An apparatus for adapting hyper cells in response to changing conditions of a cellular network is disclosed. During operation, the apparatus collects data regarding network conditions of the cellular network. In accordance with the collected network condition data, the apparatus changes an association of a transmit point from a second cell id of a second hyper cell to a first cell id of a first hyper cell. Virtual data channels, broadcast common control channel and virtual dedicated control channel, transmit point optimization, UE-centric channel sounding and measurement, and single frequency network synchronization are also disclosed.
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0. 10. A method for adapting hyper cells in response to changing conditions of a cellular network utilizing a wireless protocol, the method comprising:
communicating, by a second hyper cell, with a user equipment (UE), the second hyper cell including at least one transmit point associated with a second cell identifier (id);
determining that a first transmit point associated with the second hyper cell utilizing the wireless protocol is to be added to a first hyper cell utilizing the wireless protocol in accordance with data regarding network conditions of the cellular network, the first hyper cell including at least one transmit point associated with a first cell id;
changing an association of the first transmit point from the second cell id to the first cell id; and
communicating, by the first hyper cell, with the UE.
1. A method for adapting hyper cells in response to changing conditions of a cellular network, the method comprising:
communicating, by a second hyper cell, with a user equipment (UE), the second hyper cell including at least one transmit point associated with a second cell identifier (id);
collecting data regarding network conditions of the cellular network, the cellular network utilizing a wireless protocol;
in accordance with the collected data, determining that a first transmit point associated with a the second hyper cell utilizing the wireless protocol is to be added to a first hyper cell utilizing the wireless protocol, wherein the first hyper cell includes including at least one transmit point associated with a first cell identifier (id) id; and
changing an association of the first transmit point from a the second cell id to the first cell id, wherein at least one transmit point of the second hyper cell is associated with the second cell id; and
communicating, by the first hyper cell, with the UE.
0. 14. An apparatus for adapting hyper cells in response to changing conditions of a cellular network configured to utilize a wireless protocol, the apparatus comprising:
a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium comprising instructions; and
a processor in communication with the non-transitory machine-readable storage medium, wherein the processor executes the instructions to:
cause a second hyper cell to communicate with a user equipment (UE), the second hyper cell including at least one transmit point associated with a second cell identifier (id);
determine that a first transmit point associated with the second hyper cell utilizing the wireless protocol is to be added to a first hyper cell utilizing the wireless protocol in accordance with data regarding network conditions of the cellular network, wherein the first hyper cell includes at least one transmit point associated with a first cell id;
change an association of the first transmit point from the second cell id to the first cell id; and
cause the first hyper cell to communicate with the UE.
5. An apparatus for adapting hyper cells in response to changing conditions of a cellular network, the apparatus comprising:
a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium comprising instructions; and
a processor in communication with the non-transitory machine-readable storage medium, wherein the processor executes the instructions to:
cause a second hyper cell to communicate with a user equipment (UE), the second hyper cell including at least one transmit point associated with a second cell identifier (id);
at least one collector configured to collect data regarding network conditions of the cellular network, the cellular network configured to utilize a wireless protocol;
at least one processing unit configured to:
determine that a first transmit point associated with a the second hyper cell utilizing the wireless protocol is to be added to a first hyper cell utilizing the wireless protocol in accordance with the collected data, wherein the first hyper cell includes at least one transmit point associated with a first cell identifier (id) id; and
change an association of the first transmit point from a the second cell id to the first cell id, wherein at least one transmit point of the second hyper cell is associated with the second cell id; and
cause the first hyper cell to communicate with the UE.
9. An apparatus for adapting hyper cells in response to changing conditions of a cellular network, the apparatus comprising:
a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium comprising instructions; and
a processor in communication with the non-transitory machine-readable storage medium, wherein the processor executes the instructions to:
cause a second hyper cell to communicate with a user equipment (UE), the second hyper cell including at least one transmit point associated with a second cell identifier (id);
at least one collector configured to collect data regarding network conditions of the cellular network;
at least one processing unit configured to:
determine that a transmit point is to be added to a first hyper cell in accordance with the collected data, wherein the first hyper cell includes at least one transmit point associated with a first cell identifier (id) id; and
change an association of the transmit point from a the second cell id to the first cell id, wherein at least one transmit point of a second hyper cell is associated with the second cell id,; and
cause the first hyper cell to communicate with the UE;
wherein the apparatus is a base station controlling one or more remote radio heads and wherein the base station is adapted to dynamically change one or more cell identifier (id) in response to changing network conditions, wherein:
the base station is connected to each of the one or more remote radio heads via a communication line; and
the one or more remote radio heads are adapted to receive and transmit radio frequency signals, and wherein the transmit point is a remote radio head.
