A new and distinct transgenic grape plant Vitis vinifera called “Improved Chancellor” which is characterized by greater tolerance to 2,4-diphenoxyacetic acid than is the parent Chancellor grape plant.
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1. A new and distinct variety of grape plant named ‘Improved Chancellor’ as herein illustrated and described.
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Genus: Vitis (complex interspecific hybrid lineage).
The new grape plant named ‘Improved Chancellor’ is of Vitis parentage, with the breeding chart tracing the lineage as shown in FIG. 3.
The new grapevine resulted from stably introducing a plant expressible tfdA gene from Ralstonia eutrophus into Chancellor grapes. The tdfA gene confers resistance in plants to the phenoxy herbicides, especially 2,4 D (2,4-diphenoxyacetic acid). For a general discussion, see U.S. Pat. Publication No. 2003-0154507. This resistance improves the performance of grapevines, which are by nature exquisitely sensitive to the phenoxy herbicides, with deleterious effects observed with drift of herbicide from fields in the area, especially grain fields sprayed to control broadleaf weeds. Damage from drift negatively affects growth and/or yield in affected vineyards.
The transgenic 2, 4-D resistant ‘Chancellor’ grape was produced via genetic engineering. Embryogenic callus was initiated from ovary explants dissected from flower buds 10-14 days before anthesis on Nistch and Nistch (1969) medium containing 9 μM 2, 4-D, 17 μM IASP, and 1 μM BAP in darkness. Embryogenic callus was proliferated and maintained in NN medium containing 2 μM 2, 4-D, 0.2 μM TDZ and 4 μM IASP (Long Term Maintenance Medium, LTMM). Embryogenic callus cultivated for 5 weeks in LTMM was infected with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA4404:pAL4404 carrying a pBIN19 plant transformation plasmid vector containing the tfdA gene construct. The 864 bp tfdA gene in the construct is driven by the CaMV35S core promoter and linked to the nos gene terminator. Transformed embryogenic cells were selected on LTMM containing 350 mg l−1 kanamycin and induced to develop somatic embryos on NN medium supplemented with 10 μM IASP, 8 μM NOA, 1 μM TDZ, 1 μM ABA and 2.5 g l−1 activated charcoal (Embryo Development and Maturation Medium, EDMM). Somatic embryos were germinated and converted into plantlets in ½ MS (Murashige & Skoog, 1962) medium containing 0.5 μM BA+0.025 μM NAA. PCR analysis of regenerated plantlets with tfdA-specific primers showed they contained the tfdA gene. The expression of the tfdA gene in the transgenic plants was demonstrated by their 2, 4-D resistance during spray tests. Transgenic plants survived treatment with 0.5, 5, and 10 kg ha−1 of 2-ethylhexyl ester of 2, 4-D. These rates killed non-transgenic plants.
Spray tests utilized applications of 2,4D corresponding to field application rates of 0, 0.5, 5 and 10 kg/ha of a commercial herbicide preparation (LV400, Growmark Inc). After spraying, the transgenic plant and wild type plants were allowed to dry and then transferred to an isolation greenhouse, and they were observed for damage over a period of three weeks. The wild type plants showed signs of damage within two hours of spraying and they were all dead within one week. While the transgenic plant showed minor, short lived injury (leaf epinasty) for up to seven days at the 2 higher doses of 2 4-D, there was full recovery, with normal growth at the end of two weeks.
The original vine of ‘Improved Chancellor’ arose from selection among embryogenic cells developed in vitro. The cells had been transformed with the tfdA gene. About 20 plants were regenerated between 2002 and 2003; ‘Improved Chancellor’ was selected from these. It was then micropropagated by cuttings in Urbana, Ill. Those resulting plants were stable and typical of the original vine. ‘Improved Chancellor's’ resistance to 2,4-D was confirmed in 2004 in the original plant and in asexually propagated material from the original plant. Subsequent asexual propagations of the variety have also proven stable with true to type plants.
The new grape plant named ‘Improved Chancellor’ resembles the parent grape, from which it was produced by genetic modification, but it differs in that it is significantly less sensitive to herbicide 2,4-D. The fruit color, flavor and texture is expected to be similar to the original grape. Vigor of the new variety is the same as the parent plant in absence of herbicide. However, vigor of ‘Improved Chancellor’ is increased over that of the parent plant in the presence of herbicide.
The following description of grapevine contains references to color names taken from the Ridgeway Color Standards and Color Nomenclature (1912, Hoen and Co., Baltimore, Md.). Descriptors used herein conform to those set forth by the International Board for Plant Genetic Resources Institute Grape Descriptors (Vitis spp.) of 1983 and/or 1997 which were developed in collaboration with the Office International de la Vigne et du Vin (OIV) and the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) and published in Descriptors for Grapevine (Vitis spp.) (Anonymous, International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, 1997, ISBN 92-9043-352-3).
Descriptions of the new invention apply to vines of ‘Improved Chancellor’ grown in an isolation greenhouse in the year 2005. These vines were in their first year of growth having been transplanted from in vitro to the greenhouse in December 2004. The parent clones (control) were growing on their own roots in Urbana, Ill. The descriptions of the parent plants apply generally to the new variety grown under similar circumstances elsewhere:
VINE
Anonymous. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, 1997, ISBN 92-9043-352-3
Murashige, T. and F. Skoog. 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bio-assays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiologia Plantarum, 15: 473-497.
Nistch, J. P. and C. Nistch. 1969. Haploid plants from pollen grains. Science, 163: 85-87.
Ridgeway, R. 1912. Color standards and color nomenclature. A. Hoen and Company, Baltimore, Md.
Skirvin, R. M., M. A. Norton, A. G. Otterbacher, R. Mulwa, B. Shoemaker, B. Aly, and E. Wahle. 2005. Grape varieties for the different regions of Illinois — 2005. Proceedings 2005 Illinois Small Fruit & Strawberry Schools. NRES 7:29-40.
Skirvin, Robert M., Norton, Margaret A., Farrand, Stephen K., Mulwa, Richard M. S.
| Patent | Priority | Assignee | Title |
| Patent | Priority | Assignee | Title |
| 6153401, | Mar 10 1989 | Bayer Cropscience AG | Microorganisms and plasmids for 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) monooxygenase formation and process for the production of these plasmids and strains |
| 6455312, | May 15 1998 | UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA RESEARCH FOUNDATION, INC | Regeneration system for grape and uses thereof |
| 20030154507, |
| Executed on | Assignor | Assignee | Conveyance | Frame | Reel | Doc |
| Aug 17 2005 | The Board of Trustees of the Unviersity of Illinois | (assignment on the face of the patent) | / | |||
| Sep 02 2005 | FARRAND, STEPHEN K | The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois | ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS | 016534 | /0385 | |
| Sep 06 2005 | SKIRVIN, ROBERT M | The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois | ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS | 016534 | /0385 | |
| Sep 06 2005 | NORTON, MARGARET A | The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois | ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS | 016534 | /0385 | |
| Sep 06 2005 | MULWA, RICHARD M S | The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois | ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS | 016534 | /0385 |
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