An rf electronic identification system (10) is disclosed and claimed. The system includes at least one transponder encoder (14.1) for writing data into a memory arrangement (52) of a selected transponder (1.1) of a plurality of transponders (1.1 to 1.n) adapted to receive data from the at least one encoder. The system further includes at least one verifier (16) for interrogating a selected transponder (1.1) and to read data stored in the transponder. The encoder includes a controller (42) for providing an identification code characteristic of the encoder to form part of the data to be written into the transponder. The verifier includes computing means (56) for extracting the identification code from the data read thereby and for comparing the code to authorized codes. An indicator (18) provides an indication whether the identification code corresponds to any of the authorized codes or not. A method of verifying the authenticity of a transponder is also disclosed and claimed.
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0. 29. A method of verifying the authenticity of a transponder comprising:
receiving, at a computing means, encrypted data and input data relating to a physical characteristic of the transponder;
applying an algorithm to the encrypted data and the input data, using the computing means, to generate an output number; and
comparing, using the computing means, the output number to a list of numbers.
0. 34. A reader configured to authenticate a transponder, the reader comprising:
an rf transceiver; and
computing means configured to:
receive encrypted data and input data relating to a physical characteristic of the transponder via the rf transceiver;
apply an algorithm to the encrypted data and the input data to generate an output number; and
compare the output number to a list of numbers.
18. A method of verifying the authenticity of a transponder, the method including the steps of:
generating encrypted data utilizing an algorithm and input data characteristic of a transponder encoder;
writing the encrypted data and data relating to an identification code of an entity externally of external to the transponder into the transponder utilizing the transponder encoder;
reading the data written into the transponder with a verifier via a radio frequency link extending between the verifier and the transponder;
extracting from the data read, the encrypted data; decipher, deciphering the encrypted data to generate deciphered data using computing means of the verifier; and
comparing the deciphered data to authorized data and
providing an indication based on the comparison.
1. An electronic identification system including:
at least one transponder encoder for writing data to a transponder;
said encoder comprising means for providing an identification code characteristic of an entity externally of external to the transponder;
a plurality of transponders each adapted to receive data from the at least one encoder and to store the data received in a respective memory arrangement of the transponder;
at least one verifier for interrogating a selected transponder and to read reading data stored in the memory arrangement of the selected transponder via a radio frequency link;
wherein said encoder further comprises an encryption device for utilizing an algorithm and input data characteristic of the encoder to generate encrypted data to form at least part of the data written to the selected transponder;
the at least one verifier comprises comprising computing means for extracting and deciphering the encrypted data from the data read thereby; and
a comparator for comparing the deciphered data to authorized data and
an indicator for providing an indication of an outcome of the comparison.
2. A system as claimed in
3. A system as claimed in
4. A system as claimed in
5. A system as claimed in
6. A system as claimed in
7. A system as claimed in
8. A system as claimed in
9. A system as claimed in
10. A system as claimed in
11. A system as claimed in claim 4 1 wherein each encryption the algorithm includes comprises at least one term which that is a function of at least one physical characteristic of the selected transponder into onto which the data is to be written.
12. A system as claimed in
13. A system as claimed in
0. 14. A system as claimed in
15. A system as claimed in
16. A system as claimed in
17. A system as claimed in
19. A method as claimed in
20. A method as claimed in
21. A method as claimed in
22. A method as claimed in
23. A method as claimed in
24. A method as claimed in
25. A method as claimed in
26. A method as claimed in
27. A method as claimed in
28. A method as claimed in
0. 30. The method of claim 29, wherein the transponder comprises a clock defining a clock frequency, and wherein the input data relating to a physical characteristic of the transponder comprises the clock frequency.
0. 31. The method of claim 29, wherein the list of numbers comprises a plurality of identification numbers characteristic of an entity external to the transponder.
0. 32. The method of claim 29, wherein the list of numbers comprises a plurality of identification numbers characteristic of an encoder.
0. 33. The method of claim 29, wherein the computing means is part of a reader.
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This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 10/827,814, filed Apr. 20, 2004 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,954,533, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 09/334,151, filed Jun. 16, 1999 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,724,895, which application is incorporated herein by reference.
