A local multipoint distribution system having a head end coupled to a plurality of base stations with each base station constituting a cell. Each base station has a plurality of sector beam antennas, each sector beam antenna illuminating a predetermined sector of the cell with rf communication signals. A plurality of rf subscriber stations for each sector of a cell, with each subscriber station having a high gain antenna with a narrow beam width oriented toward the sector beam antenna oriented toward its assigned sector. Time division multiple access control is provided at each subscriber station operated such that each subscriber transmits at a time different from the other subscribers in its sector so that the subscribers in a given sector do not interfere with each others' transmissions, respectively. The power level transmitted by the subscribers are adjusted or controlled so that the subscriber signals arrive at the respective base stations at about the same power level. The cells can be hexagonally shaped and the sectors arranged such that the subscribers do not radiate directly into the three db beam width of base stations of immediately adjacent cells. Alternatively, the cells can be rectangularly shaped and the sectors of the cells arranged such that the subscribers do not radiate directly into the three db beam width of base stations of immediately adjacent cells.
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0. 13. A subscriber station for use in a cellular communication system comprising a cell, a base station associated with said cell, said base station transmitting a downstream communication signal through an antenna associated with said base station, said subscriber station communicating with said base station via an upstream communication signal and said subscriber station comprising a local antenna oriented towards said antenna to receive said downstream communication signal and to transmit to said base station said upstream communication signal, wherein during initiation of operation of said subscriber station, said subscriber station first operates in a receive-only mode to detect said downstream communication signal having a stable downstream frequency, then detects any received frequency error in said downstream communication signal and then adjusts frequency characteristics of said upstream communication signal utilizing said received frequency error.
0. 19. A method of initiating operation of a subscriber station for use in a cellular communication system comprising a sector, a base station associated with said sector, a plurality of sector beam antennas associated with said base station, said subscriber station located in said sector, said subscriber station communicating with said base station via an upstream communication signal in a time division multiple access manner, said subscriber station having a narrow width transmission beam antenna oriented towards said given sector beam antenna, said subscriber station communicating with said base station through a given sector beam antenna of said plurality of sector beam antennas, said method comprising
initially operating said subscriber station in a receive-only mode to detect a downstream communication signal having a stable downstream frequency from said base station, then testing for a frequency error in said downstream communication signal and then adjusting frequency characteristics of said upstream communication signal to said base station signals utilizing said frequency error.
2. A local multipoint distribution system comprising:
a head end coupled to a plurality of base stations, each base station constituting a cell,
each base station having a plurality of sector beam antennas,
each sector beam antenna illuminating a predetermined sector of said cell with rf communication signals, a plurality of rf subscriber stations for each sector of a cell,
each subscriber station having a high gain antenna with a narrow beam width oriented toward the sector beam antenna oriented toward its assigned sector,
time division multiple access control means at each subscriber station operated such that each subscriber transmits at a time different from the other subscribers in its sector so the subscribers in a given sector do not interfere with each others transmissions, respectively, and
means controlling the transmitted power level such that all subscriber signals arrive at their respective base stations at about the same power level
wherein each subscriber station first, in order to initiate operation, is operated in the receive mode only to detect a stable downstream frequency from a head end signal, and detect any received frequency error and adjust its initial frequency of operation in accordance therewith.
0. 26. A cellular wireless communications system comprising:
a cell defining a region for wireless communications, said cell having at least one sector;
a base station associated with said cell;
a sector beam antenna coupled to said base station and oriented to illuminate said sector with wireless communications signals;
a plurality of subscriber stations in said sector, each subscriber station of said plurality of subscriber stations having an antenna in communication with said sector beam antenna;
time division multiple access control at said each subscriber station such that every subscriber station of said plurality of subscriber stations transmits signals at a timeslot different from all other subscriber stations of said plurality of subscriber stations;
transmit power level control at said each subscriber station such that signals transmitted by said every subscriber station arrive at said base station at about a same power level as signals transmitted by said other subscriber stations;
transmit signal timing control at said each subscriber station such that signals transmitted by said every subscriber station arrive at said base station synchronized to a reference signal provided by said base station;
transmit signal frequency control at said each subscriber station such that signals transmitted by said every subscriber station operates substantially at an assigned frequency; and
adjustment control at said each subscriber station to periodically adjust at least one of frequency, timing and power of signals transmitted by said each subscriber station to said base station.
1. A local multipoint distribution system comprising:
a head end coupled to a plurality of base stations, each base station constituting a cell,
each base station having a plurality of sector beam antennas,
each sector beam antenna illuminating a predetermined sector of said cell with rf communication signals,
a plurality of rf subscriber stations for each sector of a cell, each subscriber station having a high gain antenna with a narrow beam width oriented toward the sector beam antenna oriented toward its assigned sector, time division multiple access control means at each subscriber station operated such that each subscriber transmits at a time different from the other subscribers in its sector so the subscribers in a given sector do not interfere with each others transmissions, respectively,
means controlling the transmitted power level such that all subscriber signals arrive at their respective base stations at about the same power level,
means controlling the transmit signal timing such that all subscriber signals arrive at their respective base stations at the exclusively assigned time thereby minimizing the possibilities of mutual interference and means controlling the transmit signal frequency such that all subscriber signals operate at their proper assigned frequency and are orthogonal to all other carrier frequencies received by the base station, and wherein
each subscriber station first, in order to initiate operation, is operated in a receive-mode only to detect a stable downstream frequency from a head end signal and detect any received frequency error and adjust its initial frequency of operation in accordance therewith.
