A variable focus lens comprising a chamber (12) filled with a first liquid (13), a drop of a second liquid (11) being disposed at rest on a region of a first surface of an insulating wall of the chamber, the first and second liquids being non miscible, of different optical indexes and of substantially same density. The first liquid is conductive and the second liquid is insulating. The lens further comprises means for applying a voltage between the conductor liquid and an electrode (16) placed on the second surface of said wall; and centering means for maintaining the centering of the edge of the drop while the voltage is applied and for controlling the shape thereof.
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0. 54. A method of forming a lens of a variable focus lens, comprising:
providing a chamber containing a first liquid and a drop of a second liquid, the first liquid being conductive, the second liquid having an interface with the first liquid, the second liquid being insulating, the first and second liquids being non miscible, and of different optical indexes; and
providing a voltage source capable of controlling the shape of the edge of the drop by varying the number of electrodes to which a voltage is applied.
0. 52. A method of forming a lens of a variable focus lens, comprising:
providing a chamber containing a first liquid and a drop of a second liquid, the first liquid being conductive, the second liquid having an interface with the first liquid, the second liquid being insulating, the first and second liquids being non miscible, and of different optical indexes; and
providing a voltage source for varying a voltage so as to maintain the centering of the drop and to continuously control the shape of the edge of the drop.
0. 58. A method of changing the focus of a variable focus lens, comprising:
selectively applying a voltage across a body of a first, conductive liquid sufficient to change the shape of the body of the first liquid; and
using the change in the shape of the body of first liquid to change the shape of an interface between the first liquid and a drop of a second, insulating liquid in contact with the first liquid to form the interface therebetween, wherein the first and second liquids are non miscible and have different optical indexes.
0. 53. A method of forming a lens of a variable focus lens, comprising:
providing a chamber containing a first liquid and a drop of a second liquid, the first liquid being conductive, the second liquid having an interface with the first liquid, the second liquid being insulating, the first and second liquids being non miscible, and of different optical indexes; and
providing a voltage source capable of applying a voltage so that the electric field decreases radially toward a center of a contact region upon which the drop is disposed.
0. 48. A method of forming a lens of a variable focus lens, comprising:
providing a chamber containing a first liquid and a second liquid, the first liquid being conductive and contacting a wall of the chamber, the second liquid having an interface with the first liquid, the second liquid being insulating, the first and second liquids being non miscible; and
providing a plurality of distinctive voltage sources for applying a plurality of distinctive voltages between the first liquid and an electrode to thereby change the shape of the interface between the first liquid and the second liquid.
0. 47. A method of forming a lens of a variable focus lens, comprising:
providing a chamber containing a first liquid and a second liquid, the first liquid being conductive and contacting a wall of the chamber, the second liquid having an interface with the first liquid, the second liquid being insulating, the first and second liquids being non miscible, the wall being insulating; and
providing a voltage source for applying a voltage between the first liquid and an electrode so as to increase the wetting between the first liquid and the wall and thereby change the shape of the interface between the first liquid and the second liquid.
0. 11. A variable focus lens comprising:
a chamber containing a first liquid, the first liquid being conductive;
a drop of a second liquid being disposed on a contact region of a first surface of an insulating wall of the chamber, the second liquid being insulating, the first and second liquids being non miscible, of different optical indexes and of substantially same density;
a voltage source configured for applying a voltage between the first liquid and an electrode placed on a second surface of said wall; and
centering means for maintaining the centering of the edge of the drop while the voltage is applied and for controlling the shape thereof.
0. 26. A variable focus lens comprising:
a chamber containing a first liquid, the first liquid being conductive;
a drop of a second liquid being disposed on a contact region of a first surface of an insulating wall of the chamber, the second liquid being insulating, the first and second liquids being non miscible, of different optical indexes and of substantially same density;
a voltage source configured for applying a voltage between the first liquid and a second conducting liquid contacting a second surface of said wall; and
centering means for maintaining the centering of the edge of the drop while the voltage is applied and for controlling the shape thereof.
0. 37. A variable focus lens comprising:
a liquid containment structure having a wall made of insulating material;
a first, conductive liquid contained in the liquid containment structure and being in contact with the wall;
a drop of a second, insulating liquid being disposed on a contact region of a first insulating surface of the wall of the liquid containment structure, the first and second liquids being non miscible and of different optical indexes;
an electrode insulated from the first liquid and positioned in the vicinity where the first liquid is in contact with the wall; and
a voltage source configured for creating an electric field between the first liquid and the electrode.
0. 27. An array of variable focus lenses, each of the lenses in the array comprising:
a chamber containing a first liquid, the first liquid being conductive;
a drop of a second liquid being disposed on a contact region of a first surface of an insulating wall of the chamber, the second liquid being insulating, the first and second liquids being non miscible, of different optical indexes and of substantially same density;
a voltage source configured for applying a voltage between the first liquid and an electrode placed on a second surface of said wall; and
centering means for maintaining the centering of the edge of the drop while the voltage is applied and for controlling the shape thereof.
