A methodology that allows for highly efficient transfer and stable integration of dna into both established eukaryotic cell lines and primary cells, including non-dividing cells such as human peripheral blood monocytes and macrophages, entails the use of a synthetic polypeptide comprised of a peptide domain which corresponds to a nuclear localization signal sequence and a dna binding domain which is rich in basic amino acids, separated by a hinge region of neutral acid which prevents stearic interference between the two domains. A synthetic polypeptide that allows for highly efficient transfer of dna into eukaryotic cells, including, for example, non-dividing cells such as human peripheral blood monocytes and macrophages.
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1. A transfection vector comprising a synthetic polypeptide linked electrostatically to a dna structural sequence, forming a polypeptide-dna complex, wherein said polypeptide is comprised of (A) a polymeric chain of basic amino acid residues, (B) a nuclear localization signal (NLS) peptide and (C) a hinge region of neutral amino acids that connects said polymeric chain and said NLS peptide.
3. The vector of
4. The vector of
5. The vector of
6. The vector of
7. The vector of
9. The transfection vector of
11. A vector according to
12. A vector according to
13. A process for producing a transformed mammalian cell line, comprising the step of transfecting a mammalian cell with a vector according to
14. A process for producing a transformed mammalian cell line, comprising the step of transfecting a mammalian cell with a vector according to
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An example of a carrier useful for receptor-mediated gene transfer to liver is a synthetic glycoprotein in which bovine serum albumin (BSA) is covalently bound to poly L-lysine using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (ECD). Ferkol et al., FASEB 7: 1081 (1993). To produce a neoglycoprotein conjugate for use in targeting DNA to liver, a reaction mixture that contains about 170 mM galactose, 4 mM poly (L-lysine), 160 mM BSA and 10 mM EDC (pH 7.5) can be incubated for 48 hours at 22° C. DNA is complexed to the neoglycoprotein carrier in a 360:1 molar ratio. The carrier-DNA complexes are dialyzed against 150 mM sodium chloride before transfection.
Expression of a functional protein after transfection with DNA complexed to ligand alone is often transient. Ferkol et al., supra. The method of the present invention greatly improves the cell-specific targeting of receptor-mediated transfection by providing stable expression by increasing stable integration of a foreign DNA in the host cell using a synthetic polypeptide molecule of the present invention.
A variation of receptor-mediated gene transfer employs coupling a synthetic polypeptide as described above to monoclonal antibodies which recognize a cell surface antigen on the target cells. Maruyama et al., Proc. Nat'l Acad. Sci. USA 87: 5744 (1990). The coupled monoclonal antibody and synthetic polypeptide then are complexed with a DNA encoding the required or desired protein. This complex will target the DNA to the cells expressing the corresponding cell surface antigen. Any tissue of the human body can be targeted for the gene therapy of the present invention using the disclosed methods. A target tissue is suitable in this context so long as it is susceptible to genetic modification according to the present invention.
The present invention is further described with reference to the following examples, which are only illustrative and not limiting of the invention.
The DNA or other polynucleotide to be transfected, such as a plasmid containing a gene for a drug resistance marker or coding a protein needed for expression in the host cell, is complexed to a synthetic polypeptide molecule in different weight ratios in an isotonic buffer solution. For example the weight ratio of DNA:polypeptide can be between 1:1 and 10:1, although ratios outside of this range may be evaluated empirically for achieving the objects of the present invention. An isotonic buffer solution such as Hanks buffered salt solution or HEPES buffered saline may be used for complexing DNA to polypeptide.
While the complex is formed, the cells that are to be transfected either remain attached to a substratum, such as a tissue culture dish, or are pelleted (for cells that grow in suspension). The cells are treated with a hypertonic primer solution, such as a concentration of 0.3M-0.6M sucrose and 10% PEG in either Tris-HCl or HEPES (pH 7.2) buffered solution, for 3-5 mins at room temperature. The primer solution then is removed.
