The invention provides a method of compressing a data file comprising a sequence of bytes of a length greater than or equal to a predefined length, the method including the steps of: retrieving the data file from a secondary storage device; storing the data file in direct access memory; calculating the frequency of unique byte values within a sub-sequence of the data file, the sub-sequence having a length not exceeding the predefined length; creating an index for the sub-sequence, the index including a data value representing the calculated frequency of unique byte values within the sub-sequence; and on the sub-sequence having a frequency of unique byte values below a predetermined threshold, applying a data transformation to the sub-sequence to increase the frequency of unique byte values in the sub-sequence and adding to the index a data value representing the data transformation; on the sub-sequence having a frequency of unique byte values above a predefined threshold, adding to the index a data value representing the position of one or more unique values within the sub-sequence; creating an output data file, the data file having a file type identifier, and adding the index to the output data file.
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0. 31. A method of modifying a data file prior to compression, the data file having a sequence of byte values and each byte value having an associated decimal order value representing its position in the sequence of the byte values of the data file, the method comprising the steps of:
(a) writing the byte values having an even order value into a first file;
(b) writing the byte values having an odd order value into a second file; and
(c) outputting the first and second files to a lossless compression algorithm for compression into a single file.
0. 18. A method of modifying a data file prior to compression, comprising the steps of:
(a) reading the data file into a sequence of multiple-byte data groups;
(b) arranging the bytes of each data group in ascending byte value order;
(c) writing an index into a first file that represents the original position of the bytes in each data group relative to their rearranged order;
(d) writing the first byte value from each of the rearranged data groups into a second file;
(e) writing calculated difference byte values representing the respective differences between each pair of consecutive byte values in each rearranged data group into a third file; and
(f) outputting the first, second and third files for compression.
0. 52. A method for reconstructing an original data file, comprising:
receiving a data file comprising a modified original data file, the original data file having a sequence of byte values and each byte value having an associated decimal order value representing its position in the sequence of the byte values of the original data file, the modified original data file having been modified by a modification process comprising:
(a) writing the byte values having an even order value into a first file;
(b) writing the byte values having an odd order value into a second file; and
(c) outputting the first and second files for compression to a lossless compression algorithm for compression into a single file; and
reversing the modification process to reconstruct the original data file.
0. 50. A method for reconstructing an original data file, comprising:
receiving a data file comprising a modified original data file having been modified by a modification process comprising:
(a) reading the original data file into a sequence of multiple-byte data groups;
(b) arranging the bytes of each data group in ascending byte value order;
(c) writing an index into a first file that represents the original position of the bytes in each data group relative to their rearranged order;
(d) writing the first byte value from each of the rearranged data groups into a second file;
(e) writing calculated difference byte values representing the respective differences between each pair of consecutive byte values in each rearranged data group into a third file; and
(f) outputting the first, second and third files for compression; and
reversing the modification process to reconstruct the original data file.
14. A system for compressing a data file comprising a sequence of bytes of a length greater than or equal to a predefined length, where the system is configured to:
retrieve the data file from a secondary storage device;
store the data file in direct access memory;
calculate the frequency of unique byte values within a sub-sequence of the data file, the sub-sequence having a length not exceeding the predefined length;
create an index for the sub-sequence, the index including a data value representing the calculated frequency of unique byte values within the sub-sequence; and
on the sub-sequence having a frequency of unique byte values below a predetermined threshold, apply a data transformation to the sub-sequence to increase the frequency of unique byte values in the sub-sequence and add to the index a data value representing the data transformation;
on the sub-sequence having a frequency of unique byte values above a predefined threshold, add to the index a data value representing the position of one or more unique byte values within the sub-sequence;
create an output data file, the output data file having a file type identifier; and
add the index to the output data file.
1. A method of compressing a data file comprising a sequence of bytes of a length greater than or equal to a predefined length, the method including the steps of:
retrieving the data file from a secondary storage device;
storing the data file in direct access memory;
calculating the frequency of unique byte values within a sub-sequence of the data file, the sub-sequence having a length not exceeding the predefined length;
creating an index for the sub-sequence, the index including a data value representing the calculated frequency of unique byte values within the sub-sequence; and
on the sub-sequence having a frequency of unique byte values below a predetermined threshold, applying a data transformation to the sub-sequence to increase the frequency of unique byte values in the sub-sequence and adding to the index a data value representing the data transformation;
on the sub-sequence having a frequency of unique byte values above a predefined threshold, adding to the index a data value representing the position of one or more unique byte values within the sub-sequence;
creating an output data file, the output data file having a file type identifier; and
adding the index to the output data file.
