At least an embodiment of the present technology provides a capacitor, comprising a substrate, a first solid electrode disposed on the substrate, a second electrode broken into subsections, the subsections connected by a bus line and separated from the first electric by a dielectric medium. The second electrode broken into subsections may have a lower resistance than the first solid electrode and by changing the width and length of the sides of the subsections, the resistance of the first electrode is modifiable.
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12. A capacitor, comprising:
a substrate;
a first solid electrode disposed on said substrate;
a second electrode broken into subsections, said subsections connected by a bus line and separated from said first electrode by a dielectric medium, wherein said subsections form diamonds with internal islands, wherein the diamonds are connected to said bus line.
1. A capacitor, comprising:
a substrate;
a first solid electrode disposed on said substrate;
a second electrode broken into subsections, said subsections connected by a bus line and separated from said first electrode by a dielectric medium, wherein said subsections form polygonal, triangle, quadrilateral, or nonagon shapes with internal islands, wherein the polygonal, triangle, quadrilateral and nonagon shapes and the internal islands are connected to said bus line.
2. The capacitor of
3. The capacitor of
4. The capacitor of
5. The capacitor of
6. The capacitor of
7. The capacitor structure of
8. The capacitor of
9. The capacitor of
10. The capacitor of
13. The capacitor of
14. The capacitor of
15. The capacitor of
17. The capacitor of
18. The capacitor of
19. The capacitor of
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This application is a continuation in part of application Ser. No. 10/938,898 entitled “TUNABLE MICROWAVE DEVICES WITH AUTO-ADJUSTING MATCHING CIRCUIT” filed 10 Sep. 2004 now abandoned, which was a continuation of application Ser. No. 10/455,901 entitled “TUNABLE MICROWAVE DEVICES WITH AUTO-ADJUSTING MATCHING CIRCUIT” filed 6 Jun. 2003 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,864,757, which was a divisional of application Ser. No. 09/909,187 filed Jul. 19, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,590,468, entitled “TUNABLE MICROWAVE DEVICES WITH AUTO-ADJUSTING MATCHING CIRCUIT” which claimed the benefit of U.S. provisional application No. 60/219,500 filed Jul. 20, 2000.
Wireless communications is a rapidly growing segment of the communications industry, with the potential to provide high-speed high-quality information exchange between portable devices located anywhere in the world. Potential applications enabled by this technology include multimedia internet-enabled cell phones, smart homes, appliances, automated highway systems, distance learning, and autonomous sensor networks, just to name a few. Supporting these applications using wireless techniques poses significant technical challenge. As handsets move to meet broadband, the requirements of components are more astringent. Electrical communication systems demand new more efficient low loss devices that can be used at higher frequency ranges.
Recent advances in tunable ferroelectric materials have allowed for relatively low capacitance varactors that can operate at temperatures above those necessary for superconduction and at bias voltages less than those required for existing planar varactor structures, while maintaining high tenability and high Q factors. Even though these materials work in their paraelectric phase above the Curie temperature, they are conveniently called “ferroelectric” because they exhibit spontaneous polarization at temperatures below the Curie temperature. Tunable ferroelectric materials including barium-strontium titanate BaxSrl-x TiO3 (BST) or BST composites have been the subject of several patents. Dielectric materials including BST are disclosed by Sengupta, et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 5,312,790; U.S. Pat. No. 5,427,988; U.S. Pat. No. 5,486,491; U.S. Pat. No. 5,846,893; U.S. Pat. No. 5,635,434; U.S. Pat. No. 5,830,591; U.S. Pat. No. 5,766,697; U.S. Pat. No. 5,693,429; U.S. Pat. No. 6,074,971; U.S. Pat. No. 6,801,104 B2 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,635,433. These patents are hereby incorporated by reference. The permittivity (more commonly called dielectric constant) of these materials can be varied by varying the strength of an electric field to which the materials are subjected. These materials allow for thin-film ferroelectric composites of low overall dielectric constant that takes advantage of the high tunability and at the same time having high dielectric constants.
BST thin films have been used in microwave circuit applications because of their high dielectric constant, high tunability, low loss, and fast switching speed. Tunable BST films have been demonstrated as an attractive technology to low cost agile mobile circuits, such as tunable filters, tunable matching networks at a high tunable frequency range. Most of these technologies have focused on material quality, choice of electrodes, and deposition or processing techniques. As the technology matures, several issues have arisen due to the deposition methods and limited choice of electrode materials available due to the extreme deposition temperatures. Quality factor, resonance frequency and breakdown voltage are important factors for determining which applications BST thin films will work best in. High-frequency device losses consist of material-related losses in the film and at the electrode-film interface, as well as the resistive losses in the electrodes. First, thermal strain on the interface between the ferroelectric thinfilm and the metal electrode due to the creation of oxide films and crystalline microstructure. This interface is generally the cause of losses at high frequencies and premature breakdown at low voltages. Second, the designs on current devices are limited by traditional design guidelines that create resistive losses due to design constraints.