0. 6. A cellular wireless communications system, comprising:
at least one sector defined in at least one cell;
a base station associated with each said cell;
for each said sector, a corresponding sector beam antenna coupled to said base station and oriented to illuminate said sector to which said sector beam antenna corresponds with wireless communications signals;
a plurality of subscriber stations in each said sector, each subscriber station having an antenna with a narrow beam width oriented toward said corresponding sector beam antenna;
time division multiple access control at each subscriber station of each said sector operated such that each subscriber station in any given sector transmits signals at timeslots different from other subscriber stations in said given sector so the plurality subscriber stations in said given sector do not interfere with each other's signals;
transmit power level control such that the signals transmitted by said plurality of subscriber stations in any given said sector arrive at the base station of the cell in which said given sector is defined at about a same power level;
transmit signal timing control such that the signals transmitted by any given subscriber station in each said sector in a given timeslot arrive at the base station synchronized to a reference signal provided by the base station;
transmit signal frequency control such that the signals transmitted by the plurality of subscriber stations each operates substantially at an assigned frequency; and
wherein each subscriber station, in order to initiate operation in the system, first operates in a receive-mode only to detect a downstream signal having a stable frequency from the base station, and adjusts its initial frequency of operation in accordance with any measured error between the detected stable frequency and a local frequency reference.
3. The local multipoint distribution system defined in
4. The local multipoint distribution system defined in
5. The local multipoint distribution system defined in
0. 7. A cellular wireless communications system as claimed in
0. 8. A cellular wireless communication system as claimed in
0. 9. A cellular wireless communication system as claimed in
0. 10. A cellular wireless communication system as claimed in
0. 11. A cellular wireless communication system as claimed in
0. 12. A cellular wireless communication system as claimed in
0. 14. A subscriber station for use in a cellular communication system as claimed in
0. 15. A subscriber station as claimed in
0. 16. A subscriber station as claimed in
0. 17. A subscriber station as claimed in
0. 18. A subscriber station as claimed in
0. 20. A method of initiating operation of a subscriber station as claimed in
0. 21. A method of initiating operation of a subscriber station as claimed in
0. 22. A method of initiating operation of a subscriber station as claimed in
0. 23. A method of initiating operation of a subscriber station as claimed in
0. 24. A method of initiating operation of a subscriber station as claimed in
0. 25. A method of initiating operation of a subscriber station as claimed in
0. 27. The cellular wireless communications system of
0. 28. The cellular wireless communications system of
0. 29. The cellular wireless communications system of
0. 30. The cellular wireless communications system of
0. 31. The cellular wireless communications system of
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The demand for greater quantities of information and data transfer to and from residential as well as business users continues to grow faster than supply can keep up with it. This information demand is being supplied in a variety of forms consisting of telephone systems of various forms, cable systems, hybrid fiber/cable systems, and wireless systems. This invention relates to a Local Multi-Point Distribution System (LMDS) intended to provide such services as broadcast video, video-on-demand, multimedia capability, interactive video, high speed data, telephony, and computer data links as examples. The system can provide a wireless interface from, for example, a local TELCO central office (CO), or a cable Head End office, in all cases, from a facility in a system defined as a “Head End” facility.
As shown in
While the description presented herein refers generally to a “micro cellular” system, which is defined as a system of cells of 5 km radius or less, the invention is equally applicable to a “macro cellular” system, herein defined as a system of cells of radius greater than 5 km.
The unique features embodied in the invention described herein include the following:
1) A micro cellular system of signal distribution for local multi-point distribution system (LMDS) application.
2) A micro cellular system of signal distribution with 100% frequency re-use of one with a four sector rectangular array of cells and with a six sector rectangular array of cells.
3) A micro cellular system of signal distribution with 100% frequency re-use of one with a four sector rectangular array of cells with a six sector rectangular array of cells incorporating the use of cross polarization isolation between sectors of adjacent cells operating at the same frequencies.
4) A micro cellular system of signal distribution with 200% frequency re-use of one with a four sector rectangular array of cells and with a six sector rectangular array of cells incorporating the use of cross polarization isolation between sectors of adjacent cells operating at the same frequencies, and operating with increased sectorization of the cells.
5) A micro cellular system of signal distribution with 100% frequency re-use of one with a four sector rectangular array of cells and with a six sector rectangular array of cells incorporating the use of intelligent frequency management between sectors of adjacent cells operating at the same frequencies.
