Antibacterial antibiotics AM31α, AM31β and AM31γ

Abstract

This disclosure describes a novel class of antibiotics, three of which have been designed AM31α, AM31β, and AM31γ and are produced in a microbiological fermentation under controlled conditions using a new strain of Streptoverticillium netropsis.

Description

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a contains a mixture of AM31α, β, and γ as a white powder that is essentially free of unwanted impurities. The fraction, obtained in a liquid state because of impurities, may be further processed to yield more antibiotic mixture. This liquid fraction is passed through a Dowex 1-X2 (OH-) (200-400 mesh) column. The column is developed with water and 3 major fractions are obtained, two (II and IV) as a white powder and one (III) as a thick yellow syrup. This yellow syrup is further purified by adsorption on a Dowex® 50X9 (a sulfonated polystyrene cross linked with 8% divinyl benzene) (H+) column. The column is rinsed with 250 ml. of water and the antibiotics are eluted with 500 ml. of 1.5N NH₄ OH. Two bioactive fractions are obtained in the 60-70 ml. and 290-700 ml. portions of column eluate. Each fraction is reduced to a small volume on a rotary evaporator and then freeze-dried yielding a fine white powder (V) and a white hygroscopic powder (VI). All of the fractions contain mixtures of the three components.

Separation of AM31α, AM31β, and AM31γ by Paper Chromatography

Components are differentiated from each other by paper chromatography using 1-butanol saturated with water to which 2% p-toluenesulfonic acid is added. The R_f values are: 0.61; 0.43; and 0.31, obtained by minhydrin.

In vitro Activity

The mixtue of antibiotics AM31α, β, and γ are active against a wide variety of gram positive and gram negative bacteria as determined by the standard agar-well diffusion technique. The results of such a test on the complex of the three components appear in Table V.

TABLE V
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Inhibition Zone
Name of Organism     (mm)*
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Bacillas cereus (Waksman)
2.9
Klebsiella pneumoniae  5.8
(Friedlanders)
Alcaligenes sp. ATCC 10153
4.1
Bacillus subtilis
(Stansly R-78)         5.8
Bacillus subtilis (Resistant
1.0
to Streptothricin)
(Stansly R-76)
Mycobacterium smegmatis
2.6
(No. 607)
Staphylococcus aureus  2.5
(resistant to tetracycline)
Escherichia coli       4.0
(Parke Davis)
Escherichia coli (resistant to
chloramphenicol)       7.3
Staphylococcus aureus 209P
6.5
(resistant to erythromycin)
Corynebacterium serosis
8.5
NRRL B-1397
Salmonella gallinarum No. 605
7.3
Staphylococcus aureus (Smith)
5.3
Klebsiella pneumoniae (AD)
9.2
Pseudomonas aeruginosa 4.6
ATCC 10145
Escherichia coli (Upjohn)
4.8
Culture)
Aerobacter aerogenes   5.2
Proteus mirabilis      1.6
Salmonella iyphosa ATCC 6539
7.4
Staphylococcus aureus  1.3
ATCC 14154
Escherichia coli 311   5.0
Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA7
3.6
______________________________________
*Zone value given as distance from edge of well to outer edge of
inhibition zone.

In vivo Results

the three antibacterial components AM31α, AM31β, and AM31γ are active in vivo against a variety of organisms. These new antibacterials are thereby potentially useful as therapeutic agents in treating bacterial infections in mammals. These new antibacterials can be expected to be usefully employed for treating or controlling bacterial infections by parenteral administration. The usefulness of these new antibacterial agents is demonstrated by their ability to control systemic lethal infections in mice. A mixture of these three new antibiotics shows high in vivo antibacterial activity in mice against Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae when administered by a single subcutaneous dose to groups of Carworth Farms CF-1 mice, weighing about 20 gm., infected intraperitoneally with 0.5 ml. of the indicated broth dilution of 5 hour cultures of the following organisms: Escherichia coli, 10-3 ; Salmonella typhosa undiluted; Klebsiella pneumoniae, 10-4. Table VI below, illustrates the in vivo antibacterial activity of a mixture of AM31α, AM31β, and AM31γ against these three bacteria.

