Adaptive variable-length coding and decoding methods for image data

Abstract

An adaptive variable-length coding/decoding method performs an optimal variable-length coding and decoding depending on an intra mode/inter mode condition, quantization step size and a current zigzag scanning position, such that a plurality of variable-length coding tables having different patterns of a regular region and an escape region according to statistical characteristics of the run level data are set. One of the variable-length coding tables is selected according to mode, quantization step size and scanning position, and the orthogonal transform coefficients according to the selected variable-length coding table are variable-length-coded.

Description

For example, as described above, if the quantized value is from “−255” to “+255” in an 8×8 block, the escape sequence has a constant data length of 21 bits in total since the escape code data ESC is six bits, run data RUN is six bits, level data L is eight bits, and sign data S is one bit.

In this manner, according to the conventional variable-length coding method, since various extra information is also transmitted together with coded data and the escape sequence set by one variable-length coding table depending on the statistical characteristics of data has a constant fixed length, there is a limit in compressing data quantity by coding transmitted data.

Disclosure of the Invention

Therefore, it is an object of the present invention to provide an adaptive variable-length coding method which improves compression efficiency of data by selecting an optimal variable-length coding table among a plurality of variable-length coding tables according to the current scanning position and quantization step size while scanning in a zigzag pattern by block type, i.e., inter/intra mode.

It is another object of the present invention to provide a method for decoding data coded by the above adaptive variable-length coding method.

To accomplish the above object, there is provided an adaptive variable-length coding method according to the present invention whereby quantized orthogonal transform coefficients are scanned in a zigzag pattern, are DCT-operated to be [run, level] data and then are variable-length-coded in a coding system for image data, the method comprising the steps of:

• • setting a plurality of variable-length coding tables having different patterns of a regular region and an escape region according to statistical characteristics of the [run, level] data;
  • selecting one of the plurality of variable-length coding tables according to intra/inter mode information of the currently processed block, zigzag scanning position and quantization step size; and
  • variable-length-coding the orthogonal transform coefficients according to the selected variable-length coding table.

In a decoding system for image data, the adaptive variable-length decoding method according to the present invention for decoding data coded by the adaptive variable-length coding method, comprises the steps of:

• • setting a plurality of variable-length decoding tables having different patterns of a regular region and an escape region according to statistical characteristics of the [run, level] data;
  • inputting intra/inter mode information transmitted from the coding system;
  • inputting quantization step size transmitted from the coding system;
  • detecting position information while zigzag-scanning by accumulating run values of [run, level] data;
  • selecting one of the plurality of variable-length decoding tables according to the intra/inter mode information, quantization step size and position information; and
  • variable-length-decoding the data received according to the selected variable-length decoding table.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a general coding system for image data;

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a general decoding system for image data;

FIGS. 3A-3C are schematic diagrams for explaining steps of the data processing process according to the apparatus shown in FIG. 1;

FIG. 4 shows a conventional variable-length coding and decoding table;

FIG. 5 is a schematic block diagram of a variable-length encoder for implementing an adaptive variable-length coding method according to the present invention;

FIGS. 6A and 6B illustrate a method for selecting a variable-length coding table partitioned by a predetermined number in the adaptive variable-length coding method according to the present invention, wherein FIG. 6A represents the intra mode and FIG. 6B represents the inter mode; and

FIGS. 7A, 7B and 7C are histograms [run, level] for each symbol at the first, second and Pth regions shown in FIGS. 6A and 6B.

BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

Hereinbelow, a preferred embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings.

In the adaptive variable-length coding method according to the present invention, a plurality of variable-length coding tables are used. The table is selected in accordance with a block type, quantization step size and a current scanning position while scanning a block in a zigzag pattern. This selection is in accordance with the statistical characteristics of [run, level] data which vary depending on block type, i.e., intra mode/inter mode or luminance signal/color signal, quantization step size and a current zigzag scanning position, and which will be described in more detail.

The inter mode for coding the differential signal between the current block data and motion compensated block data generates most of the DCT coefficients as “0” but scarcely generates larger values, compared to the intra mode for coding input block image data sequentially. This is because the variation in a motion compensation estate error thereof is typically smaller than that of the original video signal.

