polyquaternary flocculants of average molecular weight, in excess of 10,000 are prepared by reacting a secondary amine with an epihalohydrin or diepoxide for use in flocculation of aqueous systems where ordinary cationic flocculants cannot be used.
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29. A process for preparing a polyquaternary compound from a first reactant dimethylamine; a second reactant selected from the group consisting of ammonia, primary amines, alkylenediamines of about 2 to 6 carbon atoms, polyamines of the structure: ##EQU22## wherein y represents an integer of about 1 to 5, R3 is an alkylene of about 2 to 6 carbon atoms, and R4 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl of about 1 to 3 carbon atoms, and ω-aminoalkyls of about 2 to 6 carbon atoms, piperazine, heteroaromatic diamines of the structure ##SPC17##
wherein q is zero or an integer of about 1 to 3, and aromatic diamines of the structure ##SPC18## wherein p and q are individually zero or an integer of about 1 to 3; and a third reactant selected from the group consisting of epihalohydrins and precursors of epihalohydrins which under alkaline conditions are readily converted into corresponding epoxy compounds, and mixtures thereof, the molar quantity of said second reactant being up to 15% of the total molar quantity of said first and said second reactants, and the molar quantity of said third reactant, being an amount which ranges from substantially equimolar to the total molar quantity of amines employed to substantially equal to the total functionality requirements of the amines: which process comprises (a) forming an aqueous reaction mixture of said reactants while maintaining the reaction mixture at a temperature in the range of about 20°C. to about 100°C., the amount of water in said mixture being from about 10% to 55%, by weight, based on the total weight of reactants and water; (b) maintaining said reaction mixture at a temperature in the range of about 50° to 100°C. until a polyquaternary compound is obtained which as a 37% aqueous solution, by weight, based on the total weight of the cationic portion of said polyquaternary compound has a viscosity of at least 100 centistokes; and thereafter recovering said polyquaternary compound. 28. A process for preparing a polyquaternary compound from a first reactant selected from the group consisting of dialkylamines wherein the alkyl groups are individually selected from those containing 1 to 3 carbon atoms; a second reactant selected from the group consisting of ammonia, primary amines, alkylenediamines of about 2 to 6 carbon atoms, polyamines of the structure: ##EQU21## wherein y represents an integer of about 1 to 5, R3 is an alkylene of about 2 to 6 carbon atoms, and R4 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl of about 1 to 3 carbon atoms, and ω-aminoalkyls of about 2 to 6 carbon atoms, piperazine, heteroaromatic diamines of the structure ##SPC15##
wherein q is zero or an integer of about 1 to 3, and aromatic diamines of the structure ##SPC16## wherein p and q are individually zero or an integer of about 1 to 3; and a third reactant selected from the group consisting of diepoxides and precursors of diepoxides which under alkaline conditions are readily converted into corresponding epoxy compounds, and mixtures thereof, the molar quantity of said second reactant being up to 15% of the total molar quantity of said first and said second reactants, and the molar quantity of said third reactant, being an amount which ranges from substantially equimolar to the total molar quantity of amines employed to substantially equal to the total functionality requirement of the amines: which process comprises (a) forming an aqueous reaction mixture of said reactants while maintaining the reaction mixture at a temperature in the range of about 20°C. to about 100°C., the amount of water in said mixture being from about 10% to 55%, by weight, based on the total weight of reactants and water; (b) maintaining said reaction mixture at a temperature in the range of about 50° to 100°C. until a polyquaternary comound is obtained which as a 37% aqueous solution, by weight, based on the total weight of the cationic portion of said polyquaternary compound has a viscosity of at least 100 centistokes; and thereafer recovering said polyquaternary compound. 