Disclosed is a novel water-soluble thermosetting resin which has the property of providing paper with a nearly constant wet and dry strength over a wide pH range according to methods of wet-end additions or surface applications.
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1. A thermosetting resin of the formula ##STR15## wherein: R1, R2, and R3 and R6 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and a methyl group,
R4 and R5 are each an alkyl group having .Badd.1 to 3 carbon atoms, A is an alkylene group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, X is selected from the group consisting of chlorine, bromine and iodine, Y is an anion selected from the group consisting of nitrate ion, chlorine chloride ion, sulfate ion and phosphate ion, p, q, r and s are molar ratios of the recurring units arranged linearly and irregularly, and are the whole numbers which are having the relation of q/(p+q)=0.1-1.0, r/(p+q+r+s)=0.001-0.05 and s/r=0.5-1.5; or s=0, q/(p+q)=0.1-1.0, r/(p+q+r)=0.001-0.05, and n is a number of about 100 to about 1000.
2. The resin of
3. The resin of
4. The resin of
9. The resin of
10. The resin of
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This invention relates to wet and dry strengthening resins which have the property of being substantially pH-independent and the paper treated with which can be easily repulped. More particularly, it relates to paper strengthening resins mainly composed of thermosetting polyvinylamide polymers which have the property of providing paper with a nearly constant wet and dry strength in the pH range of 3 to 9 in the case of methods of wet-end additions or in the pH range of 3 to 10 in the case of methods of surface applications, and moreover, the paper treated with which can be easily and rapidly repulped.
Paper is generally manufactured by beating pulp and mixing it with beater additives such as size agents, fillers and alum cake. Depending on the nature and amount of such additives, the pH of pulp slurry varies in different ways. In the case of using waste paper alone or using it together with virgin pulp as papermaking materials, a considerable amount of alkaline chemicals remain in the pulp slurry even after washing, because the waste paper is passed through a deinking process wherein alkaline chemicals are added. Consequently, the pH of the pulp slurry depends largely on the extent of washing and the proportion of waste paper used. In these cases, in order to use efficiently various other resins, it is necessary to adjust the pH value of the pulp slurry suitably for each prior art resin.
Various resins such as urea resin, melamine resin and polyamide-epichlorohydrin resin which impart wet and dry strength to paper are known in the art. However, both urea and melamine resins are efficient only in acid pH ranges but have low efficiency at neutral or alkaline pH. On the contrary, polyamide-epichlorohydrin resin imparts wet strength to paper in the alkaline pH ranges, but little wet strength in acid, and furthermore, not enough dry strength is obtained even in alkaline. The wet strength of paper treated with the above prior art resins is nearly permanent and therefore it is difficult to the wet-end additions and of 3 to 10 in the case of surface applications and the paper treated with the resins of this invention can be easily and rapidly broken disintegrated and therefore the broke recover matters little. ##STR1## wherein: R1, R2, and R3 and R6 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and a methyl group,
R4 and R5 are each an alkyl group having .Badd.1 to 3 carbon atoms,
A is an alkylene group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms,
X is selected from the group consisting of chlorine, bromine and iodine,
Y is an anion selected from the group consisting of nitrate ion, chlorine chloride ion, sulfate ion and phosphate ion. p, q, r and s are molar ratios of the recurring units arranged linearly and irregularly, and are the whole numbers which are having the relation of q/(p+q)=0.1-1.0, r/(p+q+r+s)=0.001-0.05 and s/r=0.5-1.5; (hereinafter referred to as an amphoteric thermosetting polyvinylamide resin) and s=0, q/(p+q)=0.1-1.0, r/(p+q+r)=0.001-0.05, (hereinafter referred to as a cationic thermosetting polyvinylamide resin) and n is a number of about 100 to about 1000.