2. The method of
determining that a traffic load of a portion of the cellular network exceeds a predetermined threshold; and
changing cell ids of one or more transmit points transmitting to the portion of the cellular network.
3. The method of
determining that a concentration of user equipments (UEs) serviced by the cellular network at a boundary of the first hyper cell is above a predetermined threshold; and
changing cell ids of one or more transmit points to the cell id of the first hyper cell, wherein the one or more transmit points transmit to the boundary of the first hyper cell.
4. The method of
determining that a second transmit point serves less than a threshold number of UEs; and
turning off the second transmit point in response to determining that the second transmit point is serving less than the threshold number of UEs.
6. The apparatus of
determine that a traffic load of a portion of the cellular network exceeds a predetermined threshold; and
change cell ids of one or more transmit points transmitting to the portion of the cellular network.
7. The apparatus of
determine that a concentration of UEs serviced by the cellular network at a boundary of the first hyper cell is above a predetermined threshold; and
change cell ids of one or more transmit points to the cell id of the first hyper cell, wherein the one or more transmit points transmit to the boundary of the first hyper cell.
8. The apparatus of
determine that a second transmit point serves less than a threshold number of UEs; and
turn off the second transmit point in response to determining that the second transmit point is serving less than the threshold number of UEs.
0. 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the network conditions include load distribution, and wherein the method further comprises:
determining that a traffic load of a portion of the cellular network exceeds a predetermined threshold; and
changing cell ids of one or more transmit points transmitting to the portion of the cellular network.
0. 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the network conditions include UE distribution across the cellular network, and wherein the method further comprises:
determining that a concentration of user equipments (UEs) serviced by the cellular network at a boundary of the first hyper cell is above a predetermined threshold; and
changing cell ids of one or more transmit points to the cell id of the first hyper cell, wherein the one or more transmit points transmit to the boundary of the first hyper cell.
0. 13. The method of claim 10, further comprising:
determining that a second transmit point serves less than a threshold number of UEs; and
turning off the second transmit point in response to determining that the second transmit point is serving less than the threshold number of UEs.
0. 15. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the network conditions include load distribution, and the processor executes the instructions to:
determine that a traffic load of a portion of the cellular network exceeds a predetermined threshold; and
change cell ids of one or more transmit points transmitting to the portion of the cellular network.
0. 16. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the network conditions include user equipment (UE) distribution across the cellular network, and the processor executes the instructions to:
determine that a concentration of UEs serviced by the cellular network at a boundary of the first hyper cell is above a predetermined threshold; and
change cell ids of one or more transmit points to the cell id of the first hyper cell, wherein the one or more transmit points transmit to the boundary of the first hyper cell.
0. 17. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the processor executes the instructions to:
determine that a second transmit point serves less than a threshold number of UEs; and
turn off the second transmit point in response to determining that the second transmit point is serving less than the threshold number of UEs.
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This application is a reissue application of U.S. Pat. No. 8,838,119. More than one reissue application has been filed for the reissue of U.S. Pat. No. 8,838,119, further including U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/995,803, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/995,880, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/996,067, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/996,118, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/996,228, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/997,230, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/996,238, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/996,239, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/996,242, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/997,280, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/997,317, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/000,228, all of which are continuation reissue applications, meaning they are reissue applications of U.S. Pat. No. 8,838,119 and continuation applications of this reissue application, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/261,269.
1. Field
This disclosure is generally related to improving performance of cellular networks. More specifically, this disclosure is related to a method and system for dynamically generating and adapting hyper cells in response to network conditions. Various embodiments are also related to selecting optimal transmit points for virtual channels.
2. Related Art
In traditional cellular networks, the location of each transmit point is carefully planned. Each transmit point creates a cell and is assigned a unique cell identifier (ID) to define the control channel and data channel so that simultaneous transmit point to user equipment (UE) communications can be supported for each cell. A single cell serves each UE, and the network maintains the association between the cell and the UE until handover is triggered.