Also, the statistical characteristics of color which depend on the decimation in the spatial domain and narrow bandwidth are different from those of luminance.

Therefore, in accordance with intra/inter mode and luminance/color information, there may be four block types, i.e., (intra, luminance), (intra, color), (inter, luminance) and (inter, color). However, for the block type is the present invention, the luminance/color information is excluded and only the intra/inter mode is considered, because the color statistics are dependent on the downsampling structure of the color signal.

Also, in the case of a large quantization step size. DCT coefficients are not high in the high frequency components and many are generated as “0's” while the quantizer scans in a zigzag pattern. That is to say, in order to utilize the human visual characteristics, the DCT coefficients are divided into primary weighting matrices. Since the weighting matrix for high frequency component is large, when the current scanning is a high frequency component, small values (including “0”) are often produced but large values are scarcely generated.

Therefore, the present invention proposes an adaptive variable-length coding/decoding method using a plurality of variable-length coding/decoding tables in which the block type (intra/inter mode), scanning position and quantization step size are combined, which is called a Huffman code book.

Also, the present invention is adopted for a general coding system shown in FIG. 1 and for a general decoding system shown in FIG. 2.

FIG. 5 is a schematic block diagram of a variable-length encoder for implementing the adaptive variable-length coding method according to the present invention.

According to FIG. 5, quantized DCT coefficients are scanned in a zigzag pattern by zigzag scanner 31.

Variable-length coding table selector 32 outputs a control signal for selecting the corresponding first to Pth variable-length coding tables 33.1, 33.2, . . ., 33.P according to the block type (intra/inter mode), quantization step size Qss, and scanning position SP.

The quantized DCT coefficients output from zigzag scanner 31 are variable-length-coded in accordance with the selected variable-length coding table, to then be transmitted to buffer 14 shown in FIG. 1.

Variable-length decoder 21 of the decoding system shown in FIG. 2 variable-length-decodes data coded in the reverse order to that of the variable-length coding process as shown in FIG. 5.

Subsequently, the method for selecting a plurality of variable-length coding/decoding tables will be described in detail with reference to FIGS. 6A, 6B and 7A to 7C.

FIG. 6A shows P variable-length coding tables T₁, T₂, . . . , T_p selected in accordance with quantization step size Q_ss and the current scanning position SP (during zigzag scanning) for the intra mode. FIG. 6B shows P variable-length coding tables T₁, T₂, . . ., T_p selected in accordance with quantization step size Q_ss and the current scanning position SP (during zigzag scanning) for the inter mode.

The “0” scanning position SP corresponds to the DC component, the “63” scanning position SP represents the last scanning position in the corresponding block, and quantization step size Q_ss has values ranging from “0” to “62.”

First, in order to select one of P variable-length coding tables T₁, T₂, . . ., T_p, it is determined whether the currently process block mode is an inter mode or intra mode.

That is to say, as shown in FIGS. 6A and 6B, the blocks for selecting the variable-length coding tables T₁, T₂, . . ., T_p are different depending on the mode. In other words, compared to the inter mode, the intra mode has larger selection blocks for the first and second variable-length coding tables T₁ and T₂ and a smaller selection block for the Pth variable-length coding table T_p.

In the determined mode, the first, second or Pth variable-length coding table T₁, T₂ or T_p are selected in accordance with quantization step size Q_ss and scanning position SP.

Quantized DCT coefficients are variable-length-coded in accordance with the selected variable-length coding table.

Here, an example of P regions partitioned on a (SP, Q_ss) plane in accordance with intra and inter modes shown in FIGS. 6A and 6B can be expressed as follows.

• • In the intra mode:
  • region 1: SP+Q_ss<K₁;
  • region 2: K₁≦SP+Q_ss<K₂; and
  • region P: K_p−1≦SP+Q_ss<K_pIn the inter mode:
  • region 1: SP+Q_ss<L₁;
  • region 2: L₁≦SP+Q_ss<L₂; and
  • region P: L_p−1≦SP+Q_ss<L_P

The proper partition as above can be sought empirically based on sufficient statistical analysis for various experimental states. These states include such factors as video sequence, bit rate, GOP and partitioning method.