21. A water dispersible polyquaternary polymer consisting essentially of the reaction product of dimethylamine, a polyfunctional amine, and a polyfunctional epoxy compound selected from the group consisting of epihalohydrins and precursors of epihalohydrins which under alkaline conditions are readily converted into the corresponding epoxy compounds, and mixtures thereof, said polyquaternary polymer containing repeating units of the structures ##EQU15## as the cationic portion, and X- as the anionic portion, wherein E is a residue obtained from said epoxy compound; A is a residue obtained after at least bifunctional epoxy reaction from a polyfunctional amine selected from the group consisting of ammonia; primary amines; alkylene diamines of 2 to 6 carbon atoms; polyalkylenepolyamines of the structure ##EQU16## wherein y represents an integer of about 1 to 5, R3 is an alkylene radical of about 2 to 6 carbon atoms, and R4 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl of about 1 to 3 carbon atoms, and ω-aminoalkyl of about 2 to 6 carbon atoms; a polyglycolamine of a structure such as: ##EQU17## wherein a is an integer of about 1 to 5; piperazine; heteroaromatic diamines of the structure ##SPC11##
wherein q is zero or an integer of about 1 to 3; and aromatic diamines of the structure ##SPC12## wherein p and q are individually zero or an integer of about 1 to 3; X- is an anion forming the anionic portion of said polyquaternary compound; the amount of said polyfunctional amine being up to about 15 mole percent of the total moles of said dialkylamine and said polyfunctional amine, the amount of said E is from at least that amount which is substantially equimolar to the molar quantities of said amines up to the full functional equivalency of said amines, so as to provide a polyquaternary compound which as a 37% aqueous solution based on the cationic portion of said polyquaternary compound has a viscosity at 25°C. of at least 100 centistokes; and the amount of said ion present is such as to satisfy anion requirement of the cationic portion of said polyquaternary compound. 27. A water-dispersible polyquaternary polymer consisting essentially of the reaction product of a lower dialkylamine, a polyfunctional amine, and a polyfunctional epoxy compound selected from the group consisting of diepoxides and precursors of diepoxides which under alkaline conditions are readily converted into the corresponding epoxy compounds, and mixtures thereof, said polyquaternary polymer containing repeating units of the structures ##EQU18## as the cationic portion, and X- as the anionic portion wherein R and R2 are individually selected from the group consisting of alkyls of 1 to 3 carbon atoms; E is a residue obtained from said epoxy compound; A is a residue obtained after at least bifunctional epoxy reaction from a polyfunctional amine selected from the group consisting of ammonia; primary amines; alkylenediamines of 2 to 6 carbon atoms; polyalkylenepolyamines of the structure ##EQU19## wherein y represents an integer of about 1 to 5, R3 is an alkylene radical of about 2 to 6 carbon atoms, and R4 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl of about 1 to 3 carbon atoms, and ω-aminoalkyl of about 2 to 6 carbon atoms; a polyglycolamine of a structure such as: ##EQU20## wherein a is an integer of about 1 to 5; piperazine; heteroaromatic diamines of the structure ##SPC13##
wherein q is zero or an integer of about 1 to 3; and aromatic diamines of the structure ##SPC14## wherein p and q are individually zero or an integer of about 1 to 3; X- is an anion forming the anionic portion of said polyquaternary compound; the amount of said polyfunctional amine being up to about 15 mole percent of the total moles of said dialkylamine and said polyfunctional amine, the amount of said E is from at least that amount which is substantially equimolar to the molar quantities of said amines up to the full functional equivalency of said amines, so as to provide a polyquaternary compound which as a 37% aqueous solution based on the cationic portion of said polyquaternary compound has a viscosity at 25°C. of at least 100 centistokes; and the amount of said ion present is such as to satisfy anion requirements of the cationic portion of said polyquaternary compound. 1. A water-dispersible polyquaternary polymer of essentially linear structure consisting essentially of the difunctional reaction product of a lower dialkylamine and a difunctional epoxy compound selected from the group consisting of epihalohydrins, diepoxides, percursors of epihalohydrins and diepoxides which under alkaline conditions are readily converted into the corresponding epoxy compounds, and mixtures thereof, said polyquaternary polymer containing repeating units of ##EQU10## wherein R and R2 are individually selected from the group consisting of alkyl of 1 to 3 carbon atoms; E is a residue obtained from said epoxy compound; the total amounts of reactants being substantially equimolar, the combination of which is such as to provide a polyquarternary compound which as a 37% aqueous solution, by weight, based on the cationic portion of said polyquaternary compound has a viscosity at 25°C of at least 100 centistokes; and X- represents an ion forming the anionic