The paper strengthening resins of this invention are prepared by (1) polymerizing the cationic monomer of the following formula (II) and vinylamide monomers or the above cationic monomer, vinylamide monomers and anionic monomers to produce the cationic or amphoteric polyvinylamide polymers (formula III and IV, respectively), and (2) followed by reaction of the resulting polymers with glyoxal. ##STR2## (In the formula, R3 is hydrogen or methyl, R4 and R5 are each (C1 -C3) alkyl, A is a (C2 -C6) alkylene, X is chlorine, bromine or iodine, and Y is an anion such as nitrate ion, chlorine chloride ion, sulfate ion and phosphate ion.) ##STR3## (In the formula, R1, R3 -R5, A, X, Y and n are the same as defined in formula I, p' and r are molar ratios of the recurring units arranged linearly and irregularly and also are the whole numbers which are having the relation of r/(p'+r)=0.001-0.05) ##STR4## (In the formula, R1, R3 -R6, A, X, Y and n are the same as defined in formula I, p", r and s are molar ratios of the recurring units arranged linearly and irregularly and also are the whole numbers which are having the relation of r/(p"++r+s)=0.001-0.05 and s/r=0.5-1.5)
The cationic monomer of formula (II) is prepared in the same manner as disclosed in the above U.S. Pat. No. 3,678,098, according to the following equation: ##STR5## wherein R3 is hydrogen or methyl, R4 and R5 are each (C1 -C3) alkyl, preferably R4 ═R5 ═CH3, A is a (C2 -C6) alkylene, X is chlorine, bromine or iodine, preferably chlorine chloride, and Y is the anion of an acid having an ionization constant, pKa, of 5.0 or less, preferably chlorine or nitrate ion. For example, by reaction of 2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate hydrochloride with epichlorohydrin in an aqueous medium at pH of 2 to 6 at 25° to 80°C for 3 to 10 hours, the cationic monomer is obtained in high yield (over 90%).
The cationic polyvinylamide polymer of formula (III) are is prepared by polymerization of the cationic monomer of formula (II) and vinylamide monomers in usual way. For example, by polymerization in water ways, for example in water at pH of 2.5 to 4.0, at 50° to 60°C for 1 to 2 hours in an atmosphere of nitrogen. In this case, it is preferable that the degree of polymerization be adjusted to about 100 to about 1000 by addition of chain transfer agents such as isopropanol. If the degree of polymerization is less than 100, the resulting thermosetting resins do not show good wet and dry strength effect. On the other hand, if the degree of polymerization is more than 1000, the resulting resins show low storage stability, and their viscosity becomes high to lose handling ease. The amount of ispropanol added is preferably 50 to 150 wt. % based on total monomer. Any known polymerization initiator of free radical type effective in aqueous systems such as ammonium persulfate and potassium persulfate can be used. The polymerization molar ratios of the cationic monomer (III), r/(p'+r) are preferably 0.001 to 0.05, more preferably 0.01 to 0.02. In the case of surface applications, the ratios should preferably be within the range of 0.001 to 0.003, since it is essential that no resin be retained by the pulp during paper sheet formation. As vinylamide monomers, water-soluble ones such as acrylamide are preferable. The amphoteric thermosetting polyvinylamide resin prepared by reaction of the amphoteric polyvinylamide polymer (IV), which are produced by polymerization of the cationic monomer, the vinylamide monomer and anionic monomers such as acrylic acid and methacrylic acid as the third reducing unit, with glyoxal are also excellent in efficiency in imparting a nearly constant wet and dry strength to paper over a wide pH range, and moreover, the efficiency is higher than that of the cationic thermosetting polyvinylamide resin which contains no anionic recurring unit. The polymerization molar ratios of the anionic monomers are preferably 0.5 to 1.5 times that of the cationic monomer, and more preferably are 1∅ When the ratios of the anionic monomers exceed the upper limit of said range, paper strenthening strengthening efficiency and storage stability of the resulting resin solution are lowered. Below the lower limit, paper strengthening efficiency is nearly equal to the cationic thermosetting polyvinylamide resin. The polymerization degree of the amphoteric polyvinylamide polymer (IV) is preferably adjusted to about 100 to about 1000 for the same reason as that of the cationic polyvinylamide polymer (III). The polymerization molar ratios of the cationic monomer (II) in the amphoteric polyvinylamide polymer, r/(p"+r+s) are preferably 0.001 to 0.05, more preferably 0.01 to 0.02, and in the case of surface applications, the ratios should preferably be within the range of 0.001 to 0.003, since it is essential that no resin be retained by the pulp during paper sheet formation.
The method of manufacture of the cationic thermosetting polyvinylamide resin and the amphoteric thermosetting polyvinylamide resin will be hereinafter described. A 10 to 20% by weight aqueous solution of the cationic polyvinylamide polymer (III) or the amphoteric polyvinylamide polymer (IV) will be adjusted to pH of 8.5 to 10.0 with strong bases such as caustic soda and to the solution, .Badd.10% by weight glyoxal.Baddend. a 10 wt. % glyoxal solution previously adjusted to pH 7.0 with organic or inorganic bases such as triethanolamine and soda will be added and then the resulted mixed solution will be allowed to react at 30° to 80°C for 0.5 to 5 hours and cooled. The resulting solution will be stabilized by being adjusted to pH of 2.0 to 4.0 with mineral acids such as hydrochloric acid and nitric acid. The resins of this invention thus obtained are clear, light-yellow colored solution. The amount of glyoxal added; molar ratio q/[p'(or p")+q] loaded expressed as the molar ratio of q/(p+q) should come to be, as previously described, preferably 0.1 to 1.0, more preferably 0.2 to 0.5 from an economical point of view.