FIGS. 7A, 7B and 7C show examples of the variable-length coding tables shown in FIGS. 6A and 6B.

The variable-length coding tables have a regular region and escape region which differ depending on the statistical characteristics of [run, level].

That is to say, the first, second, . . . , Pth tables T₁, T₂, . . . , T_p have the regular region and escape region having different patterns and the Pth table T_p has a smaller regular region than that of the first or second tables T₁ or T₂.

Meanwhile, the [run, level] symbol is likely to have a low probability thereof if the run and/or level lengths have a large value. As shown in FIG. 4, the respective symbols of the escape region has a fixed length of 21 bits obtained by adding a six-bit escape code, an eight-bit run, one-bit sign data.

However, in escape coding, since there is redundancy in the run and level fields, the data quantity may be reduced. That is to say, the bit number required for expressing run is dependent on the scanning position during zigzag scanning for two dimensional DCT coefficients and the bit number required for expressing level is dependent on the quantization step size. Also, quantization weighting matrices of intra-coded blocks and inter-coded blocks are different from each other.

The new escape sequence ESQ having a fixed length of 21 bits can be modified into that having a variable length using the aforementioned characteristics according to Equation (1) above, where ESQ is composed of six bits, RUN is composed of zero to six bits, L is composed of one to eight bits, S is composed of one bit, the run data is dependent upon scanning position, and the level is dependent upon quantizer.

Therefore, since the modified escape sequence has a variable length ranging from eight to 21 bits, compared to the fixed length of 21 bits, image data can be further compressed.

In decoding the new escape sequence, since the respective current scanning positions are automatically matched for the coding system and decoding system, the number of bits required for expressing the run value can be matched without transmitting extra information. Also, in the case of the level length, since the quantization step size is transmitted to the decoding system for inverse quantization, the transmitted quantization step size can be used in synchronizing the number of bits required for expressing level, which requires no extra information to be transmitted.

The above-described variable-length coding and decoding methods which improve compression efficiency by adjusting the length of the escape sequence variably are disclosed in the U.S. pat. application Ser. No. 08/069,914 filed on Jun. 1, 1993 by the assignee of the present invention.

According to the present invention, a plurality of variable-length tables are provided for both the coding and decoding sides, which may be slightly more complex in hardware, compared to the case of using a conventional single table. However, the present invention is adopted for the case when a high data compression rate is necessary. Also, the corresponding mode, quantization step size and scanning position information generated in coding side is transmitted to the decoding side. The mode and quantization step size information is transmitted in a constant period of time or is transmitted whenever there is a change. The scanning position information is not transmitted separately but is obtained automatically by accumulating the run values after obtaining [run, level] values of the decoding side.

Therefore, although the information on the selected variable-length coding table is not transmitted separately with respect to the block data transmitted to the decoding side, the variable-length coding table selected during coding can be identified from the mode and quantization step size information transmitted from the coding side and the position information automatically calculated from the run value in the decoding side. Then, the same variable-length coding table as that adopted for coding is used for decoding the transmitted block data.

As described above, the method according to the present invention can increase data compression efficiency such that image data coded and decoded by selecting one of a plurality of variable-length coding tables having a regular region and an escape region, using mode, quantization step size and zigzag scanning position information.

Also, according to the present invention, no extra bit which expresses the variable-length coding table selected during coding is necessary to be transmitted for decoding. The transmission data can be further compressed by adjusting variably the run and level lengths of the data to be coded in the escape region of the selected variable-length coding table.

Industrial Applicability

An adaptive variable-length coding/decoding method according to the present invention can improve the compression efficiency of digitally transmitted data and is applicable to various technological fields including digital communication, multimedia and personal computer systems, and digital video apparatuses such as a high definition television or digital videocassette recorder.