15. A system for compressing a data file comprising a sequence of bytes of a length greater than or equal to a predefined length, where the system is configured to:
retrieve the data file from a secondary storage device;
store the data file in direct access memory;
calculate the frequency of unique byte values within a sub-sequence of the data file, the sub-sequence having a length not exceeding the predefined length; and
calculate the position of the one or more unique byte values within the sub-sequence;
create an index for the sub-sequence, the index including a data value representing the calculated frequency of unique byte values within the sub-sequence; and
on the sub-sequence having a frequency of unique byte values below a predetermined threshold, apply a data transformation to the sub-sequence to increase the frequency of unique byte values in the sub-sequence and add to the index a data value representing the data transformation;
on the sub-sequence having a frequency of unique byte values above a predefined threshold, add to the index a data value representing the position of one or more unique byte values within the sub-sequence;
create an output data file, the outout data file having a file type identifier; and add the index to the output data file.
16. A computer program stored on tangible storage medium comprising executable instructions for performing a method of compressing a data file comprising a sequence of bytes of a length greater than or equal to a predefined length, the method comprising:
retrieving the data file from a secondary storage device;
storing the data file in direct access memory;
calculating the frequency of unique byte values within a sub-sequence of the data file, the sub-sequence having a length not exceeding the predefined length;
creating an index for the sub-sequence, the index including a data value representing the calculated frequency of unique byte values within the sub-sequence; and
on the sub-sequence having a frequency of unique byte values below a predetermined threshold, applying a data transformation to the sub-sequence to increase the frequency of unique byte values in the sub-sequence and adding to the index a data value representing the data transformation;
on the sub-sequence having a frequency of unique byte values above a predefined threshold, adding to the index a data value representing the position of one or more unique byte values within the sub-sequence;
creating an output data file, the output data file having a file type identifier; and
adding the index to the output data file.
8. A method of compressing a data file comprising a sequence of bytes of a length greater than or equal to a predefined length, the method including the steps of:
retrieving the data file from a secondary storage device;
storing the data file in direct access memory;
calculating the frequency of unique byte values within a sub-sequence of the data file, the sub-sequence having a length not exceeding the predefined length;
calculating the position of the one or more unique byte values within the sub-sequence;
creating an index for the sub-sequence, the index including a data value representing the calculated frequency of unique byte values within the sub-sequence; and
on the sub-sequence having a frequency of unique byte values below a predetermined threshold, applying a data transformation to the sub-sequence to increase the frequency of unique byte values in the sub-sequence and adding to the index a data value representing the data transformation;
on the sub-sequence having a frequency of unique byte values above a predefined threshold, adding to the index a data value representing the position of one or more unique byte values within the sub-sequence;
creating an output data file, the output data file having a file type identifier; and
adding the index to the output data file.
17. A computer program stored on tangible storage medium comprising executable instructions for performing a method of compressing a data file comprising a sequence of bytes of a length greater than or equal to a predefined length, the method comprising:
retrieving the data file from a secondary storage device;
storing the data file in direct access memory;
calculating the frequency of unique byte values within a sub-sequence of the data file, the sub-sequence having a length not exceeding the predefined length; and
calculating the position of the one or more unique values within the sub-sequence;
creating an index for the sub-sequence, the index including a data value representing the calculated frequency of unique byte values within the sub-sequence; and
on the sub-sequence having a frequency of unique byte values below a predetermined threshold, applying a data transformation to the sub-sequence to increase the frequency of unique byte values in the sub-sequence and adding to the index a data value representing the data transformation;
on the sub-sequence having a frequency of unique byte values above a predefined threshold, adding to the index a data value representing the position of one or more unique byte values within the sub-sequence;
creating an output data file, the output data file having a file type identifier; and
adding the index to the output data file.
0. 44. A method for decompressing a data file, comprising:
receiving a data file comprising a compressed original data file, the original data file comprising a sequence of bytes of a length greater than or equal to a predefined length and having been compressed by a compression process comprising:
retrieving the original data file from a secondary storage device;
storing the original data file in direct access memory;
calculating the frequency of unique byte values within a sub-sequence of the original data file, the sub-sequence having a length not exceeding the predefined length;
creating an index for the sub-sequence, the index including a data value representing the calculated frequency of unique byte values within the sub-sequence;
on the sub-sequence having a frequency of unique byte values below a predetermined threshold, applying a data transformation to the sub-sequence to increase the frequency of unique byte values in the sub-sequence and adding to the index a data value representing the data transformation;
on the sub-sequence having a freuency of unique byte values above a predefined threshold, adding to the index a data value representing the position of one or more unique byte values within the sub-sequence;
creating an output data file, the output data file having a file type identifier; and
adding the index to the output data file; and
reversing the compression process to reconstruct the original data file.