THIS invention relates to electronic identification systems and more particularly to such systems including radio frequency (RF) transponders and associated readers, interrogators and verifiers therefor.
A system of the aforementioned kind is typically used to mark and identify products or goods, and would further include a plurality of encoder units for writing data into respective memory arrangements of the transponders. In use, a transponder is attached to a product item and the data written into the transponder may relate to the kind of product, the date of manufacture and/or any other data relating to the product. Normally the data is written into the memory arrangement at the source of the product, but in some applications additional data may be written into the memory arrangement at various points along a distribution chain. Of course the data written into the memory arrangement can at any stage be read with a verifier, interrogator or reader.
In some applications, security arrangements are required which would prevent unauthorized parties from attaching non-genuine transponders (purporting to store data encoded by an authorised encoder) to grey or infringing goods, thereby facilitating passing the grey goods off as genuine goods.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a system and method with which the applicant believes transponders originating from an authorized source could be distinguished from non-genuine transponders.
According to the invention there is provided an electronic identification system, the system including:
The identity code is preferably characteristic of the encoder.
The encoder may include a memory arrangement wherein a plurality of identification codes for the encoder are stored and the means for providing an identification code may include a controller for randomly selecting one of the authorized codes.
The system may further include a central computer for generating the plurality of identification codes and for downloading the identification codes into the at least one encoder and into the at least one verifier, to constitute corresponding authorized codes.
The controller of the encoder may further include encryption means utilizing a first encryption algorithm and the identification code in a first encryption process, to provide encrypted data relating to the identification code, to form part of the data to be written into the transponder.
In a preferred embodiment the controller of the encoder is programmed randomly to select the first encryption algorithm from a first set of encryption algorithms pre-stored in the memory arrangement of the encoder.
Each encryption algorithm may be associated with a unique algorithm address in the memory arrangement of the encoder.
The algorithms may be downloaded from the central computer into the encoder upon start-up of the encoder. The algorithms are preferably also downloaded into memory locations of the verifier having corresponding addresses.
Each algorithm may include a function of at least one physical characteristic of the transponder, for example a clock frequency of circuitry of the transponder. The algorithm may be of a general form wherein the selected identification code is equal to at least one function of a suitable physical characteristic of the transponder plus a first remainder.
The data relating to the identification code and which forms part of the data to be written into the transponder may include the aforementioned first remainder. Preferably it consists of the first remainder only.
Data relating to the algorithm address of the selected algorithm may also be included in the data to be written into the memory arrangement of the transponder. The controller of the encoder may utilize a second algorithm and the data relating to the address in a second encryption process, to yield encrypted data relating to the algorithm address. The second algorithm may be of a general form wherein the algorithm address is equal to at least one function of an independent variable plus a second remainder.
The encrypted data relating to the algorithm address and which forms part of the data to be written into the transponder may include the aforementioned second remainder. Preferably it consists of the second remainder only.
The verifier may include computing means adapted to use the second algorithm to decrypt the encrypted data relating to the address for the first algorithm.
The computing means may further be programmed to retrieve the first algorithm, to input data relating to the physical characteristics of the transponder and to use said data and the first algorithm to decrypt the data relating to the identification code, to yield an output code.
The computing means of the verifier may further include a comparator for comparing the output code to the authorized codes which are stored in the memory arrangement of the verifier.
The indicating means of the verifier may include a display.
The verifier may form part of a reader for the transponders. Alternatively, it may be a separate unit.
Also included within the scope of the present invention is a method of verifying the authenticity of a transponder, the method including the steps of:
The identification code may be characteristic of the encoder.
The encoder may have a plurality of identification codes associated therewith and the method may include the step of randomly selecting one of these codes for inclusion in the data to be written into the transponder.
Further according to the method of the invention a first encryption algorithm and the selected identification code may be used in a first encryption process to yield encrypted data relating to the identification code. Preferably the first algorithm is selectable from a first set of encryption algorithms. The algorithms may include a function of at least one physical characteristic of the transponder into which the data is to be written.