Claims

1. An adaptive variable-length coding method whereby quantized orthogonal transform coefficients are scanned in a zigzag pattern, are modified into run, level data and then are variable-length coded in a coding system for image data, said method comprising the steps of:

setting a plurality of variable-length coding tables having different patterns of a regular region and an escape region according to statistical characteristics of said run, level data;

selecting one of said plurality of variable-length coding tables according to intra/inter mode information of the currently processed block, zigzag scanning position and quantization step size; and

variable-length coding the orthogonal transform coefficients according to said selected variable-length coding table, wherein said selecting step has the selecting range of a plurality of variable-length coding tables having different patterns of a regular region and an escape region according to said intra/inter mode information of the currently Processed block.

2. The adaptive variable-length coding method as claimed in claim 1, wherein said variable-length coding table is selected in accordance with said zigzag scanning position and quantization step size within the range determined by the corresponding mode.

3. The adaptive variable-length coding method as claimed in claim 1, wherein data of said escape region of said variable-length coding table selected in said variable-length-coding step is coded into data having variable run-length and level-length.

4. An adaptive variable-length decoding method for decoding the data coded by said adaptive variable-length coding method as claimed in claim 1, in a decoding system for image data, said decoding method comprises the steps of:

setting a plurality of variable-length decoding tables having different patterns of a regular region and an escape region according to statistical characteristics of the run, level data;

inputting intra/inter mode information transmitted from said coding system;

inputting quantization step size transmitted from said coding system;

detecting position information while zigzag-scanning by accumulating run values of run, level data;

selecting one of said plurality of variable-length coding tables according to said intra/inter mode information, quantization step size and position information; and

variable-length decoding the data received according to said selected variable-length coding table.

5. The adaptive variable-length decoding method as claimed in claim 4, wherein said variable-length decoding table selecting step has the selection range of a plurality of variable-length coding tables having different patterns of a regular region and an escape region according to said intra/inter mode information of the currently processed block in said mode information inputting step.

6. The adaptive variable-length decoding method as claimed in claim 5, wherein said variable-length decoding table is selected in accordance with said zigzag scanning position and quantization step size within the range determined by the corresponding mode.

7. The adaptive variable-length decoding method as claimed in claim 4, wherein data of said escape region of said variable-length decoding table selected in said variable-length-decoding step is decoded into run, level data corresponding to variable run-length and level-length.

8. An adaptive variable-length decoding method for decoding image data encoded by an adaptive variable-length coding method, in which quantized orthogonal transform coefficients of the image data are scanned in a predetermined pattern and encoded, the decoding method comprising:

selecting one of a plurality of variable-length decoding tables according to intra/inter mode information, scanning position and quantization step size, wherein the plurality of variable-length decoding tables comprise:

a table selectable for an alternating-current (AC) component of an intra mode that is different from a table selectable for an inter mode, and

a table selectable for a direct-current (DC) component of said intra mode; and

variable-length decoding the encoded quantized orthogonal transform coefficients according to the selected variable-length decoding table.

9. The adaptive variable-length decoding method of claim 8, wherein the variable-length decoding tables have different patterns of a regular region and an escape region.

10. The adaptive variable-length decoding method of claim 9, wherein data of the escape region of the selected variable-length decoding table is decoded into data having variable or fixed run-length and level-length.

11. An adaptive variable-length decoding method for decoding image data encoded by an adaptive variable-length coding method, in which quantized orthogonal transform coefficients of the image data are scanned in a predetermined pattern and encoded, the decoding method comprising:

selecting one of a plurality of variable-length decoding tables according to intra/inter mode information, scanning position and quantization step size, wherein the operation of the selecting one of the plurality of variable-length coding tables has a selecting range of the plurality of variable-length decoding tables, and the plurality of variable-length decoding tables comprise:

a table selectable for an alternating-current (AC) component of an intra mode that is different from a table selectable for an inter mode; and

a table selectable for a direct-current (DC) component of said intra mode; and

variable-length decoding the encoded quantized orthogonal transform coefficients according to the selected variable-length decoding table.

12. The adaptive variable-length decoding method of claim 11, wherein the variable-length decoding tables have different patterns of a regular region and an escape region.

13. The adaptive variable-length decoding method of claim 12, wherein data of said escape region of the selected variable-length decoding table is decoded into data having variable or fixed run-length and level-length.