0. 47. A method for decompressing a data file, comprising:
receiving a data file comprising a compressed original data file, the original data file comprising a sequence of bytes of a length greater than or equal to a predefined length and having been compressed by a compression process comprising:
retrieving the original data file from a secondary storage device;
storing the original data file in direct access memory;
calculating the frequency of unique byte values within a sub-sequence of the original data file, the sub-sequence having a length not exceeding the predefined length;
calculating the position of the one or more unique values within the sub-sequence;
creating an index for the sub-sequence, the index including a data value representing the calculated frequency of unique byte values within the sub-sequence; and
on the sub-sequence having a frequency of unique byte values below a predetermined threshold, applying a data transformation to the sub-sequence to increase the frequency of unique byte values in the sub-sequence and adding to the index a data value representing the data transformation;
on the sub-sequence having a frequency of unique byte values above a predefined threshold, adding to the index a data value representing the position of one or more unique values within the sub-sequence;
creating an output data file, the data file having a file type identifier; and
adding the index to the output data file; and
reversing the compression process to reconstruct the original data file.
2. A method of compressing a data file as claimed in
maintaining in computer memory a plurality of transformation data sets, the data sets having a sequence of byte values and identified by a transformation data set identifier;
retrieving one of the transformation data sets from computer memory, the retrieved transformation data set having a length substantially equal to the length of the sub-sequence of the data file; and
applying a data transformation to respective byte values in the sub-sequence based on corresponding byte values in the retrieved data set.
3. A method of compressing a data file as claimed in
4. A method of compressing a data file as claimed in
5. A method of compressing a data file as claimed in
6. A method of compressing a data file as claimed in
7. A method of compressing a data file as claimed in
9. A method of compressing a data file as claimed in
creating a temporary position index in computer memory;
retrieving successive byte values from the sub-sequence;
on retrieving each byte value, determining whether the retrieved byte value is a unique byte value or a repeated value;
on detection of a unique byte value, adding one of two bit values to the temporary position index, and otherwise adding the other of the two bit values to the temporary position index;
creating a position index representing the position of the one or more unique byte values from the temporary position index; and
calculating the data value representing the position of the one or more unique byte values at least partly from the position index.
10. A method of compressing a data file as claimed in
11. A method of compressing a data file as claimed in
12. A method of compressing a data file as claimed in
creating a permutation index representing the order of unique byte values within the sub-sequence; and
calculating the data value representing the position of the one or more unique byte values both from the position index and the permutation index.
13. A method of compressing a data file as claimed in
0. 19. A method according to claim 18 wherein step (c) comprises creating an index using Huffman structures.
0. 20. A method according to claim 18 comprising writing the index into the first file after step (b) has been completed for all data groups in the data file.
0. 21. A method according to claim 18 wherein step (d) comprises writing the first byte values of each rearranged data group into the second file in sequential order according to each values' respective data group position in the data file.
0. 22. A method according to claim 18 wherein step (e) comprises writing the calculated difference byte values for each rearranged data group into the third file in sequential order according to the order of the pair of byte values in the rearranged data group from which each difference byte value was derived.
0. 23. A method according to claim 18 wherein the data file is a three-byte structured data file and step (a) comprises reading the data file into a sequence of multiple-byte data groups that each comprise three consecutive bytes of the data file.
0. 24. A method according to claim 23 wherein step (e) comprises writing a first calculated difference byte value representing the second byte value minus the first byte value and a second calculated difference byte value representing the third byte value minus the second byte value for each of the rearranged data groups into the third file.
0. 25. A method according to claim 24 wherein step (e) comprises writing the first calculated difference byte value into the third file for a rearranged data group and immediately following that the second calculated difference byte value for that rearranged data group, and continuing this process for each subsequent rearranged data group in the data file.
0. 26. A method according to claim 18 wherein the data file is an image file.
0. 27. A method according to claim 26 wherein the image file is a 24-bit bitmap image file.
0. 28. A method according to claim 26 wherein the image file is a 30-bit bitmap image file.
0. 29. A method according to claim 18 wherein step (f) comprises outputting the first, second and third files to a lossless compression algorithm for compression into a single file.
0. 30. A method according to claim 29 wherein the lossless compression algorithm is WinZip.
0. 32. A method according to claim 31 wherein step (a) comprises writing the byte values into the first file in sequential order relative to their position in the data file.
0. 33. A method according to claim 31 wherein step (b) comprises writing the byte values into the second file in sequential order relative to their position in the data file.
0. 34. A method according to claim 31 wherein the data file is a 2-byte structured data file.
0. 35. A method according to claim 31 wherein the data file is an audio file.
0. 36. A method according to claim 35 wherein the audio file is a Wave file having an audio sample size of 16 bits.
0. 37. A method according to claim 31 wherein lossless compression algorithm is WinZip.
