Spark plug

Abstract

A spark plug has a central electrode and a plurality of peripheral electrodes. The central electrode has a proximal portion and a distal portion. The distal portion of the central electrode has a circular cross-section with a longitudinal axis and terminates in a distal end. Each peripheral electrode has a lower portion and an upper portion. Each upper portion has a distal-most point. Each distal-most point is disposed in a central plane within which the longitudinal axis of the distal portion of the central electrode is wholly disposed. The cross-section of each upper portion taken along its central plane defines a convex outer side and a non-convex inner side. Each convex outer side has a curved surface which is tangent to a plurality of tangent planes, all of which intersect the longitudinal axis of the distal portion of the central electrode at points at or above the distal end of the distal point of the central electrode.

Description

3Aboth disposed along a longitudinal axis 20 as illustrated in FIGS. 3A and 3B. The distal portion 18 has a circular cross-section with a longitudinal axis 20. The distal portion 18 terminates at a distal end 22. In one embodiment, the distal end 22 of the central electrode 12 is dome-shaped has rounded edges for a congruous blunt shape. For ease of manufacturing, the central electrode 12 is cylindrical as with a typical spark plug.

In a preferred embodiment, the diameter of the distal portion 18 is between about 0.125 inches and about 0.265 inches. This diameter of the distal portion 18 is about two to three times larger than in a typical spark plug. The central electrode 12 is enlarged for several reasons. One purpose is for spark stabilization. The enlarged electrode stores up more energy, thereby releasing a greater amount of electricity at the spark event. A second purpose is to cause continuous rapid ion movement during the ignition cycle that will not break down, even under extreme combustion pressure, as with racing engines.

The plurality of peripheral electrodes 14 are disposed equidistant from one another around the central electrode 12 so as to define a circle having the central electrode 12 disposed at its center. The peripheral electrodes 14 are typically integral with a threaded base cylinder 24. In the embodiment illustrated in the drawings, the plurality of peripheral electrodes 14 constitutes 8 peripheral electrodes 14. In all cases, it is important that the number of peripheral electrodes 14 is between about 3 and about 12. When the number of peripheral electrodes 14 is less than 3 or greater than 12, performance in an internal combustion engine is markedly reduced.

Each of the peripheral electrodes 14 is substantially identical in shape and dimensions. Each peripheral electrode 14 has a lower portion 25 and an upper portion 26. The upper portion 26 has a distal-most point 28. As illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2, the distal-most point 28 of each of the peripheral electrodes 14 can be relatively sharp. However, in other embodiments, the distal-most point 28 of each of the peripheral electrodes 14 may be more rounded or flat.

In the embodiments illustrated in FIGS. 1, 2, 3A and 3B, the upper portion 26 of each peripheral electrode 14 converges to the distal-most point 28, and, when viewed from the end of the spark plug 10 (as in FIG. 2), appears triangular in shape.

As illustrated in FIG. 2, each distal-most point 28 is disposed in a central plane 30 within which the longitudinal axis 20 of the distal portion 18 of the central electrode 12 is wholly disposed. The cross-section of each upper portion 26 of each of the peripheral electrodes 14, taken along its central plane 30, defines a convex outer side 32 and a non-convex inner side 34.

As illustrated in FIG. 3A, each convex outer side 32 has a curved surface 36 which is tangent to a plurality of tangent planes 38, all of which tangent planes 38 intersect the longitudinal axis 20 of the distal portion 18 of the central electrode 12 at points at or above the distal end 22 of the distal point of the central electrode 12. In a typical embodiment, the curved surface 36 of the convex outer side 32 is smooth with preferably no discontinuities. As shown in FIG. 3A, a first end of the flat section of each electrode at the upper portion 26 closest to the distal-most point 28 is further away from the central electrode than a second end of the flat section of each electrode closest to the lower portion 25.

FIG. 3B illustrates an alternative cross-sectional view identical to that which is illustrated in FIG. 3A, except that the inner side 34 defines a small flat section 37 near the distal-most point 28 of each peripheral electrode does not have a flat section 37 and is defined by the inner surface of the threaded base cylinder 24.

