In order to make casting sand or another moldable mixture, a pressure surge wave is used which has upper and lower limit values which values have been established by an optimal selection of a pattern of pressures. The other moldable mixture comprises particles of raw material, binder, water, and, if need be, additives. The rise in pressure takes place with an increasing pressure gradient, dp/dt, of at least 50 atmospheres (absolute)/second. A minimum pressure of at least 2 atmospheres (absolute) is maintained for at least 0.01 second. The pressure drop takes place at a decreasing pressure gradient,--dp/dt, of up to about 2.0 atmospheres (absolute)/second. The disclosed values represent an optimalization, in view of a simple design and economy of operation, with a surprisingly good compacting.
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1. A method for manufacturing molds from casting sand or other mixture comprising raw material particles, binder and water, by applying a pressure surge wave to said casting sand or other mixture in a closed chamber, said pressure surge wave being formed by a process comprising the steps of:
(a) starting from atmospheric pressure in said chamber, increasing said pressure with a pressure gradient of at least about 50 atmospheres/sec to a maximum pressure of at least about 2 atmospheres; (b) maintaining said maximum pressure of at least in said chamber equal to or above about 2 atmospheres for at least about 0.01 seconds; (c) reducing said pressure from said maximum pressure to atmospheric pressure within at least about 0.2 seconds or more from the initiation of the pressure increase.
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14. A method for manufacturing molds from casting sand or other mixture comprising raw material particles, binder and water, by applying a pressure surge wave to said casting sand or other mixture in a closed chamber, said pressure surge wave being formed by a process comprising the steps of:
(a) starting from atmospheric pressure in said chamber, increasing said pressure with a pressure gradient of at least about 50 atmospheres/sec to a maximum pressure of at least about 2 atmospheres; (b) maintaining said maximum pressure of at least about 2 atmospheres for at least about 0.01 seconds; (c) reducing said pressure from said maximum pressure to atmospheric pressure within about 0.2 seconds or more from the initiation of the pressure increase. 15. A process according to
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The present invention relates to a method of manufacturing molds from casting sand or from an otherwise moldable mixture by the use of a pressure surge wave in a closed chamber. The other moldable mixture comprises particles of raw material, binder, water, and, if need be, additives.
A number of processes are known whereby the manufacturing of molds is effected by means of a pressure surge wave. In such processes, a gas pressure is built up over a moldable mixture such as, for example, a casting sand, and then subsequently decreased.
The object of the invention is to select a range in pressure variation within which an optimal compaction of the moldable mixture is assured.
In accordance with the present invention, castings are made from casting sand or other moldable mixture by means of a pressure surge wave. The pressure surge wave is characterized by four parameters: these are the increasing pressure gradient, the maximum pressure, the duration of the maximum pressure, and the decreasing pressure gradient. The rise in pressure takes place with an increasing pressure gradient, dp/dt, of at least about 50 atmospheres (absolute)/second. A The maximum An elevated pressure of at least 2 atmospheres (absolute) should be maintained for at least 0.01 second and may be mainted maintained for about 0.03-0.05 seconds.
With regard to the reduction of pressure, two oppositely directed phenomena must be weighed one against the other. On one hand, the pressure drop should not be too rapid, because cracks could form in the molds; whereas, on the other hand, too much time should not be taken for the pressure to drop, otherwise the cycle times for producing the molds would become too long. An upper limit would be in the range of about 2 atmospheres (absolute)/second, up to which limit, crack-free molds with a clean surface can be produced. The maximum pressure is reduced in a time ranging from 0.2 sec. to about 1.5 sec.
In the afore-described process use is made of four parameters to define a pressure surge. These parameters are the increasing pressure gradient, the maximum pressure, the duration of maximum pressure, and the decreasing pressure gradient. These parameters may be varied independently.
The FIGURE shows four pressure surges, all of which are characterized by increasing pressure gradients, maximum pressures, duration of maximum pressure, and decreasing pressure gradients in the aforementioned ranges in accordance with the present invention. Each of the surges starts at normal, i.e. atmospheric pressure and ends at normal, i.e. atmospheric pressure.
Additional influencing factors were investigated to determine the above-mentioned optimum values. Thus, a boundary surface concentration of the raw material particles of 10-9 to 5·10-9 mole/centimeter2, and especially, moreover, a concentration of 1.9 to 2.5·10-9 mole/centimeter2, has been found to be advantageous.
In addition, with regard to making a choice of raw material particles, a determination was made relating to the velocity of propagation of elastic longitudinal waves in such particles, wherein a value of 4 to 7 kilometers/second, and preferably, a velocity of 5.8 to 6.0 kilometers/second, was found to be especially favorable.
For the tests, use was made of raw material particles which had a major constituent which was silicon dioxide. These particles had a compactability which lay between 27 and 60%, and preferably, 32 to 45%.
Compactibility relates to the decrease in volume of the casting mixture after the pressure surge is applied thereto.
Advantageously, the process described finds an application in the precise molding of a casting mold by using a pattern wherein the derived optimum values are so adjusted and combined that a pressure of 80 to 180 Newtons/centimeter2 is produced on the surface of the pattern.
The limiting values thus determined for the pressure rise, for the maximum value and for the pressure reduction, yield data for the optimal operation of equipment for compacting sand.
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