0. 38. A method according to claim 1 wherein the output data file at the completion of compression further comprises:
a header comprising information indicative of a file type identifier of the original data file; and
an index representing the compressed sub-seiuences of the original data file.
0. 39. A method according to claim 38 wherein the header further comprises a data value indicative of the number of iterations the compression method of claim 1 was applied to the original data file during compression.
0. 40. A method according to claim 38 wherein the index representing the compressed sub-sequences comprises a series of indices, each index representing a sub-sequence of the original data file and comprising:
a data value representing the calculated frequency of unique byte values within the sub-sequence;
a data value representing a transformation data set identifier of the transformation data set applied to the sub-sequence;
a position index representing the position of the unique values in the sub-sequence; and
a permutation index representing the order of the unique byte values within the sub-sequence.
0. 41. A method according to claim 8 wherein the output data file at the completion of compression further comprises:
a header comprising information indicative of a file type identifier of the original data file; and
an index representing the compressed sub-sequences of the original data file.
0. 42. A method according to claim 41 wherein the header further comprises a data value indicative of the number of iterations the compression method of claim 8 was applied to the original data file during compression.
0. 43. A method according to claim 41 wherein the index representing the compressed sub-sequences comprises a series of indices, each index representing a sub-sequence of the original data file and comprising:
a data value representing the calculated frequency of unique byte values within the sub-sequence;
a data value representing a transformation data set identifier of the transformation data set applied to the sub-sequence;
a position index representing the position of the unique values in the sub-sequence; and
a permutation index representing the order of the unique byte values within the sub-sequence.
0. 45. A method according to claim 44 wherein said reversing the compression process comprises reversing the compression process for each index representing a sub-sequence of the original data file.
0. 46. A method according to claim 45 wherein said reversing the compression process further comprises concurrently processing multiple indices representing multiple sub-sequences of the original data file.
0. 48. A method according to claim 47 wherein said reversing the compression process further comprises reversing the compression process for each index representing a sub-sequence of the original data file.
0. 49. A method according to claim 48 wherein said reversing the compression process further comprises concurrently processing multiple indices representing multiple sub-sequences of the original data file.
0. 51. A method according to claim 50, wherein said reversing the modification process further comprises:
calculating the ascending byte values for each rearranged data group based on the first byte values from the second file and the difference byte values from the third file;
re-ordering the position of the calculated ascending byte values of each rearranged data group back into their original position in the data group based on the index of the first file; and
assembling the original data file from the re-ordered data groups.
0. 53. A method of according to claim 52 wherein said reversing the modification process further comprises recombining the byte values from the first and second files into their original order relative to each other.
0. 54. A method according to claim 53 wherein said recombining the byte values from the first and second files further comprises inserting the byte values from the second file between their associated respective adjacent byte values in the first file.
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The invention relates to the field of data compression and in particular relates to a system and method of data compression based on factorial reiterative lossless compression.
Electronic binary files exist in many different formats for many different uses. These formats include formats suitable for storage of image, sound, text, data, executable files, and so on.
Binary files containing data, if not encrypted, tend towards a structured format. There is usually header information, text, repetition, and positioning amongst other components. Generally the first few bytes in a binary file contain an indicator of a file type and therefore the application with which the binary file is compatible. Executable files or files used to perform functions of any type have a considerably less structured format. There is, however, an element of structure as these files either have to interact with an operating system to perform a function, or they are part of the operating system.
Compressed and encrypted files have the least structure as, by design, they remove repetitive values within a file. In the case of encryption, a key is used to define the substituted values. For compression, a “shorthand” is used for repetitive structures. In the case of an encrypted or compressed file, the file will not only have the internal structure changed but, particularly in the case of compression, the size of the file.
Mathematically for a binary file of size 1,048,576 bytes (1 Mb) there are 2561,048,576 possible structures of arrangement of bytes possible. In actual usage only a fraction of this number is used. The number actually used can only be approximated based on an estimate of a number of different file types, functionality of executable or operational files, and compression and encryption routines available.
There are many existing techniques to perform data compression on a data file. Some data compression algorithms are based on indexing techniques and involve the calculation and indexing of unique values within a data file. In most compressed data files, there is some repetition of data values within each 256 byte code segment. In average files, there are only 160 to 170 unique non-repeated values per 256 byte segment of code. Data compression techniques based on factorial calculations do not work very well with this number of values.
In one aspect the invention provides a method of compressing a data file comprising a sequence of bytes of a length greater than or equal to a predefined length, the method including the steps of: retrieving the data file from a secondary storage device; storing the data file in direct access memory; calculating the frequency of unique byte values within a sub-sequence of the data file, the sub-sequence having a length not exceeding the predefined length; creating an index for the sub-sequence, the index including a data value representing the calculated frequency of unique byte values within the sub-sequence; and on the sub-sequence having a frequency of unique byte values below a predetermined threshold, applying a data transformation to the sub-sequence to increase the frequency of unique byte values in the sub-sequence and adding to the index a data value representing the data transformation; on the sub-sequence having a frequency of unique byte values above a predefined threshold, adding to the index a data value representing the position of one or more unique values within the sub-sequence; creating an output data file, the data file having a file type identifier; and adding the index to the output data file.