By the aforementioned design, the plurality of peripheral electrodes 14 resembles a fork that has been bent into a loop with the tines arcing inwards to point at the central electrode 12.

As also illustrated in FIG. 3 FIGS. 3A and 3B, the peripheral electrodes 14 are electrically insulated from the central electrode 12 by a layer of bakelite 40 or other suitable insulator. As seen in FIGS. 3A and 3B, the peripheral electrodes 14 are disposed in a plane that intersects the insulator 40 below the distal portion of the central electrode.

As illustrated in FIGS. 4A-4M, the peripheral electrodes 14 can be provided in a variety of shapes. FIG. 4A illustrates the cross-sectional shape of the lower portion 25 of a peripheral electrode 14 having a generally square cross-section. FIG. 4B illustrates the lower portion 25 of a peripheral electrode 14 having a generally rectangular cross-section. FIG. 4C illustrates the lower portion 25 of a peripheral electrode 14 having a generally oval shape. FIG. 4D illustrates the lower portion 25 of a peripheral electrode 14 having a generally circular shape. FIG. 4E illustrates the lower portion 25 of a peripheral electrode 14 having a generally square shape but with rounded corners. FIG. 4F illustrates the lower portion 25 of a peripheral electrode 14 having a generally rectangular cross-section, but with rounded corners. FIG. 4G illustrates the lower portion 25 of a peripheral electrode 14 having a generally triangular cross-section.

FIGS. 4H and 4I illustrates the upper portion 26 of a peripheral electrode 14 having the shape of an eccentric cone. Similarly, FIGS. 4J and 4K illustrate the upper portion 26 of a peripheral electrode 14 having a shape of an alternative eccentric cone.

FIGS. 4L and 4M illustrate the upper portion 26 of a peripheral electrode 14 having a generally flat inner side 34 and an outer side 32 which in cross-section taken along its central plane 30, the inner side 34 has a generally flat surface and the outer side 32 has a surface having the shape of a circular arc.

FIG. 4N illustrates the cross-section of an alternative upper portion 26 of the peripheral electrode 14 illustrated in FIG. 4L wherein the inner side 34 is somewhat concave.

Typically, the distal-most point 28 of each of the peripheral electrodes 14 is spaced apart from the central electrode 12 by a distance of between about 0.04 inches and about 0.095 inches, most typically between about 0.05 inches and about 0.07 inches.

By the above-described unique design of the spark plug 10 of the invention, the spark plug 10 is capable of providing improved engine performance, including the increasing of horsepower and torque, by utilizing the excess energy from an ignition source to cause rapid ion movement that mixes with the incoming air/fuel in the combustion chamber. A blast of negative ions is mixed into the air fuel in the combustion chamber just prior to ignition, during the spark event and during combustion. This blast of ions changes the burn characteristics of the fuel by releasing more potential energy and slowing down the actual combustion event. This phenomenon is similar to raising the octane level of the fuel. During the firing event ions are cooling the tips. This event often results in rapid circular flow around the central electrode.

This phenomenon has the further advantage that the spark plug of the invention need not be designed for one of a large number of specific heat ranges. For most applications, only one heat range is required. In contrast, with conventional spark plugs, as many as 20 different designs are required, one for a different heat range.

By the design of the peripheral electrodes in the invention, negative ions are separated out of the electrical charge flowing from the coil. The ions travel along the periphery of the negative electrodes, building momentum along the curves of the peripheral electrodes culminating at the distal portion and then blasting a pathway toward the center electrode for the spark plasma to travel. As the piston nears top dead center of the compression/combustion stroke the combustion chamber becomes highly pressurized. In this atmosphere the spark plasma is amplified and split so a plurality of sparks are emitted from the variety of the ground electrodes. As many as three distinct, highly energized spark kernels have been observed during high pressure testing.

The rapid ion movement impacts upon the central electrode and splays out into the air/fuel charge, heavily ionizing said charge before, during and shortly after the spark event. Thus fully utilizing, completely, the electrical charge provided by the coil.