In the case of a method for manufacture of paper having wet and dry strength according to methods of wet-end additions, an aqueous solution in proportion of about 0.1 to about 2.0 percent by weight, based on the dry weight of the paper pulp, of the thermosetting resin having the formula (I) is introduced into an aqueous slurry of paper pulp having a pH of 3 to 9. The resulting pulp slurry is formed into a sheet of paper, and then, the paper is dried. If the aqueous solution of the thermosetting resin is less than 0.1 percent by weight, the resulting paper does not show enough improvement in wet and dry strength. On the other hand, if the aqueous solution of the thermosetting resin is more than 2.0 percent by weight, an unnecessarily high degree of wet and dry strength is obtained and the cost will be too high.
In the case of a method for treating the surface of paper to impart wet and dry strength according to methods of surface applications, an aqueous solution having a pH of 3 to 10 of the thermosetting resin of the formula (I) is applied onto the surface of paper so that the amount of the resin in dry base per 1 m2 of the surface of paper becomes about 0.1 to about 2.0 grams, and then, the resulting paper is dried. If the amount of the resin per 1 m2 of the surface of paper is less than 0.1 gram, the resulting paper does not show enough improvement in wet and dry strength. On the other hand, if the amount of the resin per 1 m2 of the surface of paper is more than 2.0 grams, an unnecessarily high degree of wet and dry strength is obtained and the cost will be too high. The methods of the surface application of the resin solution include conventional size press, spray, coating and the like.
The invention will be further illustrated by the following examples. Reference examples illustrate some methods of preparing the cationic monomer (II) used as one of the starting materials in this invention. All parts and percentages referred to herein are by weight unless otherwise indicated.
PAC Preparation of cationic monomer (1)A mixed solution of 236 g. of 2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate and 120 ml. of water was acidified to pH 2.0 with 6 N nitric acid. To the solution 139 g. of epichlorohydrin was added and the temperature was maintained at 50°C for 8 hours and thus a pink colored clear solution was obtained. The resulting solution was concentrated under vacuum to isolate white needlelike crystal (about 460 g.) having following formula, followed by recrystallization from aceton which gave 421 g. of purified product (90% yield). N 8.8% (8.95% theoretical). Melting point 108.0° to 109.5°C ##STR6##
PAC Preparation of cationic monomer (2)The cationic monomer having following formula was prepared in the same way as described in Reference Example 1 except for acidifying with 37% hydrochloric acid instead of 6 N nitric acid and the resulting cationic monomer solution remained 50% solution wherein hydroquinone was added as a polymerization inhibitor (0.05% based on the solution) and stored. ##STR7##
PAC Preparation of cationic, thermosetting polyacrylamide resin (1)Into a .Badd.1-litter.Baddend. 1-liter 4-neck flask equipped with reflux condenser, stirrer, thermometer and dropping funnel were placed 420 ml. of water, 100 g. of isopropanol, 99 g. of acrylamide and 1 g. of the cationic monomer obtained in Reference Example 1 and the mixed solution was adjusted to pH 3.0 with ca. 2 ml. of 1 N nitric acid. This solution was degassed with a nitrogen purge and heated to 50° C., and then 0.5 g. of ammonium persulfate in 40 ml. of water was gradually added. After the addition, the reaction mixture was polymerized at 60°C for 2 hours, and was then cooled. About 660 g. of 15% solids solution of cationic polyacrylamide polymer having the following formula was obtained having a pH 2.7 and Gardner-Holdt viscosity of H-I. ##STR8## wherein: r/(p'+r)=0.0023, n=about 700.
A 160 g. of the 15% solids solution was diluted with 60 ml. of water and adjusted to pH 9.5 by addition of 1 N caustic soda under stirring. To the solution, 56 g. of a 10% glyoxal solution previously adjusted to pH 7.0 was added and then the mixed solution was allowed to react at 60°C for 2 hours. After cooling to room temperature, the resulting solution was adjusted to pH 3.0 with 1 N hydrochloric acid and diluted with water. Thus, ca. 300 g. of 10% cationic thermosetting polyacrylamide resin having the following formula was obtained in the form of a clear, light-yellow colored solution having a Gardner-Holdt viscosity of A. ##STR9## wherein: q/(p+q)=0.29, r/(p+q+r)=0.0023, n=about 700.