As the demand on mobile broadband increases, networks are deployed more densely and heterogeneously with a greater number of base stations. Cells become smaller and a corresponding greater number of cell edges are created. Cell ID assignment becomes more difficult and the frequency of handovers increases as the UE moves between cells. Further, the density of the cells creates much interference between neighboring cells.
In one approach, LTE Coordinated Multipoint (CoMP) scenario 4 specifies that one or more remote radio heads (RRHs) share a same cell ID as a macro cell to which the RRHs are connected. However, LTE CoMP scenario 4 (available at http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/Specs/html-info/36819.htm) only allows fixed sharing of a single cell ID between a macro cell and all RRHs controlled by it. There is handover and changing of the cell ID when the user moves away from the macro cell and the connected RRHs. Such an approach is insufficient for addressing the problems of interference, complex cell ID assignment, and frequent handovers.
One embodiment of the present invention provides a system for adapting hyper cells in response to changing conditions of a cellular network. During operation, the system collects data regarding network conditions of the cellular network; in accordance with the collected data, determines that a transmit point is to be added to a first hyper cell, wherein the first hyper cell includes at least one transmit point associated with a first cell identifier (ID); and changes an association of the transmit point from a second cell ID to the first cell ID, wherein at least one transmit point of a second hyper cell is associated with the second cell ID.
Another embodiment of the present invention provides a system for transmitting virtual channels in a cellular network. The system includes a virtual channel transmission mechanism configured to select one or more transmit points from a set of transmit points to transmit a virtual dedicated control channel and/or a virtual data channel to a serviced UE, wherein the one or more transmit points share a common cell ID; and wherein one or more transmission schemes of the virtual data channel and virtual dedicated control channel, including scrambling, pilot design, and/or pilot sequence and location, are created in accordance with a UE ID.
A further embodiment of the present invention provides a method for transmitting virtual channels in a cellular network. The method includes selecting one or more transmit points from a set of transmit points to transmit a virtual dedicated control channel and/or a virtual data channel to a serviced user equipment (UE), wherein the one or more transmit points share a common cell ID; and wherein one or more transmission schemes of the virtual data channel and virtual dedicated control channel, including scrambling, pilot design, and/or pilot sequence and location, are created in accordance with a UE ID.
A further embodiment of the present invention provides a method for adapting hyper cells in response to changing conditions of a cellular network. The method includes collecting data regarding network conditions of the cellular network; in accordance with the collected data, determining that a transmit point is to be added to a first hyper cell, wherein the first hyper cell includes at least one transmit point associated with a first cell ID; and changing an association of the transmit point from a second cell ID to the first cell ID, wherein at least one transmit point of a second hyper cell is associated with the second cell ID.
In the figures, like reference numerals refer to the same figure elements.
The following description is presented to enable any person skilled in the art to make and use the embodiments, and is provided in the context of a particular application and its requirements. Various modifications to the disclosed embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments and applications without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. Thus, the present invention is not limited to the embodiments shown, but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and features disclosed herein.
Overview
Embodiments of the present invention solve the problems of excessive interference and management overhead in cellular networks by introducing the concept of “hyper cell” and dynamically managing hyper cells to eliminate cell edge UEs and optimally selecting transmit points for UEs. A hyper cell is a virtual entity for dynamical coordination of data and control signaling transmission. It is a logic cell and the coverage of the hyper cell can change depending on the hyper cell's association to the physical transmit point(s). From the perspective of network, a hyper cell includes a group of transmit points which have relatively strong interference and are connected via high capacity backhaul. From the perspective of a UE, a hyper cell is an area covered by a virtual access entity.
A dynamic cell configuration system disassociates the concept of cell IDs from the physical topology of the cellular network, which facilitates greater flexibility and efficiency in network management. By breaking the bind between the cell ID and the physical transmitter, the system can generate hyper cells that include multiple transmit points having the same cell ID. The system adapts the hyper cells according to network topology, load distribution, and UE distribution. This reduces the frequency of handovers and amount of interference. The system can also share transmit points between multiple hyper cells by switching the transmit point between the hyper cells. This hyper cell configuration reduces the number of cell edge UEs, reduces interference, and improves the UE transition between hyper cells. The system can further select optimal transmit points within the hyper cells to boost the capacity of virtual channels. In addition, the virtual control channels and virtual data channel can be de-coupled for optimal performance.