Another phenomenon that occurs in the use of the invention is that the moving ions create a pressure shield beneath the central electrode and in the cavity between the insulator and the inner wall of the base shell. This pressure shield keeps carbon from partially burnt fuel and oil from contaminating the insulator and the inner wall of the base shell, thus avoiding potential shorting of the spark.

After ignition, the rapid ion movement cools down the flame front, thus slowing down the combustion event. This rapid ion movement process causes an increased duration of pressure on the descending piston top. This rapid ion movement combustion process also ensures a more complete burn, thus lowering the percentage of unburned hydrocarbons.

Another positive benefit concerning emissions is that the cooling aspect of the rapid ion movement keeps the NO_x from rising. This is contrasted with conventional spark plugs wherein a higher heat range must be utilized to burn more hydrocarbons (and such higher heat necessarily produces more NO_x).

Finally, the design of the invention also produces a very strong and stable spark that can jump large spark gaps and under extreme combustion pressure, thereby greatly reducing misfires.

EXAMPLES

Dynometer charts are re-produced utilizing a high performance V-8 test engine. These tests were conducted by an independent facility. No changes or alterations were made to the engine with the exception of the changing of spark plugs.

These charts demonstrate the increase in horsepower and torque achieved by the sparkplug of the invention compared to a typical racing spark plug of the prior art.

Example 1

In this example, the engine for testing was a 420 cubic inch Ford FE engine with an 850 cfm Holly carburetor and 38 degrees of timing. The stock spark plugs were Autolite 3924 stock plugs set at a gap of 0.040 inches. The spark plugs of the invention were Autolite 3924 stock plugs modified as illustrated in FIG. 1, with a gap of 0.058 inches.

	Stock Plug	Invention Plug
RPM	Trq	Pwr	Trq	Pwr
3900	470.7	349.5	462.7	343.6
4000	505.1	384.7	503.5	383.4
4100	500.6	390.8	505.5	394.6
4200	499.8	399.7	507.6	405.9
4300	499.5	408.9	503.7	412.4
4400	498.2	417.4	501.8	420.4
4500	502.0	430.1	508.3	435.5
4600	512.8	449.2	511.9	448.3
4700	516.2	461.9	523.0	468.0
4800	514.9	470.6	522.0	477.1
4900	519.0	484.2	521.7	486.7
5000	518.8	493.9	525.4	500.2
5100	520.9	505.8	522.4	507.3
5200	523.2	518.0	520.5	515.3
5300	519.4	524.1	524.3	529.1
5400	514.2	528.7	521.4	536.1
5500	514.3	538.6	518.6	543.1
5600	505.6	539.1	511.7	545.6
5700	500.0	542.6	501.6	544.4
5800	493.5	545.0	493.1	544.6
5900	483.5	543.1	487.0	547.1
6000	476.6	544.5	481.6	550.1
6100	471.4	547.5	469.4	545.2
6200	462.3	545.8	462.2	545.6
6300	452.7	543.0	458.0	549.4
6400	447.3	545.1	446.5	544.1
6500	437.6	541.6	435.8	539.3

Example 2

The engine for testing was an 812 cubic inch Ford engine with an 850 cfm Holly carburetor and 38 degrees of timing. The stock spark plugs were Autolite 3924 stock plugs set at a gap of 0.45 inches. The spark plugs of the invention were Autolite 3924 stock plugs modified as illustrated in FIG. 1, with a gap of 0.062 inches. In Example 2, two tests were run with the spark plugs of the invention.