Preferred forms of the data compression system and method of the invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying figures in which:
The invention provides a data compression system and method that is intended to apply to a data file 5. The data file 5 could be of any suitable data format including BMP, WAV, DOC, XLS, MDB, ZIP, SIT, ARJ, ZOO, TIF, JPG, GIF, MP3, MP4 and so on. Data file 5 could be stored in secondary storage 10 forming part of or at least interfaced with a computing device 15. Computing device 15 includes at least processor 20 interfaced to direct access memory 25 and a display 30. It will be appreciated that the computing device could include or be interfaced to other components for example a data entry device (not shown) and an output device (not shown).
It is anticipated that the data file 5 comprise a sequence of bytes of a length greater than or equal to a predefined length In one preferred form of the invention this predefined length is 300 bytes.
In operation the processor 20 of the computing device 15 retrieves all or part of the data file 5 from secondary storage 10. The retrieved data file or part is stored in direct access memory 25. Various operations are conducted on the data file or part thereof stored in. A resulting output data file 35 is created in direct access memory 25 and stored in secondary storage 10 or other secondary storage. It is expected that in many cases the output data file 35 will be of a smaller. size than data file 5.
A sub-sequence of the data file 5 is first examined. The length of the sub-sequence preferably does not exceed the predefined length of 300 bytes. If the number of unique values identified falls below a threshold then a series of data transformations can be applied to the sub-sequence in an attempt to increase the frequency of unique byte values in the sub-sequence.
A plurality of data transformation components 40 are stored in either direct access memory 25 or secondary storage. The data transformation components 40 could include a plurality of randomly generated sequences of byte values or predefined sequences of byte values. The sequences are stored as mask structures 45. As an alternative or preferably in addition the data transformation components also include a plurality of mask formulae 50 that can be used to generate additional mask structures 45. Application of the data transformation components are further described below.
The system also includes a plurality of indexing components 60. During processing of the sub-sequence of the data file 5, an index 65 is created that is subsequently written to output data file 35. The indexing components 60 could also include a temporary position index 70, a position index 75 and a permutation index 80. The contents of the position index 75 and permutation index 80 in some cases will be added to the index 65. Operation of the various indexing components 60 will be further described below.
The system may also include a data array 90 stored in direct access memory 25 or secondary storage. The data array 90 could be used to store the various indexing components 60 and portions of the sub-sequence of data file 5 being compressed, before the contents of the data array 90 are written to the output data file 35.
The data group is counted 205 in order to calculate the frequency of unique data values within the data group. The frequency of unique data values is compared 210 with a predefined threshold. In one preferred form the predefined threshold is 256. If there are less than 256 unique values within the 300 byte sub-sequence, then one or more data transformations could be applied to the sub-sequence in an attempt to increase the frequency of unique byte values within the sub-sequence.
If the frequency of unique byte values falls below the predefined threshold of 256 values within 300 bytes then the sub-sequence is tested 215 to identify whether or not a data transformation “mask” is applicable to the sub-sequence. In one preferred form of the invention, a structure library is maintained in computer memory for example direct access memory 25. The library preferably includes a plurality of randomly generated data sets. These data sets could be each identified by a data set identifier, the data set identifiers stored in computer memory and associated with respective randomly generated data sets.
In one form at least one of the randomly generated data sets has a length substantially equal to the length of the sub-sequence of the data file. In other words the number of bytes in the sub-sequence is the same as the number of bytes in the transformation data set or mask. Such a mask could be applied to the sub-sequence by applying a data transformation to respective byte values in the sub-sequence based on corresponding byte values and the retrieved transformation data set.
One example of a data transformation is modulus addition. The first byte value of the sub-sequence and the first byte value of the data set are added together and the modulus 256 of the total is then calculated. For example, if the first binary value of the sub-sequence is 168 and the first binary value of the data set identified is 203 then the combined total is 371. The transformed value is 115, calculated by 371 MOD 256. The second byte in the sequence is then transformed in the same way by the second byte in the data set. The third byte in the sub-sequence is then transformed based on the third byte in the data set and so on.
In this way the mask is applied 220 to the sub-sequence.
In one form, there could be 65,536 mask structures stored in computer memory, each mask provided with a data set identifier in the form of an index number between 0 and 65,536. The index could be simply a 14 bit segment pointing to the relevant data set identifier.