portion of said polyquaternary. 2. The polymer of
3. The polymer of
4. A water-dispersible polyquaternary polymer consisting essentially of the reaction product of a lower dialkylamine, a polyfunctional amine, and a difunctional epoxy compound selected from the group consisting of epihalohydrins, diepoxides, precursors of epihalohydrins and diepoxides which under alkaline conditions are readily converted into the corresponding epoxy compounds, and mixtures thereof, said polyquaternary of polymer containing repeating units of the structures ##EQU11## as the cationic portion, and X- as the anionic portion wherein R and R2 are individually selected from the group consisting of alkyls of 1 to 3 carbon atoms: E is a residue obtained from said epoxy compound; A is a residue obtained after at least bifunctional epoxy reaction from a polyfunctional amine selected from the group consisting of ammonia; primary amines; alkylene diamines of 2 to 6 carbon atoms; polyalkylenepolyamines of the structure ##EQU12## wherein y represents an integer of about 1 to 5, R3 is an alkylene radical of about 2 to 6 carbon atoms, and R4 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl of about 1 to 3 carbon atoms, and ω-aminoalkyl of about 2 to 6 carbon atoms; a polyglycolamine of a structure such as: ##EQU13## wherein a is an integer of about 1 to 5; piperazine; heteroaromatic diamines of the structure ##SPC7##
wherein q is zero or an integer of about 1 to 3; and aromatic diamines of the structure ##SPC8## wherein p and q are individually zero or an integer of about 1 to 3; X- is an anion forming the anionic portion of said polyquaternary compound; the amount of said polyfunctional amine being up to about 15 mole percent of the total moles of said dialkylamine and said polyfunctional amine, the amount of said E is from at least that amount which is equimolar to the molar quantities of said amines up to the full functional equivalency of said amines, so as to provide a polyquaternary compound which as a 37% aqueous solution based on the cationic portion of said polyquaternary compound has a viscosity at 25°C of at least 10 centistokes; and the amount of said ion present is such as to satisfy anion requirements of the cationic portion of said polyquaternary compound. 5. The polymer of claim 4 27 wherein said polyamine is ethylenediamine and the amount thereof is between about 3 and 6 mole percent of the total amount of amines in the reaction. 6. The polymer of claim 4 21 wherein said E is the residue obtained after bifunctional amine reaction from epichlorohydrin. 7. The polymer of claim 4 21 wherein said A is the residue obtained after at least bifunctional exposy reaction from still bottoms resulting from purification of hexamethylenediamine. 8. The polymer of claim 4 27 wherein said E is the residue obtained after bifunctional amine reaction from 1,4-butanediol-diglycidyl ether.
9. The polymer of
0. The polymer of claim 4 21 wherein said viscosity is 800 centistokes. 11. The polymer of claim 4 21 wherein said A is the residue obtained after at least bifunctional epoxy reaction from still bottoms resulting from purification of ethylenediamine. 12. A process for preparing a polyquaternary compound from a secondary amine selected from dialkylamines wherein the alkyl groups are individually selected from those containing about 1 to 3 carbon atoms and an epoxy compound selected from the group consisting of epihalohydrins, diepoxides, precursors for epihalohydrins and diepoxides which under alkaline conditions are readily converted into corresponding epoxy compounds, and mixtures thereof; which process comprises the steps of (1) preparing an aqueous reaction mixture of one of said reactants, the amount of water therein being from about 10% to about 55%, by weight, based on the total weight of reactants and water; (2) adding the other of said reactants to the reaction mixture at a rate which maintains the reaction mixture at a temperature in the range of about 20 to 70° C., the total amounts of said reactants employed being substantially equimolar; (3) heating the reaction mixture at a temperature in the range of about 40 to 70°C for a time period sufficient to obtain a polyquaternary compound which as a 37% aqueous solution, by weight, based on the total weight of the cationic portion of said polyquaternary has a viscosity at 25°C of at least 100 centipoises; and thereafter recovering the polyquaternary compound thus formed.
13. The process of
14. The process of
15. The process of 13 wherein the amount of water is about 18%, by weight, based on the total weight of reactants and water.