After the DNA-polypeptide complex is formed, it is made hypotonic. The complex solution is hypotonic when it has a lesser osmotic pressure than a 0.15M or 0.9% solution of NaCl. For example, the complex in isotonic buffer can be made 40-55% hypotonic or 0.075M simply by adding an amount of distilled water that is equal to the volume of the complex in isotonic buffer. The hypotonic complex solution then is added to the cells that have been treated with the primer solution. Cells remain in the hypotonic DNA-polypeptide solution for 3-4 minutes. Fresh medium then is added to the cells to rinse away excess DNA-polypeptide solution. Thereafter, the cells are grown normally.
An example of an synthetic polypeptide molecule of the present invention is one consisting of the amino acid sequence PKKKRKVSGGGGGKKKKKKKKKKKK(SEQ ID NO:56). Such a peptide can be synthesized, using standard methods of peptide production, and purified by standard methods using high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC).
Transfected cells are grown in regular growth medium for 48 hours, and then plated in selective medium containing 400 μg/ml of G418. Cells were plated at a density of 100-1000 cells per 60 cm2 dish. The number of G418-resistant colonies was determined two weeks after the initiation of selection. Other selectable markers, such as pHyg, may be used to achieve the results of the instant invention. K. Blochlinger, et al., Mol. Cell. Biol. 4: 2929 (1984).
This method gave a stable-transfection efficiency of 5-10%. Similar results were obtained using either G418 or hygromycin selection. In general the stable transfection efficiency achieved by the method of the instant invention is a few orders of magnitude greater than prior art methods. The instant invention's5-10% efficiency is several orders of magnitude better than the efficiency of the DNA-CaPO4 co-precipitation method and at least equal or 5 times greater than the fairly high 1-10% level of stable transfection efficiency achieved by viral based methods. See Table II.
TABLE II
Method
Stable Transfection Efficiency
Peptide-Mediated
5-10%
Gene Transfer
Retroviral vectors
1-10%
Non-viral methods
<2%
(e.g., CaPO4)
That the transfectants of the instant invention are stable is shown by the following example. When G418 resistant colonies were grown without selection for variable period of times, and then tested for resistance to the antibiotic by plating the cells under clonal conditions, the same number of colonies were obtained both with and without G418. This result indicates that, once the cells are selected for the expression of the Neo gene, the resistance gene was retained stably in the chromosome.
Three different cell lines were used to test the efficiency of gene transfer of the new method. Mouse fibroblast cell line (L cells), mouse erythroleukemia cell line (C19TK), and COS cells. The COS cell line was used to establish conditions for transient gene expression. The eukaryotic expression vector, CH110, contains bacterial β-gal and was employed in these studies. The β-gal gene in CH110 is under the control of SV40 virus early promoter.
The COS cells were treated with primer and then exposed to DNA-polypeptide (2.5-5.0 μg) complex under hypotonic conditions. After this treatment, cells were returned to the normal growth condition. Transfected cells were grown at 37° C. for 48 hrs, and stained for the expression of the β-gal reporter gene. Forty to fifty percent of the cells were positive for the expression of the reporter gene.
Mouse L cells were transfected with eukaryotic expression vector containing the Neo gene, which codes for the antibiotic G418 resistance gene. L cells are sensitive to G418 at 400 μg/ml. Cells plated in 24-well tissue culture plates were then transfected with synthetic polypeptide complexed to the plasmid pRSV-Neo via the methodology of the present invention.
A mouse erythroleukemia cell line, C19TK, also was used as a representative cell line for testing the transfection efficiency of the present invention with respect to hematopoietic cells. The expression vector, pDR2, which carries a hygromycin-resistance gene, was used for these studies, C19TK cells are exquisitely sensitive for the antibiotic hygromycin. This cell line grows in suspension and, hence, was transfected in suspension.