There is a need in the industry to improve the efficiency of BST thinfilm capacitors by design implementation. There is a further need to create a BST thinfilm design structure that minimizes loss at the dielectric-electrode interface. There is also a further need to create BST thinfilm designs that presents and improved structure where there is minimum contact with the bottom electrodes and creates an optimized periphery with a superb quality (Q) factor and a reasonable aspect ratio range.
At least an embodiment of the present technology provides a capacitor, comprising a substrate, a first solid electrode disposed on the substrate, a second electrode broken into subsections, the subsections connected by a bus line and separated from the first electric by a dielectric medium. The second electrode broken into subsections may have a lower resistance than the first solid electrode and by changing the width and length of the sides of the subsections, the resistance of the first electrode is modifiable.
The present technology further provides a BST thinfilm design structure that by varying the Width/Length aspect ratio it optimizes electrode structure that allows for the creation of very high “Q” (low resistance) capacitors. The design structure relates to common capacitor material structures wherein one electrode is made from a higher resistance metal than the opposite electrode. Capacitors with such material properties can be found in planar integrated capacitors, as well as discrete ceramic capacitors. The inventive structure also reduces the mechanical stresses generated in the metals and dielectric films of the capacitor.
The foregoing summary, as well as the following detailed description of the technology, will be better understood when read in conjunction with the appended drawings. For the purpose of illustrating the technology, there are shown in the embodiments which are presently preferred. It should be understood, however, that the technology is not limited to the precise arrangements and instrumentalities shown. In the drawings:
It shall be understood to the person skilled in the art that “high frequency” refers to the radio spectrum between 3 MHZ to 30 GHz, which includes both the “RF” spectrum and the “microwave spectrum”. It shall be further understood that a “device” comprises multiple “components” both “passive components” and “active components” and a “3D” device may comprise multiple layers stacked vertically.
Creep is the term given to the material deformation that occurs as a result of long term exposure to levels of stress that are below the yield or ultimate strength. The rate of this damage is a function of the material properties, the exposure time, exposure temperature and the applied load (stress). Creep is usually experienced when the device is heated and cooled as a function of use or environmental temperature fluctuations. Such failures may be caused either by direct thermal loads or by electrical resistive loads, which in turn generate excessive localized thermal stresses. Depending on the magnitude of the applied stress and its duration, the deformation may become so large that it will experience brittle and/or ductile fracture, interfacial separation and creep rupture.
An embodiment of the inventive technology may comprise at least one electrode structure that allows for the creation of very high “Q” (low resistance) capacitors. The technology is particularly well suited to common capacitor material structures wherein at least one electrode is made from a higher resistance metal than the opposite electrode. High resistance electrodes comprise and are not limited to Tungsten, Platinum, Rhodium, Chrome, Titanium/Tungsten and Nickel composites. Examples of capacitors with such material properties can be found in planar integrated capacitors, as well as discrete ceramic capacitors. The inventive structure further reduces the mechanical stresses, creep and other thermal generated stresses in the metals and dielectric films of the capacitor. The broken electrode usually carries the lower resistance of the two. The broken electrode distributes the signal across the capacitor area and, through proper arrangement, increases the effective width of the signal path through the higher resistance solid electrode. The signal busses (electrical metal connections) bring in and take out the signal. The inventive technology comprises at least a broken electrode and bussing where the broken electrode can be used in all kinds of capacitors, and may find applicability in transistor structures.
The inventive structure realizes these benefits by breaking at least two of the electrodes of a pair of series capacitors into subsections. By varying the Width (W) 207 and Length (L) 206 aspect ratio of the aperture between the electrodes in the active area 205, an optimized Q value can be achieved. The sections are arranged in such that it increases the effective Width 207 of the signal path in the higher resistance electrode 204A. These subsections are then electrically connected through a bus 501 as seen in the micrograph of
The reduction in thermally induced creep occurs because the individual electrode subsections retain and create less stress than a single plate of similar area. Shear Stress is defined as the shear force per unit area applied to a section. The smaller the area of shear, the smaller the stress applied to the device. As illustrated in
A person skilled in the art may break the electrodes into many different shapes and arranged in many different ways to create the aforementioned benefit of this technology.
It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that changes could be made to the embodiments described above without departing from the broad inventive concept thereof. It is understood, therefore, that this technology is not limited to the particular embodiments disclosed, but it is intended to cover modifications within the spirit and scope of the present technology.
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