6) A system capable of providing, for example, analog video broadcast, digital video in either broadcast or on-demand modes, interactive multimedia services, high rate digital data services, telephony, and in home monitoring systems such as might be employed for power meter reading or home security alarm systems.
7) A frequency reference technique whereby the Subscribers equipment is synchronized to the Base Station high stability sources and thereby minimize a) equipment implementation costs, b) signal acquisition times, and c) signal bandwidth overhead requirements to accommodate hardware frequency instability characteristics.
8) A closed loop Subscriber transmit power control technique whereby the Subscriber received power levels at the Base Station are all received at the same level thereby minimizing the possibility of any mutual interference between Subscriber signals, and eliminating the need for any significant AGC requirements in the Base Station RF receiving equipment.
9) A closed loop subscriber transmit timing control technique whereby the Subscriber received signal timing as received at the Base Station is adjusted by the Base Station in increments equal to the transmit signal symbol period to ensure the reception of all signals with a minimum of mutual interference from other Subscriber signals.
10) The optional use of antenna polarization diversity as a means of minimizing adjacent cell interference signals and increasing the total achievable capacity of the system.
11) A TDMA signaling structure which maximizes the transmit signaling format efficiency.
12) A signaling system operating within the ATM system specifications enabling an efficient utilization of system signaling capacity, as well as a highly flexible and adaptable signaling format allowing efficient redistribution of system bandwidth width in real time as the Subscriber data requirements change.
13) An order wire channel capability and signalling format which enable the entry and exit of Subscribers easily and efficiently in real time as the Subscriber needs and Subscriber population changes.
14) An order wire channel capability and signalling format which easily and efficiently accommodates real time Subscriber requests for changes in the services required, additions to the services required, and the execution of control functions to the services being provided, e.g., “VCR” like controls to a video being viewed such as the “pause” function.
15) A frequency plan which on the Down Stream provides orthogonal OC-1 channels spaced at F frequency steps where F is the transmission data rate of the Down Stream channel, and on the Up Stream provides ½ OC-1 channels spaced at F where 2F′=F.
16) The optional use of a two-way satellite link interface from the Head End to the Base Station of a cell which is geographically remote from the central cell system.
17) The incorporation of maximally efficient burst modem techniques thereby enabling reception of multiple mutually asynchronous time multiplexed signals each emanating from different transmitting sources by a single receiver thereby simplifying the design and cost of both the transmitting and receiving equipment.
18) The use of asynchronous transfer mode over a wireless medium for high speed data delivery incorporating the implementation of a highly efficient transmit data frame format which partitions the frame into five different types of data and containing the following characteristics and attributes:
The above and other objects, advantages and features of the invention will become more apparent when considered with the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:
FIG. 3(a) is Table 1 of typical parameters, and FIG. 3(b) is Table 2 of typical Baseline Communication Link parameters,
FIG. 4(a) is a diagrammatical representation of a typical hexagonal, single, three sector cell pattern, and FIG. 4(b) is a typical hexagonal seven cell, three sector pattern,
FIG. 6(a) is an illustration of a typical rectangular single, eight sector cellular system configuration and FIG. 6(b) is a n illustration of a typical rectangular, nine cell, eight sector cellular system configuration incorporating the invention,
FIG. 12(a) is a typical LMDS frequency plan of the downstream frequency allocation, 1 in 4 frequency reuse, 6 frequency channels per sector, and FIG. 12(b) is a typical LMDS frequency allocation, 2 channels per sector,
FIG. 13(a) is a typical signalling frame structure for down stream frame and FIG. 13(b) is a typical signalling frame structure for the upstream frame,
FIGS. 16(a) to 16(d) illustrate typical message formats to be used in Up Stream and Down Stream communications,
A typical LMDS system configuration was shown in
1) Analog video broadcast signals
2) Digital video with Distribution operating in either broadcast or on-demand modes with remote control capability of the video display as when controlling a VCR when operating in the on-demand mode.
3) Delivery of MPEG-2 encoded digital video consisting of either cable television programming or programming from a video server delivered on an on-demand basis.
4) High rate digital data services including interactive multimedia service, World Wide Web access, file transfer protocol, and electronic mail.
5) Desk top and full screen video conferencing.
6) Two way telephony including plain-old telephone service (POTS) with single or multi-line capability, T1 access, and basic rate and primary rate ISDN services.
7) Interactive multimedia and games using both computers and game players such as Sega or Nintendo.
9) Remote in-home monitoring services such as might be employed for power meter reading or home security alarm services, and operational system hardware health and status monitoring.
Many different cellular system configurations can be used with the system of this invention. The two configurations discussed herein are rectangular arrays of cells and hexagonal arrays of cells. It will be shown that a 100% frequency re-use of one can be achieved in several ways with both types of arrays. It will also be shown that the capacity of the system can be easily doubled by proper selection of frequency assignment plans within the array, combined with increased sectorization of the cells of the array. In addition, it will also be shown that in some disadvantaged cell arrays the 100% frequency re-use of one can still be achieved by incorporating polarization diversity in the signals transmitted by adjacent cells.