Briefly, about million cells are spun down and the cell pellet is treated with primer. The cells are then exposed to DNA-polypeptide complex under hypotonic condition. Forty-eight hours after transfection, a known number of cells are plated in microtiter plates with hygromycin. The number of wells with growing population of cells was enumerated to determine the transfection efficiency. The stable transfection efficiency was about 1-5%, as compared to most of the other non-virus-based methods that are very poor. Thus, the method described herein is very efficient for stable transfection efficiency both for hematopoietic and non hematopoietic cell lines. Only some retrovirus based vectors give a transfection efficiency comparable to the efficiency obtained with the current method for hematopoietic cell lines. See Gilboa, et al. (1986), Miller, et al. (1986), Stuhlmann, et al. (1989), Miller, et al. (1989), and Zwiebel, et al. (1989), each cited above.
The gene transfer method of the present invention was used to generate extended life cell lines from different human primary cells. Most of the primary cells have a limited in vitro life span. The following cell types were employed to test the efficacy of the inventive method to generate extended-life cell lines by transfer of various oncogenes, either singly, in pairs of combinations, or combinations of more than two oncogenes. Rhim, J. S., et al., Oncogene 4: 1403 (1989).
The method of introducing genes into primary cells is the same as that described above for introducing genes into established cell lines, such as the mouse fibroblast cell line L cells and the mouse erythroleukemia cell line C19TK. The main difference is that the host cell is a primary cell isolated from different species, human or other mammalian species, and the primary cells have only a limited in vitro life span. The isolation of primary cells from various tissue sources are well known to those of skill in the art.
In order to extend the life of primary cells that are endogenously incapable of extended growth in vitro, the cells are transfected with different oncogenes, such as SV40 large T antigen, polyoma large T antigen, adenovirus E1A and E1B, v-fms, Bc12, myc and ras. The oncogenes can be used either alone, in pairs of various combinations, or in combinations of more than two oncogenes.
In addition, other genes that do not come under the category of oncogenes may be used. For example, genes that are important for DNA synthesis and normally active during the S phase of the cell cycle, such as the dihydrofolate reductase gene (DHFR), thymidine kinase gene, thymidylate synthetase gene, a DRTF1/E2F transcription factor encoding DNA, or DNA encoding the E2F transcription factor can be complexed to synthetic polypeptide and used to extend the life of primary cells. The human DHFR gene complexed to synthetic polypeptide can be introduced into primary cells to produce extended life cell lines. DNA encoding a transcription factor that is active during the S phase of the cell cycle are particularly useful in the method of the instant invention. La Thangue, N. B. Trends in Biochemical Sciences 19: 108 (1994); Johnson, D. G. et al., Nature 365: 349 (1993), the respective contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
Because untreated primary cells have only a limited life span in vitro, their ability to grow continuously in culture after treatment with the present invention served to select for extended life cell lines. No other drug selection markers need to be used to select for extended life cell lines derived from primary cells.
To produce extended life cells lines from primary cells, newly cultured primary cells were treated by the method of the present invention employing synthetic polypeptide conjugated with various oncogenes, such as SV40 large T antigen and/or Adeno E1A. The treated cells were plated in their appropriate growth media and passed after the cells reached confluency. A parallel set of a control untreated primary cells were cultured under the same growth conditions. Typically, control primary cells stop growing after about 4-10 passages, depending upon the cell type (cell split ratio was usually 1:4 by surface area). In contrast, continuously growing cell lines were obtained from different primary cell types described in the following examples.
Extended life cell lines containing the oncogene are identified by restriction cleavage. Southern analysis and/or Northern analysis using appropriate DNA probes.
The DNA of each transformed extended life cell line is analyzed by Southern hybridization to determine whether the cell lines carry the oncogenes used to establish such extended life cell lines. DNA is extracted from the cell lines and the nucleic acid pellet is re-suspended in 200 μl of 10 mM Tris-Cl pH 7.4, 0.1 mM EDTA, and 10 μg is digested with a specific restriction enzyme, electrophoresed through 1.0% agarose, and transferred to nitrocellulose. Southern, J. Mol. Biol. 98: 503 (1975). Filters are hybridized to a radioactively labelled DNA, encoding each of the oncogenes that gave rise to the corresponding extended life cell line, in the presence of 10% dextran sulfate. After overnight hybridization, the filters were washed twice in 2×SSC, 0.1% SDS at 64° C.