PAC Preparation of cationic, thermosetting polyacrylamide resin (2)The procedure of Example 1 was repeated, except that .Badd.95 g. of acrylamide and 5 g. of the cationic monomer were used..Baddend. the dosage of acrylamide and the cationic monomer were changed from 99 g. to 95 g. and from 1 g. to 5 g., respectively. About 300 g. of 10% solids solution of cationic thermosetting polyacrylamide resin having the following formula was obtained having a Gardner-Holdt viscosity of A. ##STR10## wherein: q/(p+q)=0.30, r/(p+q+r)=0.012, n=about 700.
PAC Preparation of cationic, thermosetting polyacrylamide resin (3)The procedure of Example 2 was repeated, except that 10 g. of the 50% cationic monomer solution obtained in Reference Example 2 was used instead of 5 g. of the cationic monomer obtained in Reference Example 1. About 300 g. of 10% solids solution of cationic, thermosetting polyacrylamide resin having the following formula was obtained having a Gardner-Holdt viscosity of A. ##STR11## wherein: q/(p+q)=0.30, r/(p+q+r)=0.013, n=about 650.
PAC Preparation of amphoteric, thermosetting polyacrylamide resin (1)The procedure of Example 2 was repeated, except that 93.9 g. of acrylamide and 1.2 g. of 98% acrylic acid were used instead of 95 g. of acrylamide. About 300 g. of 10% solids solution of amphoteric, thermosetting polyacrylamide resin having the following formula was obtained having a Gardner-Holdt viscosity of A-B. ##STR12## wherein: q/(p+q)=0.30, r/(p+q+r+s)=0.012, s/r=1.0, n=about 750.
PAC Preparation of amphoteric, thermosetting polyacrylamide resin (2)The procedure of Example 4 was repeated, except that 1.2 g. of 98% acrylic acid and 5 g. of the cationic monomer obtained in Reference Example 1 were replaced by 1.4 g. of 97% methacrylic acid and 10 g. of the 50% cationic monomer solution obtained in Reference Example 2, respectively. About 300 g. of 10% solids solution of amphoteric, thermosetting polyacrylamide resin having the following formula was obtained having a Gardner-Holdt viscosity of A-B. ##STR13## wherein: q/(p+q)=0.30, r/(p+q+r+s)=0.013, s/r=0.90, n=about 700.
Into the flask of Example 1 were placed 420 ml. of water, 100 g. of isopropanol, 95 g. of acrylamide and 5 g. of 2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate and the mixed solution was then degassed with a nitrogen purge and heated to 50°C, and then 0.5 g. of ammonium persulfate in 40 ml. of water was gradually added. After the addition, the reaction mixture was polymerized at 60°C for 2 hours, and then the tertiary amino-groups in the polymer were quaternized with dimethyl sulfate and thus, 15% solids solution of cationic polymer was obtained.
The mixed solution of 160 g. of the above solution, 56 g. of a 10% glyoxal solution (the pH of which was not adjusted) and 60 ml. of water was adjusted to pH 7.5 with 1 N caustic soda under stirring, and the solution was then allowed to react at 50° C. for 3 hours. After cooling to room temperature, the resulting solution was adjusted to pH 4.0 with 1 N hydrochloric acid and diluted with water. Thus, an a 10% solids solution of cationic, thermosetting resin having the following formula was obtained. ##STR14## wherein: q/(p+q)=0.30, r/(p+q+r)=0.023, n=about 700.
The following illustrates wet and dry strengthening efficiency of the resins obtained in Examples 2 to 5 and Comparative Example 1.
To an each aqueous slurry of paper pulp (NBKP, 7° SR) of 2.0% consistency; said slurry being adjusted to pH 3.0, 4.0, 7.0, 8.0 and or 9.0, was added each resin above described to provide 1% solution of each resin based on dry weight of the pulp. Hand sheets having a basis weight of 60 g./m2 were prepared with a TAPPI Standard sheet machine, followed by dehydration, air-dry air-drying and drying at 105°C for 15 minutes.