A typical cellular system configuration is illustrated in
The direction of transmission from the Base Station to the Subscribers is referred to herein as the “down stream” direction, whereas the direction of transmission from the Subscribers to the Base Station is herein referred to as the “up stream” direction. Note from Table I (
Similarly a 2 is attached to its label if it is in cell 2, a 3 is attached to its label if it is in cell 3, and so on for all the cells. Note however that all sectors labeled A operate on the same assigned frequency bands, all the sectors labeled B operate on their same assigned frequency bands, and all the sectors labeled C operate on their same assigned frequency bands. This suggests that mutual interference may occur between Base Stations and Subscribers in sectors of adjacent cells operating in the same frequency bands. This problem is eliminated as described below.
In one embodiment, all transmission will be communicated in a TDMA format. The down stream transmitted power level for all signals from the Base Station will be adjusted to provide the proper receive signal level to the Subscribers at the maximum range. The up stream transmitted power levels originate from all the many Subscribers in the cell. These Subscribers will transmit at different assigned times so as to not interfere with each others transmissions. The transmitted power level from all Subscribers will be maintained at a level such that all Subscriber signals arrive at their respective Base Stations at approximately the same operating level. This further minimizes the possibility of mutual interference between Subscribers in the same cell.
Subscribers and Base Stations in one cell will generate signals in the same frequency band and at the same assigned time slots of Subscribers and Base Stations of sectors of adjacent cells assigned to use those same frequencies and time slots. Thus, there are two primary possible sources of interference in the system. The Subscribers of one cell can transmit interference signals into the Base Station of an adjacent cell operating at the same frequency, or a Base Station can transmit interference into the Subscribers of an adjacent cell operating in the same frequency band. For example the Subscribers of sector A2 in cell 2 can illuminate the Base Station of sector A in cell 1 or cell 7. The Base Station of sector AI in cell 1 can illuminate the Subscribers in sector A of cells 2 and 3.
Consider the first situation. The Subscribers in sector A2 of cell 2 have their narrow beam antennas all pointed at the Base Station of sector A2 cell 2. This being the case, and considering the fact that the Subscriber antenna 3 dB beam width is only 3.8 degrees, its antenna cannot be radiating into the A sector Base Stations of cells 1 or 7 unless the Subscribers lie within the 3.8° segment centered along the double lines drawn through sector A2 and A7, and through sector A2 and A1. In addition a 3.80° segment of the cell 2 Subscribers also radiate into sector A6. Subscribers in sector A2 are three cell radii away from the Base Stations of sectors A7 and A1, and are four radii away than the Base Station of sector A2 such that their interference signals, will be significantly attenuated by the time they arrive at the sector A1, A7, or A6 Base Station antenna. Moreover, at these increased operating ranges it is expected that the propagation range loss is no longer a function of 20log(range), but rather a function of 40log(range), or 50log(range) so that the total attenuation is very significant and the received level of interference is negligible.
Now consider the radiation from the Base Station into the Subscriber antennas. Again recall that the Subscribers have their antennas pointed directly at their respective Base Stations, This being the case, again only a small number receive any interfering signal, i.e., a 3.8° degree segment in sector A2, will receive interference from the Base Stations in A1, A7, and A6. This segment is that segment of Subscribers whose antenna pattern encompasses both the Base Station in sector 2 as well as the Base Station in sector A1, A7, or A6. Once again this interference signal is significantly attenuated, first of all because it is three or four times farther away than its own Base Station and secondly because at this range the propagation loss is increasing much more rapidly as already explained and the received signal level will be insignificant.
Even though the interference signal levels may be attenuated sufficiently in most cases, it is desirable to be able to have improved cellular system designs for improved adjacent cell isolation if necessary. This can be done by use of the cell arrangement illustrated in FIG. 5.
An example of a single rectangular cellular system structures is given in FIG. 6(a), and expanded into a nine cell structure in FIG. 6(b). Recalling the description provided for the hexagonal cell structure shown in
Isolation between adjacent cells is of utmost importance so that transmissions intended for one set of subscribers, is not received by another set of subscribers. As noted by the preceding discussion, a significant degree of isolation can be provided by the appropriate design of the cell structure whether it be hexagonal or square. The use of antenna polarization diversity can help increase the isolation between adjacent cells and in addition it may increase the effective capacity of the total system. Considering the cellular pattern in FIGS. 4(a) and 4(b), if polarization diversity were used between adjacent diagonal rows of cells, a frequency reuse of one is achievable throughout the hexagonal system. Similarly, considering the cellular pattern in FIG. 6(b) and even assuming a four sector pattern rather than eight sector pattern, if polarization diversity were used between adjacent diagonal rows of cells, a frequency reuse of one is again achievable, in this case, throughout the rectangular system.