16. A process for preparing a polyquaternary compound from a first reactant selected from the group consisting of dialkylamines wherein the alkyl groups are individually selected from those containing 1 to 3 carbon atoms; a second reactant selected from the group consisting of ammonia, primary amines, alkylenediamines of about 2 to 6 carbon atoms, polyamines of the structure: ##EQU14## wherein y represents an integer of about 1 to 5, R3 is an alkylene of about 2 to 6 carbon atoms, and R4 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl of about 1 to 3 carbon atoms, and ω-aminoalkyls of about 2 to 6 carbon atoms, piperazine, heteroaromatic diamines of the structure ##SPC9##
wherein q is zero or an integer of about 1 to 3, and aromatic diamines of the structure ##SPC10## wherein p and q are individually zero or an integer of about 1 to 3; and a third reactant selected from the group consisting of epihalohydrins, diepoxides, precursors which under alkaline conditions are readily converted into corresponding epoxy compounds, and mixtures thereof, the molar quantity of said second reactant being up to 15% of the total molar quantity of said first and said second reactants, and the molar quantity of said third reactant, being an amount which ranges from substantially equimolar to the total molar quantity of amines employed to substantially equal to the total functionality requirements of the amines: which process comprises (a) forming an aqueous reaction mixture of said reactants while maintaining the reaction mixture at a temperature in the range of about 20°C to about 100°C, the amount of water in said mixture being from about 10% to 55%, by weight, based on the total weight of reactants and water: (b) maintaining said reaction mixture at a temperature in the range of about 50 to 100°C until a polyquaternary compound is obtained which as a 37% aqueous solutiton, by weight, based on the total weight of the cationic portion of said polyquaternary compound has a viscosity of at least 10 centistokes; and thereafter recovering said polyquaternary compound. 17. The process of claim 16 29 wherein in step (a) the amount of said third reactant added is substantially equal to the total molar amounts of amines employed. 18. The process of centistokes. 19. The process of claim 18 wherein in step (a) both the first and second reactants are in the aqueous reaction mixture and said third reactant is added thereto. 20. The process of claim 18 wherein said first reactant is present in said aqueous reaction mixture, said third reactant is added thereto at a rate which maintains the temperature in the range of 50 to 70°C and upon completion of addition of said third reactant reaction is allowed to proceed at a temperature in the range of 50 to 70°C until from about 50% to about 80% of the reaction potential of said first and said third reactants has been achieved and then adding said second reactant to the reactant mixture thus formed. 22. The polymer of
24. The polymer of
25. The polymer of
26. The polymer of
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This application is a divisional reissue of Ser. No. 223,622, filed Feb. 4, 1972, now U.S. Pat. No. 3,738,945, issued June 12, 1973 which EXAMPLE 7
To a 500 ml. flask equipped as before were added 50.9 g. 42% dimethylamine (21.38 g., 0.475 mole), 1.50 g. ethylenediamine (0.025 mole) and 39.6 g. deionixed water. To the addition funnel was added 101 g. of 1,4-butanediol-diglycidylether (0.5 mole), the diepoxide was added over 3 hours keeping the temperature in the range of 30°-55°C The solution was heated to 90°C and 1 ml. of the diepoxide was added. The viscosity was further increased by adding successive 1 ml. increments after 45, 75, 95, 165, 210 and 240 minutes. The viscosity at 65.4% solids of the cationic portion of the polymer was 800 centistokes. At 37% solids based on the cationic portion of polyquaternary compound the viscosity was 63 centistokes.
To a 500 ml. flask equipped as before was added 138.53 g. epichlorohydrin (1.5 moles). To the addition funnel was added 112.75 g. 60% aqueous dimethylaminei (67.64 g. 1.5 mole). The dimethylamine solution was added over 14 hours keeping the temperature at 20°-30°C The viscous product containing 82.2% total polymer solids was then heated to 50°C for 6 hous. On dilution to 37% solids of the cationic portion of the polymer, the product had a viscosity of 235 centistokes. A comparison of Example 1 and 8 with Comparative Example B indicates the increased viscosity obtainable with increased solids of the reaction mixture.
To a 500 ml. flask equipped as before were added 107.1 g. 42% dimethylamine (44.98 g., 0.998 mole), 7.86 g. imino-bis-propylamine (0.06 mole) and 78.25 g. water. To the addition funnel was added 92.53 g. epichlorohydrin (1.0 mole). The epichlorohydrin was added over 2.7 hours keeping the temperature 30°-55°C The solution was heated to 90° C. and 6 g. 50% by weight of a sodium hydroxide solution was added. The solution became very viscous and 150 ml. water was added. Epichlorohydrin, 0.2 ml., was added and the product became even more viscous. More water, 634 g., was added to give a product of 140 centistokes at 10.2% solids of the cationic portion of the polymer.