Each of the first set of encryption algorithms may be accessible by the encoder from a memory arrangement thereof utilizing a respective algorithm address. The method may include the further step of including data relating to the algorithm address of the selected algorithm in the data to be written into the transponder. A second algorithm and data relating to the address of the selected algorithm may•be' utilized in a second encryption process to yield encrypted data relating to the algorithm address for inclusion in the data to be written into the transponder.
The method may further include the step of utilizing at the verifier the data relating to the algorithm address to retrieve from a memory arrangement of the verifier the algorithm utilized during the first encryption process.
The method may further include the steps of: providing computing means in the verifier with data relating to the physical characteristics of the transponder; and utilizing said data and the retrieved algorithm to decrypt the encrypted data relating to the identification code.
The method may still further include the step of comparing the decrypted data relating to the identification code to the data relating to authorized identification codes stored in a memory arrangement of the verifier.
Also included within the scope of the invention is a method of programming data into a transponder, the method including the steps of:
The physical characteristic may be the frequency of a clock of the transponder and may be measured by receiving a response signal from the transponder and utilizing the received signal to measure the clock frequency. The encrypted data may be written into the transponder by transmitting it to the transponder.
The invention will now further be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying diagrams wherein:
An electronic identification system according to the invention is generally designated by the reference numeral 10 in
The system 10 includes a central computer system 12 which manages and controls the rest of the system. The system 10 further includes a plurality of transponder encoders 14.1 to 14.3 adapted to be brought into communication with the central computer to be programmed thereby. In use, each encoder is preferably located at a source (not shown) or manufacturing plant of products to which transponders are to be secured, to program such transponders by writing data into the transponders. Each encoder has at least one, preferably eight plain-text identification (PTID) numbers or codes characteristic thereof. For example, the PTID'S associated with encoder 14.1 are numbers 121 to 128. These numbers are generated and issued by the central computer and stored in memory arrangements of each of the central computer 12, the relevant encoder and verifiers, which will be referred to hereinafter. Also stored in the central computer for downloading into the encoders and the verifiers respectively, are algorithms for encrypting data to be written into the transponders by the encoders and for decrypting the data by verifiers or readers, as will hereinafter be described. The PTID's and algorithms may from time to time be changed by the central computer 12 by downloading new numbers and algorithms, to maintain and improve the integrity and security of the system.
The system further includes a plurality of radio frequency (RF) transponders. Transponders 1.1 to 1.n are associated with encoder 14.1, transponders 2.1 to 2.n with encoder 14.2 and transponders 3.1 to 3.n with encoder 14.3.
The system still further includes a plurality of verifiers or readers (only one of which is shown at 16 in
The encoders 14.1 to 14.3 are similar and therefore only encoder 14.1 will be described in more detail herebelow with reference to
The transponders are also similar and therefore only transponder 1.1 will be described in more detail. Transponder 1.1 includes an RF transceiver 46, control circuitry 48, a clock 50 having a clock frequency fc and a memory arrangement 52.
Verifier 16 may form part of a reader (not shown) for the transponders, or may be a separate unit. The verifier 16 includes an RF transceiver 54, computing means 56, display 18 and a memory arrangement 58. The memory arrangement 58 includes a plurality of storage locations each addressable by the computing means 56 by a unique address ADD#OO to ADD#nn. The aforementioned PTID codes of the encoders are received from the central computer and stored in respective ones of these locations. The aforementioned encryption/decryption algorithms are similarly received from the central computer and stored in respective locations, or data relating to the algorithms may be stored in these locations. The algorithms are directly or indirectly retrievable by the computing means 56 by their respective addresses.
In use and as is well known in the art, a selected transponder 1.1 is brought into range of a programmed encoder 14.1. Data including data relating to the product to which the transponder is to be applied is transmitted via an RF link including transceiver 40, antenna 41, antenna 47 and transceiver 46 to the transponder. The transponder receives that data and stores the data in memory arrangement 52 forming part of the transponder. Along the distribution chain of the product, further data may similarly be written into the memory arrangement 52.