The factors limiting the usefulness of polarization diversity are, 1) the amount of cross polarization isolation which can be achieved by an antenna, 2) the degree to which rain may depolarize a signal, or the degree to which a cross polarized component may be created due to rain effects, and 3) the degree to which multipath may exist in the system and degrade the cross polarization isolation. It is known, for example, that horn antennas of the approximate gain required for the system Subscribers can provide at least 25 dB of cross polarization isolation. It is believed that cost effective designs can be achieved for the system in this respect. It can also be shown that at the system operating frequency band there will not be sufficient depolarization of the signal to degrade the system significantly, i.e., the resulting signal to interference ratio will not degrade below approximately 25 dB for 99.9% of the time in the rainiest areas of the United States, for example. Finally the multipath problem is circumvented by the fact that the Subscriber antennas have very narrow beam widths and can be expected to receive insignificant interference in the form of multipath signals. Similarly the Subscriber narrow beam transmission will generate minimal multipath signaling to the Base Station.
The baseline system assumes a Subscriber population density of 1000 subscribers per 1 km radius cell. As the population density increases, the system must be designed to be able to accommodate the growth. It was shown that increased cell sectorization, e.g., from 4 to 8 for rectangular cells, and from 3 to 6 for hexagonal cells, improves the conditions of adjacent cell interference. Similarly it was shown that by use of polarization diversity a frequency re-use of 1 is achievable for both hexagonal and rectangular cell structures. Finally it was shown that by appropriate selection and assignment of the operating frequency bands, e.g., as shown by the use of the two bands for the A sectors labeled as Ai and Aj in FIG. 5 and FIG. 6(b), the adjacent cell interference was again reduced. All three techniques can be employed in the event of increased population density to achieve an increase in frequency re-use and thereby in effective total system subscriber capacity for these array configurations.
The above described techniques achieve the maximum capacity for the array configurations assumed. It is possible that such configurations may have to be used for reasons of topography or some other consideration. The array configurations described are not he optimal configurations for use in this system. Optimal configurations permit achievement of at least 200% system capacity and are described below.
An improved hexagonal array configuration is shown in FIG. 7. It is referred to here as the “optimal” array because it provides frequency re-use of 1 without the need for polarization diversity. This is advantageous because the system capacity can be increased by cell sectorization alone.
Note that in
A similar “optimal” rectangular array is shown in FIG. 8. Again the optimality is defined here to mean that 100% frequency re-use of one is achieved without resorting to use of polarization diversity. Note here that the transmission arrows are deleted for clarity and the center of each cell, i.e., the location of the Base Stations is identified by a black dot. In this case the first source of interference to sector A1 is not reached until sector A10 which is five cell radii away which again guarantees that the received signal strength will be below any noticeable interference level at A1.
As noted previously it is desired that the system be able to support growth should the population density increase and the number of Subscribers to be serviced in a given cell exceed capacity. Increased capacity can be achieved by modification of the optimal array patterns and increased sectorization.
A similar optimal array can be developed for hexagonal arrays and is shown in FIG. 10. As for the rectangular array, the capacity is doubled because the three frequency bands are used twice in each cell. For the array shown, the distance to the first interfering sector is three cell radii away, e.g., sector C2 illuminating sector C1 on the far side of the adjacent cell. This may well be far enough such that there will be no noticeable interference. Should there be any interference the problem is solved by using polarization diversity in successive cells. Again, a further increase in capacity can be achieved by additional sectorization and the use of polarization diversity if found to be necessary to maintain interference at or below acceptable levels.
It will be the case that some cell locations may be geographically remote from other regions of well established LMDS cell distribution sites, When this is the case it may not be economically possible to connect to these remote cells by either fiber, coax, or line of sight communication links and it may be more economical to provide the remote connection via satellite. In this event it is planned to provide satellite links from the Head End to the remote Base Station(s). The satellite link will play exactly the same role that the Head End to Base Station fiber links play in the system configuration shown in
Typical system frequency plans are shown in FIGS. 12(a) and 12(b). FIG. 12(a) shows the frequency plan for the Down Stream signals, and FIG. 12(b) shows the frequency plan for the Up Stream signals. Recall that there are 850 MHz allocated for the Down Stream signals. As shown there are 24 Down Stream 67.3 Mbps QPSK carriers spaced at 33.65 MHz intervals. Recall that the basic payload data rate is 51.84 Mbps with rate 7/8 convolutional coding concatenated with (60,54) Reed Solomon coding. In this case since all signals originate at the Base Station and they are mutually synchronous, they can be spaced at orthogonal frequency steps equal to 1/T where T is the transmitted symbol period.
The Up Stream QPSK signals are spaced at frequency steps of 18.75 MHz. These carry a transmitted payload data rate of 28.8 Mbps. These signals cannot be assumed to be mutually synchronous and will therefore not be overlapped. In this case the adjacent bands will lie next to each other as shown in FIG. 12(b).