		Stock	Invention 1	Invention 2
	RPM	Trq	Pwr	Trq	Pwr	Trq	Pwr
	4000	495.9	377.6	496.6	378.2	506.0	385.4
	4100	505.4	394.5	496.9	387.9	504.1	393.5
	4200	503.5	402.6	501.1	400.7	505.0	403.8
	4300	506.1	414.4	498.9	408.5	511.2	418.6
	4400	511.9	428.9	508.8	426.2	510.0	427.2
	4500	513.5	440.0	514.4	440.7	511.4	438.2
	4600	512.3	448.7	515.4	451.5	517.6	453.3
	4700	523.3	468.3	519.4	464.8	526.2	470.9
	4800	530.2	484.6	531.2	485.4	527.9	482.4
	4900	528.6	493.2	529.7	494.2	527.1	491.8
	5000	534.2	508.6	533.3	507.8	530.1	504.7
	5100	530.9	515.5	531.4	516.1	532.9	517.5
	5200	529.5	524.2	533.9	528.6	529.6	524.4
	5300	524.1	528.9	528.1	532.9	526.9	531.7
	5400	520.1	534.8	523.2	538.0	522.4	537.1
	5500	519.2	543.7	523.2	547.9	517.8	542.2
	5600	512.7	546.7	518.7	553.0	505.9	539.4
	5700	498.7	541.3	511.1	554.7	503.7	546.7
	5800	497.3	549.2	502.7	555.1	495.6	547.4
	5900	494.1	555.0	493.6	554.4	492.8	553.6
	6000	483.7	552.6	488.8	557.9	489.3	559.0

Having thus described the invention, it should be apparent that numerous structural modifications and adaptations may be resorted to without departing from the scope and fair meaning of the instant invention as set forth hereinabove and as described hereinbelow by the claims.

Claims

1. A spark plug comprising:

(a) a threaded cylindrical body;

(a) (b) a central electrode disposed within the cylindrical body along a central axis of the cylindrical body, the central electrode having a proximal portion and a distal portion, the proximal portion of the central electrode surrounded by an insulating material, the distal portion extending beyond the insulating material and having a circular cross section with a longitudinal axis having a circumference centered about the central axis and terminating in a distal end;

(b) (c) an upper end of the cylindrical body terminating in a plurality of peripheral electrodes radially disposed around the central electrode and equally spaced apart from one another, each peripheral electrode having a lower portion and an upper portion and being substantially identical in shape and dimensions, each peripheral electrode having an upper portion and a lower portion, each upper portion having converging to a distal-most point, each distal-most point being disposed in a central plane within which the longitudinal axis of the distal portion of the central electrode is wholly disposed, the cross-section of that intersects the insulating material below the distal portion of the central electrode, each upper portion taken along its central plane defining a convex outer side surface and a non-convex inner side surface, each convex outer side having a curved surface which is tangent to a plurality of tangent planes, all of which tangent planes intersect the longitudinal axis of the distal portion of the central electrode at points at or above the distal end of the distal point of the central electrode the inner surfaces of all of the peripheral electrodes being integral with and one piece with the cylindrical body, the inner surface of each peripheral electrode terminating in a flat section at a distal end thereof, the flat section lying in an inclined plane, a distal end of the flat section being further away from the central electrode than a proximal end of the flat section.

2. The spark plug of claim 1 wherein the distal portion of the central electrode has a diameter between about 0.125 inches and about 0.265 inches.

3. The spark plug of claim 1 wherein the distal end of the central electrode has a distal end which is dome-shaped comprises rounded edges.

4. The spark plug of claim 1 wherein the number of the plurality of peripheral electrodes is between about 3 and about 12 peripheral electrodes.

5. The spark plug of claim 1 wherein the lower portion of each of the peripheral electrodes has a square cross-section.

6. The spark plug of claim 1 wherein the lower portion of each of the peripheral electrodes has a rectangular cross-section.

7. The spark plug of claim 1 wherein the lower portion of each of the peripheral electrodes has a generally oval cross-section.

8. The spark plug of claim 1 wherein the lower portion of each of the peripheral electrodes has a circular cross-section.

9. The spark plug of claim 1 wherein the lower portion of each of the peripheral electrodes has a generally square cross-section with rounded corners.

10. The spark plug of claim 1 wherein the lower portion of each of the peripheral electrodes has a generally rectangular cross-section with rounded corners.

11. The spark plug of claim 1 wherein the lower portion of each of the peripheral electrodes has a generally triangular cross-section with rounded corners.

12. The spark plug of claim 1 wherein the upper portion of each of the peripheral electrodes has the shape of an eccentric cone.

13. The spark plug of claim 1 wherein the convex outer side surface is smooth.

14. The spark plug of claim 13 wherein the convex outer side surface forms an arc of a circle.

15. The spark plug of claim 1 wherein the distal end of the central electrode has a diameter substantially equal to the diameter of a distal end of the insulating material.