To a 500 ml. flask equipped as before is added 50.9 g. of 42% dimethylamine (21.38 grams real, 0.475 mole) and 39.6 g. deionized water. To the addition funnel is added 101 grams of 1,4-butanediol-diglycidyl ether (0.5 mole). The diepoxide is added over 3 hours maintaining the temperature in the range of 30°-55°C After completion of the addition the reaction mixture is heated to 90°C and analysis indicates reaction to be about 75% complete. 1.50 grams (0.025 mole) of ethylenediamine is added and the reaction temperature is maintained for an additional 2 hours. A polyquaternary compound is obtained which as a 37% aqueous solution, by weight, based on the weight of the cationic portion of the polyquaternary compound has a viscosity of 125 centistokes at 25°C
To a 500 ml. flask equipped as before were added 207.5 grams of a prepolymer of adipic acid and triethylenetetramine as a 37.4% aqueous solution (77.6 grams real, about 0.04 mole) and 27.4 grams aqueous dimethylamine solution (59.15%, 16.2 grams real, 0.36 mole). To the addition funnel was added 34.4 grams of epichlorohydrin (0.372 mole). The addition was carried out while maintaining the temperature of the reaction mixture in the range of 20°-40°C over a period of 3 hours. The solution was then heated to 90°C and maintained thereat until no further increase in viscosity was noted. Over a period of about one hour there was then added 0.9 ml. of epichlorohydrin and reaction continued until no further increased in viscosity was noted. There was then added 1.2 grams of 50% aqueous NaOH and an additional increment of 0.9 ml. of epichlorohydrin was added over a 5 hour time period. The reaction mixture was then diluted to 35% solids and the reaction advanced with an additional increment of 0.2 ml. of epichlorhydrin over a period of about one hour. The solution was diluted to 27% solids and advanced with an additional 0.1 ml. of epichlorohydrin over about one hour. The pH was then adjusted with 86% aqueous phosphoric acid to 3.7. The final viscosity at 25°C was 710 centistokes at a concentration of 24.2% based on the weight of the cationic portion of the polyquaternary compound.
In order to demonstrate the improved efficiency in settling iron ore slimes, the following test procedure was employed:
One liter samples of the test slime are placed in a six-place laboratory stirrer and stirred at 100 r.p.m. for 1 minute. A predetermined amount of flocculant to be tested in 25 milliliters of deionixed water is then added to a sample. The sample is then stirred for 4 minutes at 100 r.p.m. As soon as the stirrer is turned off the times of the floc interface to settle 3 inches and 4 inches are recorded. After 15 minutes from cessation of stirring, turbidity of the supernatant liquid is determined by use of a Hellige Turbidimeter. The six-place stirrer enables six flocculants to be simultaneously tested.
Using this procedure, three flocculants were tested, each at two concentrations. Two of the flocculants were commercial products and represent comparative performances. Comparative Sample C is a cationic flocculant and is a polymer derived from diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride. Comparative Sample A is that of Comparative Example A above. The product of the present invention evaluated is that of Example 2. Results are as follows: ______________________________________ Tur- Setting Flocculant and bidity time concentration (p.p.m.) (p.p.m.) (seconds) ______________________________________ Comparative C: 0.3 275 53 0.5 165 36 Comparative A .[∅3 225 53 .[∅5 145 45 Example 2: 215 54 0.3 215 54 0.5 125 37 ______________________________________
The results show that the product of the present invention results in less turbidity and therefore produces improved flocculation compared to the prior art flocculants.
In order to demonstrate the advantage of products of the present invention as filter aids in treating coal washings associated with processing bituminiuous coal, the following procedure was used:
To a 2-liter pail is added 1500 cc. of the coal washings under test, which comprise the effluent from initially flocculated washings. The effluent from the initial flocculation produces washings containing from 5% to 25% solids, which solids consist of about 40% fine bituminous coal and about 60% non-combustible inorganic mater such as clay and various silicates. An anionic flocculant, a copolymer of 70% acrylamide and 30% acrylic acid, is added as a 0.3% aqueous solution to provide 80 parts per million in the effluent under test. The effluent is then mixed for 1 minute to distribute the anionic flocculant therein and then filtered using a Dorr type 0.1 square foot filter leaf using a polypropylene cloth filter medium. Filtration time was for 35 seconds and drying of the cake was for 60 seconds. In conjunction with the filtration, the volume of filtrate was measured, as well as cake thickness and weight.