As is also well known in the art, the data may at any stage be read by a reader or verifier 16 in known manner. The verifier 16 transmits an RF energizing signal 62 to the transponder 1.1 and a virtual battery forming part of the transponder circuitry 54 is charged. The transponder responds by backscatter modulating on the energizing signal serving as carrier, a data stream including the data stored in the memory arrangement 52 and timed by the frequency fc of the clock 50. The verifier 16 in turn receives this data and may be adapted in known manner to switch the transponder just read to a sleep or the like mode, which causes the transponder to stop modulating the energizing signal.
It will be appreciated that with such a conventional system an unauthorized distributor of pirate, grey or otherwise infringing goods may simply attach a non-genuine transponder (carrying data similar to the data carried by transponders attached to genuine goods) to the grey goods. Unless sophisticated security mechanisms and methods are employed, such grey goods will not easily be identified or traced.
According to the invention, encrypted data relating to a selected one of the PTID numbers of the source encoder 14.1 is written into and stored as part of the data stored in the memory arrangement 52 of the transponder. To achieve this, the encoder controller is adapted randomly to select anyone of the eight PTID numbers. This PTID number and a selected one of the encryption algorithms are utilized by encryption means forming part of the controller in a first encryption process, to yield encrypted data relating to the PTID number. At least some of the variables to be used with the encryption algorithm are functions of measurable physical characteristics of the transponder 1.1, such as the frequency fc of the transponder clock 50. The clock frequency fc is determined from a response signal from the transponder during the programming process.
The verifier 16 in turn is adapted (as will hereinafter be described) to retrieve the relevant decryption algorithm from its memory arrangement 58, to determine the relevant physical properties of the transponder concerned and to decipher the encrypted data into a plain-text number. If the deciphered plain-text number is equal to an authorized PTID number stored in the memory arrangement 58 of the verifier 16, an “AUTHENTIC” message is displayed on display 18. If the result of the deciphering process does not correspond to an authorized PTID, a “FALSE” message is displayed.
The encryption algorithm may be of the general form:
PTID=a.f(x)+b.f(y)+c.f(z)+rem —A
wherein
The encrypted data relating to the PTID of the encoder 14.1 and which is subsequently stored in the transponder 1.1, is preferably the remainder (rem) part only, of the above encryption process. The rem-data may be four bits in length.
As stated hereinbefore, a randomly selected first algorithm of a first set of encryption algorithms stored in the encoder 14.1 and correspondingly stored in the verifier 16 may be used to encrypt the PTID number of the encoder which is, as stated hereinbefore, randomly selected by the encoder from the available PTID numbers therefor. Data relating to the address where the selected first algorithm is stored and a second algorithm are used in a second encryption process, to yield encrypted data relating to the address of the selected first algorithm. The second algorithm is of the following general form:
AAD=d.f(m)+e.f(n)+REM —B
wherein
The encrypted data relating to the address of the first encryption algorithm and which is to be stored in the transponder 1.1, is preferably the remainder (REM) part only of the aforementioned second encryption process. The REM-data may be four bits in length.
The data stored in the memory arrangement 52 of transponder 1.1 and which is backscatter modulated in the form of a data stream on the energizing signal 62 during a reading or verification process of the transponder, is diagrammatically illustrated in
The data stream is designated 20 in
The aforementioned first algorithm, the rem-data 26 in the data stream 20 and input data 28 relating to physical characteristics (in this sample the frequency fc of the clock 50) of the transponder are utilized by the verifier 16 to calculate a plain-text output number at 30.
The plain-text output number is fed at 32 to a comparator of the computing means 56, to compare the number to a list of authorized PTID numbers stored in the memory arrangement 58 of the verifier. If the output number corresponds to one of the authorized PTID numbers, the verifier displays on display 18 the message “AUTHENTIC”. This would indicate that the transponder 1.1 has been programmed with an authorized encoder 14.1 at the source of the product. If the output number does not so correspond, it would mean that the transponder 1.1 includes fake data and has not been programmed at an authorized source of the particular product. A “FALSE” message would then be displayed on display 18.
It will be appreciated that there are many variations in detail on the method and system according to the invention without departing from the scope and spirit of the appended claims.
Turner, Christopher Gordon Gervase, Kruger, Johan Dawid
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