TABLE VI
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Alive/Total Mice Treated
7 Days After Infection
______________________________________
Single Subcutaneous Dose mg/kg.
Escherichia coli
512                2/2
256                2/2
128                2/2
64                2/2
32                0/2
Infected non-treated controls
2/10
Single Subcutaneous Dose Mg./kg.
Salmonella typhosa
512                2/2
256                2/2
128                2/2
64                0/2
Infected non-treated controls
0/10
Single Subcutaneous Dose mg./kg.
Klebsiella pneumoniae
512                2/2
256                2/2
128                0/2
64                0/2
Infected non-treated controls
0/10
______________________________________

This invention will be described in greater detail in conjunction with the following specific examples.

EXAMPLE 1

PAC Inoculum Preparation

A typical sterile medium used to grow the primary inoculum was prepared according to the following formula:

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corn starch          24     gm.
bacto tryptone       5      gm.
Yeast extract        5      gm.
Beef extract         3      gm.
Glucose              1      gm.
Water to             1000   ml.
______________________________________

The pH was adjusted to 7.0 with NaOH

Washer of scraped spores from an agar slant of Streptoverticillium netropsis NRRL 5774 were used to inoculate two 500 ml. flasks containing 100 ml. each of the above sterile medium. The flasks were placed on a rotary shaker and agitated vigorously for 48 hours at 28°C The resulting flask inoculum was transferred to a 5 gallon glass fermentor containing 12 liters of the same sterile medium. The inoculcum mash was aerated with sterile air while growth was carried out for 48 hours at 28°C, after which the contents were used to seed a 300 liter tank fermentor.

EXAMPLE 2

PAC Fermentation

A fermentation medium was prepared according to the following formula:

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Soy flour             40     gm.
Molasses              20     gm.
Glucose               10     gm.
Calcium carbonate     3      gm.
Water to              1000   ml.
______________________________________

Twelve liters of inoculum, prepared as described in Example 1, were used to inoculate 300 liters of the above sterilized fermentation medium. The fermentation was carried out for 89 hours at 28°C with an aeration rate of 0.5 liter of air/liter of mash/minute. The mash was agitated by an impeller driven at 300 rpm. The mash was harvested.

EXAMPLE 3

PAC Isolation of a Mixture of AM31α, AM31β, and AM31γ

A 300 liter portion of whole harvest mash, prepared as described in Example 2, was filtered. The filtrate, having a pH of 7.8, was passed through a 5 liter Amberlite IRC-50 (NH₄ +) column, 4 inch × 60 inch, at a flow rate of 250 milliliters per minute. The column was washed with 25 liters of deionized water. The antibiotic activity was eluted with 30 liters of 2N NH₄ OH and detected by the disc agar diffusion assay against Klebsiella pneumoniae. The 30 liter eluate at pH 11.7 was reduced to 2 liters and adjusted to pH 8.1 with 0.1N HCl. One liter of this concentrate was adsorbed on an Amberlite CG-50 (NH₄+) 3 × 52 cm. column and eluted with 500 ml. of 1.5N NH₄ OH. A duplicate run was made with the remaining one liter concentrate and the elutes from the two runs were combined and concentrated on a rotary evaporator to 65 ml. of an orange viscous syrup. This 65 ml. concentrate was passed through a Dowex 1-X2 (OH-) (50-100 mesh) 2 × 54 cm. column and the column was developed with water. The bioactive effluent was divided into two fractions based on visible color and bioactivity. One fraction was recovered from 735-1200 ml. of column effluent. It was freeze dried to give 132 mg. of a white powder (I). The other fraction was from 270-734 ml. of column effluent. When this was freeze dried it remained in a liquid state, due to impurities. The liquid reaction was dissolved in water and the solution was passed through a Dowex 1X2 (OH-) (200-400 mesh) 1.5 × 21 cm. column. As the column was developed with water, 3 major fractions were obtained with the indicated elution volumes: Fraction II, 55-114 ml.; Fraction IV, 36-775 ml.; and Fraction III, 115-360 ml. of column effluent. Fractions II and IV were freeze-dried to give 4.76 gm. and 215 mg. of white powder, respectively. Fraction III was concentrated to 75 ml. of yellow syrup which was adsorbed on a Dowex 50-X8 (H+) 3 × 30 cm. column. This column was rinsed with 250 ml. of water and then eluted with 500 ml. of 1.5N NH₄ OH. Two bioactive fractions were obtained in the 60-70 ml. and 290-700 ml. portions of the column effluent. Each fraction was reduced to a small volume on a rotary evaporator, freeze-dried and the solids were recovered, yielding 685 mg. of fine white powder (Fraction V) and 6.78 gm. of white hygroscopic powder (Fraction VI). Total yield, 12.572 gm.

Infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra suggested that the above fractions were all mixtures with approximately the same composition of α, β and γ components.

Fraction II had [α]_D²5° = + 85.0° ± 2.4° (C 0.41, H₂ O). Anal. Found: C, 42.03%; H, 8.08%; N, 10.47%. Nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectra of a mixture of components are given in FIGS. 1 and 2, respectively, of the accompanying drawings.

EXAMPLE 4

PAC Preparation of N-acetyl-O-trimethylsilyl Derivative of Antibiotic AM31 Complex

The N-acetyl-O-trimethylsilyl derivative of the antibiotic AM31 complex was prepared in the following way for mass spectrum characterization. Four milligrams of AM31 complex was mixed with 0.50 ml. of methaol and 0.30 ml. of acetic anhydride. The solution was allowed to remain overnight at room temperature. The N-acetylated derivative was precipitated with 3-4 ml. of diethyl ether, washed several times with diethyl ether and dried in a desiccator. The O-trimethylsilyl derivative was then made by adding 0.5 ml. of TRI-SIL (a ready mix formula containing trimethylchlorosilane from Pierce Chemical Company, Rockford, Ill.). The silylation proceeded in a desiccator for 2 hours at room temperature after which the excess reagent was removed under vacuum. The residue was redistributed in benzene. The benzene-soluble material was separated from any residual solids and the solution was evaporated to a residue in a stream of nitrogen. The data for the mass spectrum of the N-acetyl-O-trimethylsilyl derivative are given in Tables VII and IX. The mass spectrum of the degradation product of AM 31 complex, N-acetyl-O-trimethylsilyl derivative of the diaminodideoxyalditol is given in Table VIII.

TABLE VII
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High Resolution Mass Spectral Data for N.Acetyl-O-
Trmethylsilyl Derivative of AM31 Complex
Exact Mass
Observed     Calculated   Composition
______________________________________
898.4324     898.4408     C36 H80 N3 O11 Si6
884.4238     884.4252     C35 H78 N3 O11 Si6
694.3380     694.3406     C28 H60 N3 O9 Si4
635.2995     635.3035     C26 H55 N2 O8 Si4
581.2909     581.2929     C23 H53 N2 O7 Si4
420.2056     420.2057     C17 H30 N1 O5 Si3
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TABLE VIII
______________________________________
High Resolution Measurements of N-Acetyl-O-Trimethylsilyl
Derivative of Diaminodideoxyalditol
(the degradation product of AM31 Complex)
Exact Mass
Observed     Calculated   Composition
______________________________________
537.2668     537.2659     C21 H49 N2 O6 Si4
378.1952     378.1942     C15 H36 N1 O4 Si3
347.1822     347.1818     C14 H31 N2 O4 Si2
288.1450     288.1450     C12 H26 N1 O3 Si2
276.1421     276.1450     C11 H26 N1 O3 Si2
217.1081     217.1080     C9 H21 O2 Si2
198.0949     198.0959     C9 H16 N1 O2 Si
186.0934     186.0950     C8 H16 N1 O2 Si
174.0929     174.0950     C7 H16 N1 O2 Si
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TABLE IX
______________________________________
Relative Abundance of Selected Ions Observed in Gas
Chromatography/Mass Spectrum Analysis of
N-Acetyl-O-Trimethylsilyl Derivative of AM31 Complex
α and γ Components
β Component
Relative              Relative
Abundance             Abundance
Ion (m/e)  %          Ion (m/e)  %
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174        25         174        20
186        50         186        35
276        3.5        276        3.5
420        100        434        100
581        2.5        581        2.5
635        32.5       649        22.5
694        8.5        708        7.5
884        6.0        898        4.0
______________________________________