After conditioning at 20°C and 65% RH for 24 hours, wet and dry strengths strength of the resulting sheets were measured according to JIS P 8113 and JIS P 8135. Wet strength was measured after one minute of immersion in water having a temperature of 20°C and a pH of 7. The results are given in Table 1.
| Table 1 |
| __________________________________________________________________________ |
| Dry Breaking Length (Km) |
| Wet Breaking Length (Km) |
| pH of pulp slurry pH of pulp slurry |
| __________________________________________________________________________ |
| Resin* |
| 3.0 |
| 4.0 |
| 7.0 |
| 8.0 |
| 9.0 |
| 3.0 |
| 4.0 |
| 7.0 |
| 8.0 |
| 9.0 |
| Control |
| -- -- 2.30 |
| -- -- -- -- 0.15 |
| -- -- |
| 1 6.90 |
| 7.13 |
| 7.32 |
| 7.25 |
| 7.18 |
| 1.64 |
| 1.78 |
| 1.86 |
| 1.78 |
| 1.71 |
| 2 6.86 |
| 7.05 |
| 7.21 |
| 7.11 |
| 7.02 |
| 1.58 |
| 1.67 |
| 1.70 |
| 1.67 |
| 1.59 |
| 3 7.15 |
| 7.24 |
| 7.36 |
| 7.31 |
| 7.20 |
| 1.93 |
| 1.98 |
| 1.98 |
| 1.96 |
| 1.81 |
| 4 7.11 |
| -- 7.38 |
| -- 7.15 |
| 1.88 |
| -- 1.90 |
| -- 1.76 |
| 5 -- -- 5.75 |
| -- -- -- -- 0.31 |
| -- -- |
| 6 6.00 |
| 6.48 |
| 6.41 |
| 6.20 |
| 5.27 |
| 1.28 |
| 1.58 |
| 1.42 |
| 1.23 |
| 0.77 |
| __________________________________________________________________________ |
| *1 Cationic, thermosetting resin obtained in Example 2 |
| 2 Cationic, thermosetting resin obtained in Example 3 |
| 3 Amphoteric, thermosetting resin obtained in Example 4 |
| 4 Amphoteric, thermosetting resin obtained in Example 5 |
| 5 Cationic polymer obtained in Example 2 |
| 6 Cationic, thermosetting resin obtained in Comparative Example 1 |
The following illustrates wet and dry strengthening efficiency as a surface application agent of the resins obtained in Examples 1, 2 and 4, and Comparative Example 1.
Each resin solution was diluted with water and adjusted to pH of 3.0, 5.0, 7.0, 9.0 and or 10.0 of 1% solution by addition of acid or base. A sheet of No. 2 filter paper (basis weight of 120 g./m2, Toyo Filter Paper Co.) was immersed in the 1% solution for one minute and pressed through press roll and then dried at 150°C for 2 minutes. The amount of each resin (in dry base) per 1 m2 of the surface of paper was 1.0 gram, respectively. After conditioning at 20°C and 65% RH for 24 hours, wet and dry strength of the resulting paper were measured in the same way as described in Example 6. The results are given in Table 2. In any case, dry breaking length was nearly constant (3.8-4.0 Km) in the pH range of 3 to 10,l except for in the case of control (2.5 Km).
| Table 2 |
| ______________________________________ |
| Wet Breaking Length (Km) |
| pH of 1% resin solution |
| ______________________________________ |
| Resin* 3.0 5.0 7.0 9.0 10.0 |
| Control -- -- 0.12 -- -- |
| 7 1.14 1.25 1.25 1.22 1.18 |
| 1 1.25 1.34 1.34 1.31 1.32 |
| 3 1.47 1.49 1.49 1.46 1.39 |
| 5 0.22 0.42 0.45 0.44 0.32 |
| 6 1.06 1.21 1.05 0.85 0.41 |
| ______________________________________ |
| Resins 1,3,5 and 6 are the same as defined in Example 6 |
| Resin 7 is the cationic, thermosetting resin obtained in Example 1 |
The following illustrates the repulping of wet-strength broke treated with the results resins of this invention.
To an aqueous pulp (NBKP, 7° SR) of 2.0% consistency, was added the resin obtained in Examples 2 or 4 to provide 1% solution based on dry weight of the pulp. Hand sheets having a basis weight of 60 g./m2 were then prepared with a TAPPI Standard sheet machine at pH 7.0 at 20°C Into a standard beating was TAPPI Standard disintegrator were placed 3 g. of the hand sheets and 1.5 liter of water and then broken agitated for 20 minutes. In both cases, the hand sheets were completely broken disintegrated.
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