The data transformation components 40 could include mask formulae for example:
The above formulae could be applied in advance to generate a series of mask structures. Alternatively the relevant byte values could be calculated during a data transformation. In one form 512 randomly generated structures or mask structures are stored in direct access memory 25. These structures are applied to sub-sequences of data files that may have 256 or more null values within a 300 byte sequence. This is common in the headers forming part of the binary files of many software applications. These randomly generated structures can also be applied to other formats that have high levels of repetition.
Following the data transformation on the sub-sequence, the sub-sequence is again tested 210 to identify whether or not there are 256 unique values within the 300 byte sequence. If there are not 256 unique values, and no further mask is applicable to the sub-sequence, then the threshold of 300 bytes is lowered and the process repeated on a smaller sub-sequence. In one preferred embodiment the threshold could be lowered temporarily to 152 7 bit values or 77 6 bit values to examine fewer than 300 8 bit values (bytes). The threshold would then be raised to 300 bytes for the next sub-sequence. This will be described in more detail below.
It is unlikely that addition of a random file will create 256 unique values within a 256 byte segment but it is possible in about 10% of cases, It is anticipated that there will be 256 unique values within a data segment not exceeding 300 bytes once the appropriate random file structure has been applied. In any case, the intention of the data transformation is to increase the frequency of unique data values in the data group.
The invention calculates an index of the 300 data values within the data group.
The index is preferably stored in the data array 90 in direct access memory 25. The index of the 300 data values is first created with two bits. If 256 unique values have been identified within the 300 byte data group, then the bit values “01” are written 225 to the index.
Where a mask has been applied to the sub-sequence, the mask or data set identifier is then written 230 to the index This mask identifier will preferably be a 16 bit value identifying the mask value between 0 and 65,536. The value 0 in the mask identifier represents the fact that no mask, or a null mask, has been applied to the sub-sequence. Where a null data set is applied to a sub-sequence, the sub-sequence following data transformation is substantially identical to the sub-sequence prior to the data transformation.
The next step in the method of the invention is to create 235 a temporary position index.
The temporary position index creating method starts at the first byte in the data group and examines subsequent bytes in the data group until 256 unique values have been identified, in the case where 256 unique values are being extracted from a 300 byte data group. If a particular value being examined is the first occurrence of the data value in the data group, or a previous data group, a “1” bit value is added to the temporary index. On the other hand, if the data value being examined is a repeat of an earlier data value, then a “0” bit value is written into the index. The indexing method terminates as soon as 256 “1” bits have been written to the index.
The temporary index facilitates easy placement and identification of each data. value in the data group in the resulting compressed bit stream. The number of “1” values in the index indicates how many bit values are used. For example, if 256 “1” values occur in the temporary index after 283 entries in the temporary index, this indicates that there are 256 unique byte values within 283 bytes of the sub-sequence.
The first two bits of the index will have already been set to “01” if there are 256 or more values within the 300 byte data group. While the temporary index could simply be added to the main index, there is a more efficient way of storing this information. The number of “1” values that appears in the sub-sequence is already known. If the order in which they appear is disregarded, it is only necessary to record the number of instances of unique byte values.
Rather than record the temporary index itself it is preferable to create 240 a position index and write this position index to the main index. Where the temporary index includes 256 “1” values followed by 44 “0” values for a 300 byte subsequence, this could be assigned the position index “0”. The number of ways in which 44 “0” values and 256 “1” values can be arranged within the 300 byte data group is nCr. This means that there are 300!/256!.44! possible combinations equal to 1.34×1053 within 300 values where there are 256 “1” values and 44 “0” values.
This maximum position index value of 1.34×1053 is less than the value 2177, a value that requires 177 bits in order to be represented.
This means that rather than storing the actual temporary index of 300 bits, by taking advantage of the fact that there are at least 256 “1” values in the temporary index, the position index instead can be recorded in 177 bits, or 22.125 bytes.
It is also important to record the order of the data values within the data group to enable not only compression but also decompression. This is achieved by creating 245 a permutation index and by writing this permutation index to the main index
The permutation index calculation is based on the number of ways 256 unique values can be ordered, or the permutations of 256 values without repetition. For the first value there are 256 possibilities, for the second there are 255, for the third there are 254 and so on. This is represented as 256!, referred to as “256 factorial”. The number of possible permutations of 256 unique values is therefore 8.57 ×10506. This value can be represented by 1,684 bits as 21684 is equal to 8.6×10506 which is greater than 8.57×10506. 1,684 bits is equivalent to 210.5 bytes.
The sequence 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 . . . , 254, 255 would be represented as permutation number 1 and the sequence 255, 254, 253 . . . 3, 2, 1, 0 would be represented by permutation number 8.57×10506
The permutation index is written to the main index. The main index will by now include a data value representing the calculated frequency of unique bit values within the sub-sequence. This will be the bit values “01”, followed by 16 bits representing the mask that has been applied, followed by 177 bits representing the position index, followed by 1,684 bits representing the permutation index.