Network Environment
A cloud radio access network (CRAN) cluster consolidates all basic processing power of a cellular network. The CRAN manages a group of transmit points that are connected together with a high-speed backhaul network. A CRAN central processing unit performs the processing for the multiple transmit points. This brings the network intelligence into the cloud, leaving only the radios and antennas at the transmission site. By centralizing all the active electronics of multiple cell sites at one location, the operating costs are minimized.
In one embodiment, in a CRAN cluster, a supernode generates a hyper cell by assigning the same cell ID to one or more transmit point(s) which have the strongest mutual intercell interference. The supernode may estimate inter-cell interference based on UE reports or the measurement at transmit points. A supernode can be a base station, computing station, or controller configured to generate and manage hyper cells. The supernode can manage baseband signal processing of all transmit points controlled by the supernode. In some implementations, the supernode can also be responsible for only part of signal processing, depending on backhaul capability.
The cell ID is a logical assignment to all physical transmit points of the hyper cell. The hyper cell may be dynamically configured. Unlike traditional cellular networks, there is no fixed one-to-one mapping relation between a transmit point and a cell ID. The area served by the hyper cell is amorphous and the system dynamically adds/removes transmit points to/from the hyper cell.
In one embodiment, the system supports overlapped hyper cells where a transmit point can be logically associated with different hyper cells. For the transmitters that are physically located at the boundary of hyper cells, logically the network associates the transmit point with different hyper cells at different points in time, frequency, or space. The hyper cells may share the resources of the transmit point. A shared transmit point can reduce interference for UEs located at the boundary between the two sharing hyper cells. UEs that are located near the boundaries of two hyper cells experience less handovers because the shared transmit point is associated with either hyper cell at different times, frequencies or spatial directions. Further, as a UE moves between the two hyper cells, the transition is a smoother experience for the user. In one embodiment, the network changes the cell ID of the transmit point to transition a user moving between hyper cells.
Embodiments of the present invention also facilitate virtual channels which allow for greater scheduling flexibility, increased data and control channel capacity, energy savings, and improved mobility management. Subsequent sections of this disclosure discuss five aspects of virtual channels and/or hyper cells in greater detail. These five aspects are: virtual data channels, broadcast common control channel and virtual dedicated control channel, transmit point optimization, UE-centric channel sounding and measurement, and single frequency network (SFN) synchronization. The virtual data channel, broadcast common control channel, virtual dedicated control channel, and/or synchronization channel can also be implemented separate from the hyper cells.
In one embodiment, the supernode is a part of a system that manages all aspects of hyper cells and virtual channels. The system can also include a hyper transceiver to enable joint scheduling and joint transmission for a hyper cell. Each hyper cell supports a single centralized data plane and a single centralized control plane. In one embodiment, a CRAN subcluster supernode or CRAN cluster supernode generates the virtual data channels, broadcast common control channel and virtual dedicated control channels of the hyper cell.
CRAN Communication System
In this example, communication system 100 includes user equipment (UE) 110a-110c, transmit points 130a-130b, two access units 170a-170b, a core network 132, a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 140, the Internet 150, and other networks 160. While certain numbers of these components or elements are shown in
The UEs 110a-110c are configured to operate and/or communicate in the system 100. For example, the UEs 110a-110c are configured to transmit and/or receive wireless signals. Each UE 110a-110c represents any suitable end user device and may include such devices (or may be referred to) as a user device, wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU), mobile station, fixed or mobile subscriber unit, pager, cellular telephone, personal digital assistant (PDA), smartphone, laptop, computer, touchpad, wireless sensor, or consumer electronics device.
Access units 170a, 170b can each be a base station controlling transmitters or a controller controlling multiple base stations. A base station can control multiple transmitters. Transmit points 130a, 130b can be any type of transmitter. The transmitters can be, for example, mobile-relay station, base station transmitter, pico transmitter, or femto transmitter. The transmitters can be remote radio heads (RRHs) in some implementations. The transmit points can also be base stations controlled by a controller. In some embodiments, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology may be employed having multiple transceivers for each cell.