These spectra were obtained with a Varian CH7 Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrum with resolution. M/ΔM2000, ionizing voltage 70ev, and source temperature 200°C Gas chromatography conditions were as follows: The column for the gas chromatography was 6 feet long. The support was 0.7% OV-1 on glass Chrom Q (mesh size 100-200). The column temperature was 230°C, injection port temperature 250°C, and detector temperature 210°C The carrier gas was nitrogen. The retention times of the components were 24 minutes and 27.4 minutes.

EXAMPLE 5

PAC Paper Chromatographic Separation of Antibiotic Components

The three components of the antibiotic mixture were differentiated using 1-butanol saturated with water to which 2% p-toluenesulfonic acid was added. The R_f values for the components are 0.61, 0.43, and 0.31 as obtained by ninhydrin

EXAMPLE 6

PAC Preparation and Identification of Diaminoalditol Fragment of Antibiotic AM31 Complex

A 100 mg. sample of Antibiotic AM31 was heated in 5 ml. of 6N HCl for 16 hours at 140°C The resulting hydrolysate was filtered to remove considerable black precipitate, evaporated to a residue and dissolved in one ml. of water. This solution was poured onto a 1 × 2 cm. Dowex 1-X2 (OH-) column (200-400 mesh), followed by 5 bed volumes of water. A dark brown hygroscopic solid (33.9 mg.) was recovered on freeze-drying the column effluent. A 10 mg. portion was used to prepare an N-acetyl-O-trimethylsilyl derivative for mass spectral studies as follows: Ten mg. of the product was mixed with 1.25 ml. of methanol and 0.75 ml. of acetic anhydride and allowed to remain overnight at room temperature. The N-acetylated compound was precipitated with 3-4 ml. of diethyl ether, washed several times with diethyl ether, dried in a desiccator and silylated with Tri-Sil (a ready mix formula of trimethyl chlorosilane from Pierce Chemical Company, Rockford, Ill.). The silylation proceeded in a desiccator for 2 hours at room temperature after which the reagent was removed under vacuum and the residue was redistributed in benzene. The benzene-soluble material was separated from any residual solids and the solution was evaporated to a clear resin in a stream of nitrogen.

EXAMPLE 7

PAC Preparation and Identification of Glucosamine Fragment of Antibiotic AM31

A 5 mg. portion of antibiotic AM31 was dissolved in 3 ml. of 3N HCl and heated in a sealed vial at 100°-110°C for 5 hours. The product was evaporated to a residue which was redissolved in water and evaporated to remove HCl fumes. The residue was dissolved in 0.5 ml. of water and spotted onto sheets of Whatman No. 1 paper. The papergrams were developed by the descending technique and the solvent allowed to drip off the sheets. The AM31 hydrolysate had a component not differentiated from glucosamine by mobility and color reactions in the following systems: 1-butanol:puridine:water (6:4:3), 11.0 cm. distance from origin; ethyl acetate:puridine:water (72:20:23), 1.5 cm. distance from origin. Zones were detached by ninhydrin and the Tollens reagent.

EXAMPLE 8

PAC Preparation of Butyryl Derivative of AM31α

A solution of 10 g. of a mixture of AM31β and AM31γ, 11.3 g. of dimedone, and 200 ml. of pyridine was refluxed for 7.5 hours, then allowed to stand at room temperature overnight. The pyridine was evaporated at reduced pressure and the residue was treated with 150 ml. of 1:1 methanol:water and 1.3 g. of dimedone and the resulting solution was refluxed for 6 hours. The solvent was removed completely at reduced pressure to yield a yellow gummy solid. Trituration with two 50 ml. portions of diethyl ether yielded, after air drying, 21.6 g. of yellow solid.

The solid was dissolved in 250 ml. of 1:1 methanol:water and put on a column containing 350 ml. of Dowex 1-X2 (OH-) resin. The column was eluted with 1:1 methanol:water until no further product could be seen on a tlc plate (2.5 liters of eluent was used).