Each transformed extended life cell line is analyzed by Northern hybridization to determine whether the cell lines transcribe the oncogenes. Cells not containing the oncogene of interest will not demonstrate transcripts in a Northern analysis whereas cells containing the DNA of interest will demonstrate a detectable transcript. Also, an ELISA method was used to detect the presence of oncogene products in some of the extended life cell lines, using publicly available antibodies that recognize the corresponding oncogene protein.
The presence of SV40 large T antigen and adenovirus E1A gene products in the HUVEC extended life cell line, as detected by ELISA, are shown in t Table 2 III. Briefly, the cell line grown in a 96 well tissue culture plate is fixed with glutaraldehyde and paraformaldehyde. The cells are then treated with antibodies to the corresponding oncogenes. Thereafter, the cells are washed and then treated with a secondary antibody linked with to β-galactosidase. The cells are washed and then treated with a substrate for β-galactosidase. The reaction develops a product which is then measured using a microplate reader.
To determine whether the extended life cell line has maintained the parental cell line phenotype may be determined by a number of ways. Extended life cells lines containing the oncogene are assessed by Northern analysis using a DNA probes encoding a cell-specific protein. The cell-specific DNA probe is labeled with 32P-dCTP by nick translation pursuant, for example, to Rigby et al., J. Mol. Biol. 113: 237 (1977). Northern hybridization indicates that the extended life cell line is capable of transcribing the cell-specific protein.
Also, the maintenance of the parental phenotype in cells lines established according to the present invention can be determined by a number of biochemical methods, such as ELISA and enzyme assays, that determine the presence or function of a protein specific to the parental cell line. An antibody recognizing a protein produced only bythe by the parental cell line can be used in an ELISA or immunofluorescence assay. Cell-specific markers are well known to those of skill in the art. For example, albumin is a marker for hepatocytes, insulin is a marker for pancreatic beta islet cells, factor VIII is a marker for endothelial cells, actin and myosin are markers for smooth muscle cells, and non-specific esterass esterase is a marker for brain microglial cells. In Table II III, the parental phenotype of the extended life endothelial cells produced by the present method of the invention was verified by several ELISAs to determine the expression of cell-specific endothelial markers. The parental phenotype of the monocyte/macrophage extended life cell lines produced by the present method was verified using a lysozyme enzyme assay to measure macrophage specific markers.
Endothelial cells isolated from the human umbilical vein can only be cultured for a limited of passages, usually five to six. These cells were transfected with a combination of oncogenes, SV40 large T antigen and adenovirus E1A, or with another combination of genes. At least two oncogenes are needed to develop a truly transformed cell line. Ruley, H. E., et al., Nature 304: 602 (1983). For the instant invention, SV40 large T antigen combined with v-myc or ras or some an other oncogene can be used. When the gens encoding SV40 large T antigen is combined with either adenovirus E1A or E1B genes in the method of the instant invention, extended life cell lines may be produced from human umbilical vein endothelial cells. E1A or E1B or SV40 large T antigen alone did not give rise to established cell line with the high frequency obtained from using SV40 large T antigen in combination with E1A or E1B. Synthetic polypeptide complexed to DNA encoding either the SV40 large T antigen or polyoma large T antigen combined with the E2F1 transcription factor gens also produces extended life HUVEC cells lines.
Since the non-transfected primary cells normally grow in vitro only for a limited population doublings, cells that have taken up the oncogenes capable of generating extended life span cell lines were selected simply by repeated passage of the cells. When the transfected population of cells grows continuously, as compared to a control population of parental cells, it is reasonable to conclude that the oncogenes used are capable of generating extended life cells from a given cell type.