Each access unit 170a-170b is configured to wirelessly interface with one or more of the UEs 110a-110c to enable access to the core network 132, the PSTN 140, the Internet 150, and/or the other networks 160. In various embodiments, the access units 170a-170b (or transmit points 130a, 130b) may also include (or be) one or more of several well-known devices, such as a base transceiver station (BTS), a Node-B (NodeB), an evolved NodeB (eNodeB), a Home NodeB, a Home eNodeB, a site controller, an access point (AP), or a wireless router. One or more Node-B may be controlled by radio network controllers.
In an embodiment, CRAN systems can include a base station or a centralized node controlling one or more RRHs. Base stations can implement MAC/PHY and antenna array system (AAS) functionality. Each base station operates to transmit and/or receive wireless signals within a particular geographic region or area. For example, access units 170a-170b can be base stations and, through remote radio heads, may communicate with one or more of the UEs 110a-110c over one or more air interfaces using wireless communication links. The air interfaces may utilize any suitable radio access technology.
A RRH contains the radio frequency circuitry plus analog-to-digital/digital-to-analog converters and up/down converters. The RRHs are located between a base station and the UEs, and are connected to a base station using optical fiber or any other communication line. The RRHs receive and convert digital signals to analog, then amplifies the power and sends the radio frequency signals.
It is contemplated that the system 100 may use multiple channel access functionality, including such schemes as described above. In particular embodiments, the base stations and UEs implement LTE, LTE-A, and/or LTE-B. Of course, other multiple access schemes and wireless protocols may be utilized.
Each of the access units 170a, 170b are in communication with the core network 132 to provide the UEs 110a-110c with voice, data, application, Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), or other services. The access units and/or the core network 132 may be in direct or indirect communication with one or more other access units (not shown). The core network 132 may also serve as a gateway access for other networks (such as PSTN 140, Internet 150, and other networks 160). In addition, some or all of the UEs 110a-110c may include functionality for communicating with different wireless networks over different wireless links using different wireless technologies and/or protocols.
Each of the example transmit points 130a-130b, or any combination of the illustrated transmit points, may be assigned a common cell ID and form a hyper cell. Hyper cells are discussed in greater detail with respect to
Although
Hyper Cell Examples
In one embodiment, a system dynamically updates the hyper cell topology to adapt to changes in network topology, load distribution, and/or UE distribution. The system may include a data collector to collect data regarding network conditions of the cellular network. If the concentration of UEs increases in one region, the system may dynamically expand the hyper cell to include transmit points near the higher concentration of UEs. For example, the system may expand hyper cell 182 to include other transmit points if the concentration of UEs located at the edge of the hyper cell increases above a certain threshold. As another example, the system may expand hyper cell 182 to include a greater concentration of UEs located between two hyper cells. Also, if the traffic load increases significantly at one region, the system may also expand the hyper cell to include transmit points near the increased traffic load. For example, if the traffic load of a portion of the network exceeds a predetermined threshold, the system may change the cell IDs of one or more transmit points that are transmitting to the impacted portion of the cellular network.
Further, the system may change the cell ID associated with transmit point 196 from the cell ID of hyper cell 182 to the cell ID of hyper cell 184. In one implementation, the system can change the association of a transmit point with different hyper cells every 1 millisecond. With such a flexible cell formation mechanism, all UEs can be served by the best transmit points so that virtually there are no cell edge UEs.
In one embodiment, the system may also save power by turning off silent transmit points (e.g., any transmit point other than transmit points 190, 192) if there are no UEs to service for those silent transmit points. The system can also save power by turning off transmit points according to some criteria (e.g., turn off those that are serving less than a threshold number of UEs).
Virtual Data Channels
As the UEs move to different locations, the system dynamically assigns different physical transmit points to service the UEs. The physical transmit points form the virtual data channels for the respective serviced UEs. Note that the cell ID transmitted from the different physical transmit points belonging to the same hyper cell remains the same. As illustrated in
In one embodiment, with the CRAN framework, the supernode controls the generation of the virtual data channels based on load balancing and UE distribution within a CRAN cluster. A CRAN cluster can support multiple parallel virtual data channels.