The eluate was put on a column containing 800 ml. of Dowex 50-X4 (H+) resin. The column was rinsed with 600 ml. of water, then eluted with 2% pyridine in water. The fraction of eluate between 2.5 and 5.5 liters contained the product. The solvent was removed at reduced pressure to yield a pale yellow gummy froth. This is the bis-dimedone derivative (II). ##STR2##

The froth was dissolved in 200 ml. of water, treated with 25 g. of barium hydroxide hydrate and the mixture was refluxed 1.25 hours. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate was treated with carbon dioxide to pH 6∅ The mixture was filtered, the filter cake was washed with about 100 ml. of water and the filtrate was put on a column of 700 ml. of Dowex 50-X4 (H+). The column was washed with one liter of water, 2 liters of 2% pyridine in water, and then eluted with 3 liters of 2N ammonium hydroxide. The eluate was evaporated at reduced pressure to yield a yellow froth (9.8g.). The froth was lyophilized to yield 8.9 g. of very low density cream colored solid, the protected intermediate (III).

A solution of 11.8 g. of the protected intermediate (III) in 400 ml. of methanol was cooled to 5°C and treated with 20 ml. of butyric anhydride. The mixture was stirred at 0°C for one hour, then at room temperature for 16 hours. The solution was concentrated at reduced pressure, the residue was dissolved in 300 ml. of 1:1 methanol:water and put on a 700 ml. column of Dowex 50-X4 (H). The column was washed with 2 liters of 1:1 methanol:water, then eluted with 2% pyridine in water. The product (IV) is eluted in the fraction between 2.5 and 4.5 liters of eluate. The eluate is evaporated at reduced pressure and the residual gum is hydrolyzed without further purification. ##STR3## The protected antibiotic (IV) (about 12 g.) was dissolved in 400 ml. of water, cooled to 0°-5°C, and treated with a prechilled (to 5°C) solution of 3% chlorine in carbon tetrachloride. The mixture was treated with 50 ml. of methanol and stirred at 0°-5°C for 0.5 hour. The layers were separated and the aqueous portion was washed with carbon tetrachloride (100 ml.), then with chloroform (2×100 ml.), and treated with concentrated ammonium hydroxide to pH 5.0 (required about 5 ml.). This solution was treated with a solution of sodium bisulfite in water to remove traces of chlorine (until no starch iodide test was obtained). Then retreated with ammonium hydroxide to pH 5.0 (required 4 ml. more). The solution of the crude antibiotic (V) was evaporated at reduced pressure to 25-50 ml. volume and submitted for chromatography.

EXAMPLE 9

PAC Purification of Butyryl Derivative (V) of AM31

The solution (10 ml.) of the crude antibiotic (V) was placed onto a column (.15×22 cm.) of Amberlite XAD-2. The column was then eluted with 250 ml. of each of the following solvents: methanol, 50% aqueous methanol, and water. The antiobiotic eluted from the column in 12-144 ml. of effluent and was detected by a paper disc agar:diffusion assay with Kiebsiella pneumonia as a test organism. This fraction was evaporated in vacuo to a residue which was dissolved in water and freeze dried to obtain 8.6 g. of white powder. Seven grams of this material was dissolved in a small volume of water and adsorbed onto a column (2×32 cm.) of Dowex 50-X8 (NH4+) 50-100 mesh. The column was rinsed with 250 ml. of water and then eluted with 250 ml. of 1.5N NH₄ OH as 7 ml. fractions were collected. The antibiotic, detected in reactions 32-67 by the agar disc assay, was recovered by evaporaing the pooled fractions in vacuo to a residue which was dissolved in water and freeze-dried to obtain 475 mg. of white powder. The antibiotic was identified by the mass spectrum of an N-acetyl-O-trimethylsilyl derivative which had characteristic ions at m/e 912 (M+ -15), 722, 663, and 448. The nmr spectrum had δ 1.01 (CH₃, t), 1.78 (CH₂, m), and 2.44 (CH₂, t) for the butanoyl group along with signals expected for the other parts of the molecule.

The in vitro activity of this butyryl derivative was similar to that of AM31 β and it protected mice against lethal infections of Klebsiella pneumonia at 256 mg./kg. of body weight.