It is the intent to implement the most economical hardware configuration while satisfying fully all system performance requirements. As a part of this the system must be able to be deployed easily and quickly, and transmitted signals must be acquired and re-acquired rapidly should loss of signal occur momentarily. In order that this be possible, system signal frequency uncertainties must be controlled. The Base Station will provide high stability precision oscillators whose frequency will be known to an accuracy of at least 1E-9, such that frequency uncertainty of the carrier is no more than a few Hertz. Such oscillators are relatively costly and can not be provided for the Subscribers terminals. What will be provided at the Subscriber terminals will be oscillators with stability on the order of 1E-5 to 1E-6, which provides a frequency uncertainty range of 29,000 Hz to 290,000 Hertz. Operation with such large frequency uncertainties does not allow rapid acquisition operations.
In order to circumvent this problem the Subscriber equipment will initiate operations in a receive mode only. It will acquire the precise and very stable Down Stream signal, track it with a phase-lock loop, and synchronize all its signals to it. The Subscriber equipment will then measure the error it perceives to exist in the received Head End signal and assume that the error in fact lies within its own hardware frequency reference. The transmitted Subscriber signal frequency will be corrected by the amount measured in the received Head End signal. The Subscriber will then initiate transmission operations with a transmit signal which may have a small frequency error but which will be as stable as the received Head End carrier. If an error of any significance remains it will be measured by the Head End and a correction signal transmitted to the Subscriber during the network entry operations to be described below. Thus, the possibility of a Subscriber coming on the air with a large frequency error will not be possible.
Each time slot on the Down Stream will be equal to one ATM cell. Each Down Stream channel, or carrier, will have a total payload data rate of 52.2 Mbps. With the FEC coding over head this becomes 66.29 Mbps. The data transmission signals will have a frame structure with each cell (or frame slot) having a capacity equal to a 64 kbps voice or one DS-0 channel. This translates to 53.2 Mbps/(64 kbps+overhead)=736 cells per frame. Since each cell contains 53 bytes (or 424 bits) of the 64 kbps signal, the frame length will be 6.625 ms. The first cell in each frame will be the frame indicator, or frame sync cell. The frame structure for the Down Stream signals is shown in FIG. 13(a). Since all Down Stream data will be handled as ATM signals, the ATM cells from a given source will be transmitted consecutively, however, they may appear separated from each other in the transmitted bit stream intermingled with data from other sources.
Each Up Stream channel will have the throughput of one half an OC-1 channel. Including overhead bits the transmission rate will be 28.8 Mbps. The data transmission signals will have a frame structure with each cell (or frame slot) having a capacity equal to a 64 kbps voice or one DS-0 channels This translates to 28.8 Mbps/64 kbps+overhead)=368 cells per frame. Since each cell contains 53 data bytes (or 424 bits), the frame length will be 6.625 ms. The first cell in each frame will be the frame indicator, or frame sync cell. The frames of the transmitted Up Stream signals will be synchronized to the frames of the received Down Stream signals, such that the transmitted Up Stream does not require a separate frame sync slot. The frame structure for the Down Stream signals is shown in FIG. 13(a). The data transmitted by the Subscribers will occur in assigned slots in a format to be described below.
As noted previously the Up Stream signal transmitted by each Subscriber will be synchronized to the Down Stream signal as received by the Subscriber and will therefore not require a separate frame sync slot. The frame format to be used in the Up Stream signals is shown in FIG. 14. The figure shows a single signal as it will occur on one channel. All channels will have the same format but will communicate with a different set of Subscribers, In a preferred embodiment, there are four “regions” in the overall frame. The regions are identified by the function performed by the cells comprising the region. The regions are as follows:
1) The net entry region consists of four consecutive cells and occurs at the beginning of the Up Stream frame. frame identifier, or frame sync cell.
2) The channel and services assignment region to which Subscribers are assigned immediately after completing operations in the net entry region occurs next.
3) The net polling region consisting of fifteen cells shown here occurring consecutively in the frame.
4) The assigned cell region consisting of however many cells are required to carry the Up Stream data from all the Subscribers operating on this channel.
The details of the operations are described below.
When a Subscriber is first turned on and attempts to enter the system the Subscriber's frequency, timing, and power levels will not have been checked and adjusted. The Subscriber will measure the received Base Station signal power level and, knowing what it expects to receive as a function of range, it adjust its transmit level accordingly so that its signal will arrive at the Base Station at the proper power level. When the Subscribers' signal is received at the Base Station its level is measured and refinements are made as necessary. This is accomplished by the Base Station as follows. The Base station has a reference received power level stored in memory for each subscriber. When it receives the Subscriber signal it compares the signal level received to that stored in the memory. The difference is transmitted to the subscriber as a correction factor initially in the Net Entry region of the frame and later on in the Polling region of the frame as described below.
The Subscriber's frequency must be corrected. This is done in large part by the Subscriber equipment which locks on to the received Base Station signal, tracks it with a phase locked loop and synchronizes its system reference to it. Corrections to the Subscribers' frequency are communicated to the Subscriber in both the Net Entry and Polling regions of the frame.