In HUVEC, for example, SV40 large T antigen and adenovirus E1A or E1B were effective in giving rise to a cell line. This cell line has now been growing in culture for 40 passages. In contrast, normal HUVECs stop growing by passage 7 or 8. Such cell lines arose with a high efficiency. It also is possible to generate cell lines using as few as a couple of hundred cells, grown either in a 24- or 48-well plate. These cells also have the same morphological appearance as the primary HUVEC and also display many of the biochemical properties characteristic of normal HUVEC.
Some of the properties that are characteristic of endothelial cells that were measured in the HUVEC extended life cell line are also listed in Table 2 III. These properties were also measured by ELISA using specific antibodies listed in the Table 2 III.
TABLE III
ELISA assay for the expression of ELAM-12, VCAM-1,
ICAM-1, SV40 large T antigen and
adenovirus EIA by extended life HUVEC line
O.D.mm
Antibody
−IL-1
+IL-1
Control
0.071
0.069
Anti ELAM-1
0.212
1.016
Anti VCAM-1
0.146
0.520
Anti ICAM-1
0.422
1.524
Anti SV40 large T
0.618
—
Anti EIA
0.725
—
Adherent cells from human cord blood cells were transfected with different combinations of oncogenes in suspension using the method of the present invention. The resulting cells are selected in Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (G-CSF). Control cells did not grow in culture, whereas growing populations of monocytes were obtained with several combinations of oncogenes. One preferred combination of polyoma large T antigen and adenovirus E1B encoding DNA produced extended life monocyte cells lines with somewhat higher efficiency than other combinations. Another preferred combination of SV40 large T or polyoma large T antigen and the E2F1 transcription factor gene produces monocyte extended life cells with high efficiency. The monocyte extended life cells also display many of the properties of normal monocytes, which illustrates the utility of the present invention in generating cell lines of hematopoietic origin.
The method of the instant invention has also been used to generate extended life cell lines using a specific combination of oncogenes. Human aortic smooth muscle cells were obtained from Clonetics Corporation (San Diego, Calif. U.S.A.) and transfected with several combination of oncogenes. The combination of polyoma large T antigen and EiB gave rise to a continuously growing population of smooth muscle cells. Another preferred combination of SV40 large T or polyoma large T antigen and the E2F1 transcription factor gene produces extended life human aortic smooth muscle cells with high efficiency. This cell line resembles the early passage primary aortic smooth muscle cells morphologically. The extended life human aortic smooth muscle cells also express smooth cell actin and myosin well beyond passage 20.
Primary cells from other species, such as rabbit and monkey, also have been used to generate cell lines. Transfection methods employed for primary cells from non-human species are similar to those used for human primary cells. When developing an extended life cell line from a new primary cell, several different combinations of available oncogenes should be tried. For example, at least five or six pairs of combinations of SV40 large T antigen, adenovirus E1A, adenovirus E1B, polyoma virus large T antigen or others available to those in the art. That combination of genes that gives rise to an extended life cell lines from a given primary cell type is determined as described in the above examples.
When the E2F1 transcription factor gens is complexed to synthetic polypeptide in combination with DNA encoding either the SV40 large T antigen or polyoma large T antigen, extended life cells lines can be produced from a variety of primary cell types, such as HUVEC, dermal microvascular endothelial cells, human aortic smooth muscle cells, and bone marrow monocyte/macrophage cells. Thus, the method of the present invention can identify a combination of oncogene DNAs that is highly efficient in producing extended life cells lines from the primary cells of various species. The present invention also comprehends a combination of an oncogene and an S-phase transcription factor gens which likewise is highly efficient in producing extended life cells lines from different types of primary cells.
The present invention provides a screening system for identifying sequences that influence the expression of cloned genes in various primary cell types from different species. The instant invention can identify cell type specific transcription and translational regulatory sequences. The sequence in question typically will be cloned into a vector containing a reporter gens, such as chloramphenicol acetyl transferass or luciferass, and then transfected into various cell types using the method described herein. Expression of the reporter gens determines the tissue specificity of the regulatory sequence.
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