EXAMPLE 10

PAC Preparation of the Octanoyl and Dodecanoyl Derivatives of AM31α

The octanoyl and dodecanoyl derivatives of AM31α were prepared by the procedure of Example 8 except that caprylic anhydride and lauric anhydride, respectively, were employed in place of the butyric anhydride of that examle. These derivatives possessed in vitro activity but significantly less (about 1/50) than that of AM31β .

EXAMPLE 11

PAC Preparation of AM31β from the Daiminoalditol

The N,N'-diethoxycarbonyldiaminoalditol (VI) was prepared from the diaminoalditol (obtained from the antibiotic hydrolyzate) by a procedure essentially the same as that employed by Nishimura et al (1) to prepare N,N'-diethoxycarbonyl-2-deoxystreptamne. To a solution of 5.0 g. of (VI) in dry dimethylformamide was added 500 mg. of anhydrous p-toluenesulfonic ##STR4## acid and 10 ml. of dry 1,1-dimethoxycyclohexane. The resulting solution was stirred at 50°C in vacuo (33 Torr.) for two hours and then evaporated to a residue which was mixed vigorously with ethyl acetate and a saturated aqueous solution of barium hydroxide. The organic layer was separated, washed with water and evaporated to the crude mono-O-cyclohexylidene-N,N-diethoxycarbonyldiaminoalditol (VII), weight 5.2 g. A solution of (VII) (1.0 g.) in 20 ml. of dry benzenedioxane (2:1) was mixed with 2.0 g. of Drierite, 2.0 g. of dried mercuric cyanide, and 2.0 g. of 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-N-p-methoxybenzylidene-α-D-glucosaminyl bromide (2) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 hours. The Drierite was removed by filtration and the filtrate was evaporated to an oil which was dissolved in chloroform, washed with aqueous NaHCO₃ and with water, and then evaporated to a viscous oil consisting of the desired condensation product (VII), other isomers, and impurities

(footnote) (1) Nishimura et al., Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan 43, 2960 (1970).

(footnote) (2) Hardy et al., J. Chem. Soc., 3360 (1963). ##STR5##

The viscous oil containing (VIII) was dissolved in 5 ml. of methanol and 2.5 ml. of 50% acetic acid was added. This solution was heated on a steam bath for one hour and evaporated to an oil which was dissolved in 100 ml. of methanol. This solution was cooled in an ice bath, 30 ml. of propionic anhydride was added, and the reaction mixture then allowed to stand at room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was then evaporated to a syrup which was then stirred overnight at room temperature with 100 ml. of saturated aqueous barium hydroxide in a sealed flask. The excess barium hydroxide was removed by precipitation with CO₂. The filtrate contained the antibiotic AM31β which could be purified by ion exchange chromatography on Amberlite IRC-50 (NH₄+) or Dowex 50-X8(NH₄+) as previously described for the natural antibiotic.

Claims

1. A compound selected from the group consisting of those of the formula: ##STR6## wherein R is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, formyl, and alkanoyl having up to 12 carbon atoms; and the pharmaceutically acceptable

acid-addition salts thereof.

2. A compound according to claim 1 wherein R is hydrogen.

3. A compound according to claim 1 wherein R is formyl.

4. A compound according to claim 1 wherein R is acetyl.

5. A compound according to claim 1 wherein R is propionyl.

6. A compound according to claim 1 wherein R is butyryl.

7. A compound according to claim 1 wherein R is octanoyl.

8. A compound acording to claim 1 wherein R is dodecanoyl.

9. The antibiotic free base according to claim 2.

10. The antibiotic free base according to claim 3.

11. The antibiotic free base according to claim 4.

12. The antibiotic free base according to claim 5.

13. The antibiotic free base according to claim 6.

14. The antibiotic free base according to claim 7.

15. The antibiotic free base according to claim 8.

16. A compound selected from the group consisting of the antibiotic free base of the formula: ##STR7## and the pharmaceutically acceptable acid-addition salts thereof.

17. A compound selected from the group consisting of the antibiotic free base of the formula: ##STR8## and the pharmaceutically acceptable acid-addition salts thereof.