The timing of the transmit signal must be set so that it arrives properly synchronized to the TDMA format to be received at the Base Station. A subscriber close to the Base Station will have essentially zero delay in its return signal assuming that it initiates signal transmission in perfect asynchronism with the received frame identifier signal received from the Base Station. A Subscriber at the farthest range, assumed here to be at least 2 km for the baseline microcellular system, but could conceivably be 10 km for a macrocellular system, will have a delay of approximately 13.44 microseconds and 61.2 microseconds respectively in its return signal assuming that it similarly initiates transmission in perfect synchronism with the received frame identifier signal from the Base Station. Each cell in the Up Stream frame is approximately 18 microseconds long. Thus, a net entry region four cells long provides a time slot 72 microseconds long which is sufficiently long to accommodate the maximum delays possible when the Subscribers transmit timing has not been adjusted.
When a Subscriber's equipment is first turned on it transmits with no adjustment to its timing, i.e., zero delay in transmission. As soon as the Base Station receives the new Subscriber signal it measures the timing offset with respect to the first second net entry cell in the frame, it compares the received signal power level with respect to a stored reference level, and it measures its frequency offset, if any. The Base Station immediately transmits correction data to the Subscriber for all three parameters, power level, frequency, and timing, and waits to receive a subsequent transmission to verify that the corrections were properly received and implemented. Once the corrections are verified the Subscriber is directed to transfer operations to the channel and services assignment region whose location is also identified to the Subscriber. All correction parameters are stored by the subscriber terminal for future use.
The size of the channel and services assignment region will be variable. It will consist of all the cells not needed by all the other regions but will not be allowed to be smaller than a size quaranteeing adequate service for the total population of Subscribers to be serviced by this channel. The exact minimum size will depend on the size of the Subscriber population.
When assigned to the channel and services assignment region the Subscriber's signal parameters have all been adjusted so that when received at the Base Station its signal will be in timing synchronism with respect to the Base Station frame structure, its frequency error, if any, has been corrected and its power level will be properly set. Once these operations have been completed the Subscriber is removed from further operation in the net entry region so as to make it available for other Subscribers entering the system, if necessary.
Operations in the channel and services assignment region consist of two types:
1) Establishment of the Subscribers capacity and service requirements, and assignment of operating cells in the assigned cell region. Upon conclusion of operations in the channel and services assignment region the Subscriber becomes an on-line Subscriber being provided a fixed portion of the channel capacity and system services as requested.
2) Issuance of additional requests for service by any of the on-line Subscribers if they cannot receive service from the polling operations to be described below.
Operations in the channel and services assignment region are in a slotted ALOHA fashion. The Subscribers proceed to access the channel as required in a slot they hope is vacant. Collisions may occur at which time the Subscribers repeat the transmission with a random length delay.
The function to be accomplished by operations in the channel and services assignment region are for the Subscriber to define for the Base Station the services it requires. The Base Station will then review the operational system conditions and define to the Subscriber which slots, or cells, it is to occupy in the assigned cell region of the frame so long as it continues to utilize the services requested. Once the issuance of cell assignment instruction is completed the Subscriber transfers operations to the assigned cell region as directed by the Base Station. Thereafter, operation in the channel and services assignment region will only be made use of by a Subscriber in emergency or priority situations which may arise and which cannot be serviced rapidly enough by the polling operations as described below.
The assigned cell region is that portion of the frame carrying the on-line services data from the Subscriber to the Base Station. The Subscriber will be assigned a channel capacity, i.e., a number of cells, sufficient to accommodate the data to be communicated in a timely manner. The cells to be occupied are precisely defined so that a Subscriber has the capacity needed in an exact location reserved for this use only until the service is no longer needed at which time it is relinquished for use by other Subscribers.
The net polling region serves two purposes: it provides a means of accessing off-line Subscribers and requesting a response for low rate monitoring and health check purposes, and it provides a means whereby the Base Station checks to see if a Subscriber requires servicing at that particular time.
It is expected that a cell will service on the order of 1000 Subscribers. This implies an average of 167 Subscribers to be serviced by each Up Stream channel. With 15 cells assigned to perform cyclic polling of all Subscribers, whether on-line or off-line, this translates to a check of 15 Subscribers every frame (6.625 ms), or a check of every Subscriber once every 74 Ms. This is adequate for purposes of such operations of monitoring utility power meters, security alarm systems, and hardware health check operations. It may not be sufficiently fast to keep up with the stream of service requests which will be generated be the Subscribers when demanding changes of service conditions while using a computer connection or controlling operating conditions of a television selection being viewed. In this event use will be made of the channel and services assignment region for communicating these service requests.
All functions including MAC functions will be controlled by a series of control messages which are exchanged between the Head End and the Subscribers. All control messages flow through the Base Stations but in general all decisions will be made by the Head End. The detailed distribution of channel capacity as it relates to the physical channel occurs at the Base Station.
Some of the message types to be used are illustrated in FIG. 15.