Broadcast Common Control Channel/Virtual Dedicated Control Channel
A virtual dedicated control channel 404 carries UE-specific control information (e.g., DL scheduling, uplink (UL) grant). Each of UEs 406, 408 has a subset of transmit points surrounding the UE. The transmit points transmit the UE-specific virtual dedicated control channels 410, 412. Virtual dedicated control channel 410 is specific to UE 406, and virtual dedicated control channel 412 is specific to UE 408. In some embodiments, one or more transmission schemes of the virtual data channel and/or the virtual dedicated control channel, including scrambling, pilot design, and/or pilot sequence and location, are created in accordance with a UE ID. Further, a hyper cell ID can be applied together with the UE ID to differentiate transmission of the virtual data channel and/or virtual control channel from different hyper cells.
Parallel virtual dedicated control channels can be provided in each hyper cell. The demodulation of each virtual dedicated control channel is performed in accordance with a UE-specific reference signal (RS), the sequence and location of which are linked to the UE ID. To distinguish the virtual dedicated control channels communicated from different hyper cells, the sequence of UE-specific RS is covered by a sequence specific to each hyper cell.
The system may apply transmit point selection techniques and transmit power control techniques to minimize intrahyper cell interference and inter-hyper cell interference. The selected transmit points are transparent to the UEs. In one embodiment, for a UE with a poor Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR), the system can transmit the virtual dedicated control channel and/or virtual data channel from multiple transmit points to improve signal quality. In addition, the system may apply Transmit Time Interval (TTI) bundling to a fixed or slow moving UE in order to further enhance the capacity of the UE-specific virtual dedicated control channel.
Selecting Transmit Points for Virtual Channels
During operation of the technique illustrated in
During operation of the technique illustrated in
In one embodiment, to maintain the transparency of the transmit points in each hyper cell, demodulation of the virtual channels is not tied to the transmit points. In one implementation, the system uses the UE ID to bootstrap all communications between the UE and the transmit points. The system distinguishes between the transmission signals of different UEs with a UE-centric reference signal. The system uses a UE-centric demodulation reference signal (DMRS) to decode the virtual dedicated data channel and the virtual dedicated control channel. The system defines the sequence and location of the UE-centric DMRS with the UE index. The system automatically generates each UE index from a respective UE ID or assigns the UE index. Each UE has a unique UE index.
Each hyper cell is associated with a synchronization channel. All or a portion of transmit points in a hyper cell can transmit the synchronization channel. In one embodiment, a transmit point belonging to multiple hyper cells does not transmit the synchronization channel. In another embodiment, frequency division multiplexing (FDM), code division multiplexing (CDM), or time division multiplexing (TDM) can be applied to enable synchronization channel transmission for transmit points associated with multiple hyper cells.
The data structures and code described in this detailed description are typically stored on a machine-readable storage medium, which may be any device or medium that can store code and/or data for use by a computing system. The machine-readable storage medium includes, but is not limited to, volatile memory, non-volatile memory, magnetic and optical storage devices such as disk drives, magnetic tape, CDs (compact discs), DVDs (digital versatile discs or digital video discs), or other media capable of storing machine-readable media now known or later developed.
The methods and processes described in the detailed description section can be embodied as code and/or data, which can be stored in a machine-readable storage medium as described above. When a computing system reads and executes the code and/or data stored on the machine-readable storage medium, the computing system performs the methods and processes embodied as data structures and code and stored within the machine-readable storage medium.
Furthermore, methods and processes described herein can be included in hardware modules or apparatus. These modules or apparatus may include, but are not limited to, an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) chip, a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), a dedicated or shared processor that executes a particular software module or a piece of code at a particular time, and/or other programmable-logic devices now known or later developed. When the hardware modules or apparatus are activated, they perform the methods and processes included within them. Such modules or apparatuses may form part of base stations or supernode machines that manage and enable hyper cells and/or virtual channels or other various features described herein.
Although the present invention has been described with reference to specific features and embodiments thereof, it is evident that various modifications and combinations can be made thereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. The specification and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded simply as an illustration of the invention as defined by the appended claims, and are contemplated to cover any and all modifications, variations, combinations or equivalents that fall within the scope of the present invention.
Ma, Jianglei, Tong, Wen, Zhu, Peiying
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