Upon reaching a point where there are either not enough bits left in the data file to obtain a sub-sequence of a sufficient length, or there are not enough unique values left, then the index is written 250 to the output file.
The output file preferably includes three initial bytes to identify the file type. A further two bytes following the file type identifier indicate the number of times the method of the invention has been run across a particular data file to a maximum of 65,536 iterations.
Following these five bytes, the index stored in the data array 90 is added to the output file. Following the index are added any values outstanding from the indices or due to a lack of sufficient bit values remaining in the data file or unique values.
In most cases, it is expected that there will be the five header bytes followed by the body and 63 or less bit values written in full in an uncompressed form at the end of the output file. The body of the output file is preferably a collection of indices that are written consecutively to facilitate extraction in a streaming manner.
As described above in
Referring to
If there are at least 133 bytes which comprises 152 7 bit values remaining in the data file, then the number of unique values within the 152 7 bit values is counted 310. The number of unique values is then checked 315 against a threshold number of for example 128. If there are not sufficient unique values in the 133 byte sub-sequence, then an applicable mask is identified 340 and applied 345 in a similar manner to steps 215 and 220 from
Once the threshold number of unique values have been identified in the 152 7 bit values in the data file, then the bit sequence “10” is written 350 to the index and the method proceeds to the steps indicated at 230 onwards in
If there are not 152 7 bit values remaining to be processed in the data file, or 128 unique values cannot be located within a 152 7 bit sub-sequence and no further masks are applicable as indicated at 355 then the method passes to that shown in
The number of unique values is checked 415 against a threshold of 64. If there are less than 64 unique values in the 77 6 bit values, then the method establishes whether 420 a mask is applicable. If a mask is applicable the mask is applied 425. These last two steps 420 and 425 are similar to steps 215 and 220 from
If there are 64 unique values in the 77 6 bit sub-sequence, the value “11” is written 430 to the index. Control then returns to steps 230 onwards in
If there are not 77 6 bit values remaining to be processed in the data file, or there are not 64 unique values within the 77 6 bit values sequence, then the bit value “00” is written 435 to the index, the index is written 450 to the output file in the same manner as step 250 shown in
It will be appreciated that minor changes are needed to the permutation index shown at 245 in
Where there are 64 unique values across 77 6 bit groups, the index would be 77!/64!/.13!. This can be represented by 42 bits as 248=2.81×1014 which is greater than the former value being 1.84×1014.
Similarly, minor changes are required for the permutation index shown at step 245 in
The permutations for 64 values is 64! or 1.27×1089. This can be represented by 296 bits as 2296=1.27×1089.
Decompression is a simple matter of reversing the above procedure. The index value indicates the range of each value from the first to the last (256th). Having the range provides the relevant value. The index could be used for restructuring in conjunction with the header. As all components are packed together, it is envisaged that streaming be used.
Indexing of the placement of repeated values could be changed from the string of “0” and “1” values for segments in cases where there is a more efficient method. For example, if there are only one or two repeated values, the number of bytes would be 257 or 258. Rather than use the 257th and 258th bits, it is known that the first and last bytes are unique for that segment. Therefore, in the case of 257 values, 8 bits will provide the location of the single repeated value and 16 bits will provide the location of both repeated values in the case of a 258 byte segment.
The method could be applied to all file types and structures. For file types or structures that are compressed by considerable amounts by tools such as PKWare's ZIP product, the method of the invention on a single pass would not achieve the same levels. However, the method could be applied repeatedly over the same file, reducing it in size each time. The number of times or iterations is dependent on hardware processing and/or user required times.
Decompression is extremely rapid, as all components are known. Decompression may be more rapid than compression, as compression requires the matching of random data structures.
As all indexing is contained within the actual data itself, then multiple decompression routines could be performed concurrently.
Other applications could include software compression, data compression, online gaming between consoles such as Sony Playstation 2, Microsoft X-Box and so on, Voice over IP and/or Video on demand. The invention has application anywhere where data or binary information is stored, transmitted or used in any format
The description above is based on 256 unique values within a 300 byte segment of code or smaller. It will be appreciated that this selected size is for illustrative purposes only.
Data groups of 5 bits or more or values between 0 and 31 could be restructured using this method. Reducing the number of randomly generated data sets or overlay files could mean that 3 and 4 bit values could be used as well.
Greater savings can be made using larger bit values than the 8 bit (256 values) described. For example, where 9 bit values are compressed, there is a further gain in compression over that achieved by 8 bit compression.