The Up Stream message contains a number of fields. The exact content varies depending on the type of message. All messages must contain certain standard characterization fields as follows:
The Down Stream Message similarly contains a number of fields. The exact content varies depending on the type of message. All messages must contain certain standard characterization fields as follows:
FIG. FIGS. 16(a) to 16(d) illustrates several typical complete message structures. The size of tea the various segments is shown in terms of bytes.
The simplest shown is FIG. 16(a) which illustrates the basic requirements for an Up Stream message. The configuration shown is adequate for use as either an Initiation Request message or a Terminate Request message. It can also be used for executing such functions as Request to Execute File Transfer by adding the details of what is to be transferred in the successive undefined cells of the message.
The next simplest message format is that shown in FIG. 16(b) which can be used for a Terminate Command from the Head End following a Termination request from a Subscriber. It can also be used for executing such functions as a Command to Prepare to Receive a File Transfer by adding the details of what is to be transferred in the successive undefined cells of the message.
An Initiation Response message becomes more complex and can take the form of FIG. 16(d). Note that FIG. 16(d) contains the Subscriber ID# and a parameter adjustment data. This type adjustment data would be provided to a new Subscriber in order to provide correct power level, carrier frequency, and signal transmit timing adjustments to ensure proper system operation and minimal interference between received Subscriber signals at the Head End. This message format can also be used for polling operations as a Status Request and a Parameter Adjustment Command. The message type would be changed to indicate that two functions are being performed, i.e., parameter adjustment data is being provided and a status data is requested from the Subscriber. Additionally, this general format is to be used as a Service Request Response by again changing the message type designator to indicate the appropriate two functions being performed and by appending to the message a definition of the services being allocated to the Subscriber.
FIG. 16(c) shows a typical format for a Subscriber Service Request message. Since more than one type of service might be requested at any one time, multiple simultaneous service request may be issued in a single message as shown.
All functions including MAC functions will be controlled by a series of control messages which are exchanged between the Head End and the Subscribers. All control messages flow through the Base Stations but in general all decisions will be made by the Head End. The detailed distribution of channel capacity as it relates to the physical channel occurs at the Base Station.
Some of the message types to be used include the following:
1) Initialization request
2) Initialization response
3) Terminate request
4) Terminate command
5) Special commands
The Subscriber power level is adjusted in two steps. FIG. 18 and
During net entry operations the Subscriber receives the Base Station signal while operating in a receive only mode. The Base Station always operates at a fixed transmit power level. Following
Once the Subscriber begins Net Entry transmit operations the Base Station, following
The Subscriber carrier frequency is adjusted in two steps. FIG. 20 and
During net entry operations the Subscriber receives the Base Station signal while operating in a receive only mode. The Subscriber receiving system contains a low cost oscillator whose frequency accuracy will be on the order of 1E-5 or 1E-6. The frequency error can be quite large with this stability oscillator. Both the receive and transmit programmable phase lock loop (PLL) synthesizers are initial locked only to this crystal oscillator. The Base Station always operates at a fixed and very stable carrier frequency, with a stability on the order of 1E-9. Following
Referring to FIG. W 17, operations are now initiated. The Base Station receives the subscriber signal as adjusted by the Subscriber system. There may still be an error which can develop over time due to temperature changes or changes in component values due to aging ageing.
The receive Subscriber signal as tracked in a PLL and an error signal is generated on the basis of the PLL tracking operations. All received frequencies are compared to the Base Station frequency system as a standard. This measured frequency error is translated by the Base Station into a correction signal and transmitted to the Subscriber as a frequency adjustment command. The Base Station periodically continues to perform a carrier frequency measurement and correction during the polling operations as required so long as the Subscriber is in transmit operation.
The Subscriber signal timing is adjusted by the Base Station.
During net entry operations the Subscriber receives the Base Station signal while operating in a receive only mode. The Subscriber acquires the Base Station frame sync signal. The signal delay as seen at the Base Station will depend on the range to the Base Station from the Subscriber. During Net Entry operations the Base Station received the Subscriber signals compares the received time of arrival to an expected time of arrival (in this case the frame sync time) measures the delay, and derives a timing error measurement. Based on this delay, or timing error measurement, the Base Station computes a signal timing correction adjustment command for the Subscriber. This command is communicated to the Subscriber whose system timing is adjusted on the basis of this instruction. Additional measurements and corrections are made during the Net Entry operations as required until the timing is adequately adjusted to allow the Subscriber to proceed to the Channel and Services Assignment region. The Base Station periodically continues to perform a Subscriber signal timing measurement and correction during the polling operations as required so long as the Subscriber is in transmit operation. It should be noted that timing error measurements at all times after net entry is complete are made on the basis of cell timing rather than frame sync since the Subscribers do not transmit frame sync signals and only transmit cells. The Base Station can compare all received signals, after initial adjustment are made, to cell timing since all transmissions are to be made in synchronism with cell slots.
While preferred embodiments of the invention have been shown and described, it will be appreciated that various other embodiments, adaptations and modifications coming within the scope of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art.
Bustamante, Herman, Chen, Horen
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