data presented in Table 3 was recorded Aug. 18, 2006 after 5 weeks of wear treatment. The varieties ‘Princess’ and ‘JTI’ were included in the wear trial, but are not considered to be similar varieties of common general knowledge to ‘Grand Prix’.
TABLE 3
Wear
Turf Quality Rating (0-9)
Tolerance
No Wear
Fortnightly
Weekly
Cultivar
Rating
(Control)
Wear
Wear
Grand Prix
1
7.8
5.0
4.1
C1
2
6.8
3.6
3.4
Riley's
3
6.3
3.4
3.0
Evergreen
Wintergreen
4
6.4
2.9
2.3
Princess
5
7.4
3.3
1.9
Hatfield
6
6.5
2.5
1.4
JT1
7
6.0
1.4
1.1
LSD (P = 0.05)
—
0.8
0.9
0.7
Bare Ground (%)
No Wear
Fortnightly
Weekly
Cultivar
(Control)
Wear
Wear
Grand Prix
0.0
17.5
33.8
C1
0.0
41.3
52.5
Riley's
0.0
40.0
53.8
Evergreen
Wintergreen
0.0
47.5
66.3
Princess
0.0
47.5
75.0
Hatfield
0.0
50.0
78.8
JT1
0.0
83.8
87.5
LSD (P = 0.05)
—
22.2
13.4
Analyses of samples of leaf and thatch from this experiment showed higher Lignin, Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF) and Total Cell Wall (TCW) contents in ‘Grand Prix’ than in the other bermudagrass cultivars. Table 4 indicates the chemical analysis of structural components in samples of leaf and thatch taken from seven Cynodon dactylon cultivars mown to 25 mm. All results expressed as percentages (w/w) on a dry matter basis.
TABLE 4
Cultivar
Lignin (%)
TCW (%)
NDF (%)
Grand Prix
5.83
38.62
66.55
C1
4.73
36.95
63.58
Riley's
4.53
37.02
64.73
Evergreen
Wintergreen
4.38
35.97
64.23
Princess
5.28
35.20
62.75
Hatfield
4.15
34.82
61.68
JT1
4.20
33.62
59.45
LSD (P = 0.05)
0.81
2.86
4.05
‘Grand Prix’ is a turf grass having distinguishing features from ‘C1’, ‘Hatfield’, ‘Riley's Evergreen’, ‘Winter Gem’ and ‘Wintergreen’.
| Patent | Priority | Assignee | Title |
| Patent | Priority | Assignee | Title |
| PP6278, | Feb 03 1986 | Cynodon dactylon grass plant --C84-135 |
| Executed on | Assignor | Assignee | Conveyance | Frame | Reel | Doc |
| Date | Maintenance Fee Events |
| Date | Maintenance Schedule |