Savings or compression increases with the number of bits used per value. 256 values (300 byte segments) do not compress as much as 512 values (600 byte segments). In turn, 512 value data does not compress as much as 1024 values. There is no upper determinable level, as calculations must be based on file size.
Using the 300 byte method above, this can be extended to 377 byte groups. This means the effective range is 256 to 377 byte groupings, with 300 bytes being the optimal level for preferred embodiments described in this specification and as illustrated in
Variations on the 300 8 bit groups (byte), 152 7 bit groups and 77 6 bit groups may be indicated in the header of the compressed file. The variation may consist of two (2) parts. These are:
The header may. then contain an additional 19 bits indicating the above values.
If a variation value is allowed, as per the header, then on a group by group basis a variation value may be written into the index.
For example, default on a group of 8 bit groups may be 300 values, but each segment may vary between 256 and 377 values, as indicated by the included variation value.
Further embodiments of the invention may involve multi-repetitive byte compression enhancement and this is described with reference to
Functional electronic files fall into a number of different categories of byte structuring. These vary from the simple 2 colour bitmaps through to files compressed using any of the currently available lossless compression algorithms.
For 2 colour bitmaps following the header information one bit value means black, the other white. As there is a lot of repetition, compression of these files in a lossless manner is simple.
Moving to 24 bit bitmaps the identification of patterns becomes more difficult, and hence lossless compression rates are not as great using current algorithms as they are on simpler bitmap structures.
The process described here, introduces simpler patterns to a 24 bit bitmap, which for a standard photo type image allows lossless compression using any of the currently available lossless compression algorithms to significantly increase the amount of compression.
To achieve this, the original image is broken into 3 components as illustrated at 610 in
All 3 byte (24 bit) groups are then arranged in ascending decimal value order as illustrated at 620. For example 236, 217, 67 are rearranged to 67, 217, 236. The change in arrangement of the bytes is recorded in an index using Huffman structures.
As there are only 6 possible original structures, these are recorded using the following bit indexes:
Each of the above numbers represents the original positions of the bytes when compared to their sorted placement
This index is written to a file (File A) once an image has been completely scanned as shown at 625.
All of the lowest, or now first byte values from each group are then written into a separate file (File B) as illustrated at 630.
As the byte values are in order, the value of the second byte value minus the first is written into a file (File C) immediately followed by the value of the third byte minus the second byte value as shown at 635.
This has created 3 files File A, File B and File C. The combined total of File B and File C will be the same as the original 24 bit bitmap. File A is an extra overhead in size as it represents the indexing of the bytes.
If all three files (A, B and C) are then compressed into one file 650 using a lossless algorithm or product like WINZIP 640, then the resultant file is on average 25% smaller than that achieved by simply applying these tools across the un-modified image file.
Testing has indicated a worst case scenario of a 2.5% drop, and best case has been 82% of picture quality true 24 bit bitmaps. The same gains can be made using the lossless compression mode of JPEG.
This process can be applied to any file structure using 3 byte grouping to retain data. It may also be expanded to cover 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 etc byte structures to achieve greater levels of lossless compression.
As Bitmap files are used to display images, Wave (.wav) files are used to play sound. A further example of the compression enhancement process will now be described in relation to Wave format files with reference to
Wave files are created using a number of components, these are the Average sampling rate, Sample rate, Audio sample size and the number of Channels.
Lower sampling rates mean a smaller file, but with less quality. A mono file is also smaller than a stereo file.
The Wave format being addressed here, is the format used when storing full quality stereo music on a commercial CD. This format is converted from a Wave format to the CD format
For a Wave file with an Average data rate of 176.4 Kb/second, a Sample rate of 44.1 kHz, an Audio sample size of 16 bit and 2(Stereo) Channels, the following may be applied.
If all byte values in the file are represented as being numbered 1 to n where n is the last byte in the file (for a normal audio file this will be in the order of 50,000,000), all even position byte values are written to one file (File A), as shown at 725 with all odd position byte values written to a separate file (File B), as shown at 730. For example:
Byte Values
255
167
33
0
0
24
24
167
167
Order Value
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
File 1 (odd)
255
33
0
24
167
File 2 (even)
167
0
24
167
If both files (File 1 and File 2) are then compressed into one file using a lossless algorithm or product like WINZIP, once again shown at 640, then the resultant file, 650, is on average 20% smaller, than that achieved by simply applying these tools across the unmodified image file.
Testing has suggested a worst case scenario of a 10% additional drop in the size of the compressed file, the best case has been a 43% drop in size.
Extraction/Decompression is simple, the bytes from File 2, are re-inserted between each of the bytes in File 1 after the two files have been decompressed using the relevant lossless tool.
The foregoing describes the invention including preferred forms thereof. Alterations and modifications as will be obvious to those skilled in the art are intended to be incorporated within the scope hereof, as defined by the accompanying claims.
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