The above procedure was repeated except that after the anionic flocculant was mixed in the effluent under test, there was added in separate runs sufficient of the product of Example 2 as a 1% aqueous solution, by weight, based on the total weight of the polymer, to provide 100 and 150 parts per million in the effluent under test. Stirring to mix the polyquaternary flocculant is for an additional 30 seconds.
The results of the various tests are as follows: ______________________________________ Poly- quater- Filter Anionic nary cake floccu- floccu- Filtrate thick- lant, lant, volume, ness, Weight Run No. p.p.m. p.p.m. c.c. inch grams ______________________________________ 1 80 0 105 1/8 31.4 2 80 100 185 5/16 58.6 3 80 150 208 1/4 63.5 ______________________________________
The results indicate the beneficial effects obtained by use of the products of the present invention as filter aids, resulting in larger cake formation and greater filtrate volume in a specified time period as compared to the normal use of anionic flocculant alone.
This example illustrates the advantages of the products of the present invention in raw water clarification.
Using a standard sludge contact clarifier raw water was treated with 50 parts per million of ferric chloride and 0.1 part per million of the anionic flocculant described in Example 13. The resulting effluent had a turbidity in excess of 10 parts per million expressed in Jackson turbidity units.
Replacing both the ferric chloride and the anionic flocculant by 5 parts per million of the product of Example 2 produced effluent having a turbidity less than 5 parts per million expressed in Jackson turbidity units.
Thus, the product of the present invention produced reduced turbidity at greatly reduced usage of additives. In addition, the clarifier was able to operate at an increase of 20% in flow rate while providing the above advantages.
This example illustrates the effectiveness of the products of the present invention as demulsifiers.
Using an American Petroleum Institute separator, an aqueous stream containing emulsified and suspended oil and suspended iron-containing solids was processed in the normal manner.
A similar trial was then made wherein prior to entry into the separator there was mixed sufficient of the product of Example 2 as a 1% aqueous solution to provide 5 parts per million in the stream being processed. Results of the runs are as follows: __________________________________________________________________________ Product of Influent, p.p.m. Effluent, p.p.m Example 2, p.p.m. pH Oils Solids Oils Solids __________________________________________________________________________ 0 4.3 560 427 540 427 4.2 271 1,291 112 50 5 6.2 61 538 2 35 8.2 88 650 15 45 __________________________________________________________________________
In the above table, influent represents the stream prior to entering the separator and effluent represents the stream after exit from the separator. The results indicate the beneficial results in separation obtained with the product of the present invention. The results also show that the product of the present invention is beneficial at a wide range of pH values.
This example illustrates the advantages of products of the present invention in sludge dewatering.
In a standard sewage treatment plant operating at a flow rate of 205 gallons per minute, sludges containing a mixture of primary digested and waste activated solids were treated in separate runs with no additive and with various amounts of the products of Example 2. Results are as follows: ______________________________________ Product Suspended solids of Ex. 2 Solids in Solids in sludge added effluent captured (percent) (percent)1 (percent) (percent) ______________________________________ 7.59 0 3.13 59 6.18 0.2 1.22 80 6.16 0.565 0.38 95 5.06 1.4 0.08 98 ______________________________________ 1 Percent total polymer solids on weight of solids in sludge.
The results indicate the high increase in solids captured by use of the product of the present invention.
This example illustrates use of the products of this invention in air flotation sludge concentration.
Using standard air flotation units to concentrate activated sludge in sewage treatment, the following trials were made. In one run, the product of Comparative Example A was added as processing aid. In a second run the product of Example 2 was added as a processing aid.
The results and additive usage is given in the table which follows: ______________________________________ Product of com- parative Product Ex. A of Ex. 2 ______________________________________ Tons sludge processed 57 55 Pounds polymer added 1,830 1,686 Percent solids floated 4.62 4.79 ______________________________________
The above results show that the product of the present invention was more effective at lower polymer usage. The sludge was processed as 0.8% solids slurry and was concentrated during the air flotation.
Panzer, Hans Peter, Dixon, Kenneth Wayne
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