1. A variable focus lens comprising a chamber (12) filled with a first liquid (13), a drop of a second liquid (11) being disposed at rest on a region of a first surface of an insulating wall of the chamber, the first and second liquids being non miscible, of different optical indexes and of substantially same density, characterized in that:
the first liquid is conductive;
the second liquid is insulating;
in that it comprises:
means for applying a voltage between the conductor liquid and an electrode (16; 26; 35-37; 75-79) placed on the second surface of said wall; and
centering means for maintaining the centering of the edge of the drop while the voltage is applied and for controlling the shape thereof.
0. 44. A variable focus lens comprising:
a chamber having a wall of insulating material;
a first liquid being disposed within the chamber and contacting the wall of the chamber, the first liquid being conducting;
a second liquid being disposed within the chamber and having an interface with the first liquid, the second liquid being insulating, the first and second liquids being non miscible;
an electrode positioned on the opposite side of the wall with respect to the first liquid; and
a voltage source configured for applying a voltage between the first liquid and the electrode so as to change the wetability between the first liquid and the wall and thereby change the shape of the interface between the first liquid and the second liquid.
0. 55. A method of changing the focus of a variable focus lens of the type comprising a liquid containment structure having a wall of insulating material, a body of a first, conductive liquid in contact with the wall, a drop of a second, insulating liquid in contact with the first liquid to form an interface therebetween, wherein the first and second liquids are non miscible and have different optical indexes, and a voltage source, the method comprising:
selectively applying a voltage differential between the first liquid and the wall sufficient to change the wetability of the first liquid with respect to the wall to change the shape of the body of the first liquid; and
using the change in the shape of the body of first liquid to change the shape of the interface between the first and second liquids.
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0. 18. The variable focus lens according to
one or more cylindrical electrodes of same diameter, insulated from each other, placed side by side against an external surface of the chamber at the level of the border of said contact region, the electrodes being supplied by different voltages of values decreasing towards the center of said contact region.
0. 19. The variable focus lens according to
an electrode formed of one or more rectangular concentric strips insulated from each other, symmetric with respect to said axis, the rectangular strips being supplied by distinct voltage sources of decreasing values towards said axis.
0. 20. The variable focus lens according to
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0. 28. The array of variable focus lenses according to
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0. 49. The method of forming a lens of a variable focus lens according to
0. 50. The method of forming a lens of a variable focus lens according to
0. 51. The method of forming a lens of a variable focus lens according to
0. 56. A method of changing the focus of a variable focus lens according to
0. 57. A method of changing the focus of a variable focus lens according to
0. 59. A method of changing the focus of a variable focus lens according to
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(1) Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to the field of variable focal lenses, and more specifically to liquid lenses having a variable electrically controlled focus.
(2) Description of Related Art
An article of B. Berge entitled “Electrocapillarité et mouillage de films isolants per l'eau” published in 1993 in C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris, t. 317, serial II, pages 157 to 163, discloses a device comprising a drop of conductor liquid placed on a dielectric film covering a flat electrode. A voltage may be applied between the liquid conductor drop and the electrode. This article describes a theoretical study of the wetting variation of a dielectric material with respect to a conductor liquid and shows that the wetting increases substantially in presence of an electric field caused by the voltage existing between the conductor liquid and the electrode. This phenomenon is called electrowetting by the author.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,659,330 discloses a display device using the electrowetting phenomenon to vary the shape of a drop of opaque conductor liquid placed on a dielectric. This document does not suggest the use as an optic lens.
An article of Vallet, Berge and Vovelle, “Electrowetting of water and aqueous solutions on poly(ethylene terephthalate) insulating films”, published in Polymer, Vol. 37, No 12, pages 2465 to 2470, 1996, discloses a deformation of a liquid conductor drop to which a voltage is applied. It is indicated that, when the applied voltage becomes too high, the surface of the drop becomes unstable, and microdroplets may be ejected at the periphery of the drop.
This makes prior art systems inadequate for forming variable lenses. Moreover, these systems need a transparent biasing electrode and a connection for the electrode, which makes the system difficult to manufacture or inefficient.
An object of the present invention is to provide a lens whose focus may vary continuously as a function of an electric control, by using the phenomenon of electrowetting.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a lens which is simple to manufacture.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a lens which is simple to use.
For achieving these objects, the present invention provides a variable focus lens comprising a chamber filled with a first liquid, a drop of a second liquid being disposed at rest on a region of a first surface of an insulating wall of the chamber, the first and second liquids being non miscible, of different optical indexes and of substantially same density. The first liquid is conductive and the second liquid is insulating. The lens further comprises means for applying a voltage between the conductor liquid and an electrode placed on the second surface of said wall; and centering means for maintaining the centering of the edge of the drop while the voltage is applied and for controlling the shape thereof.
According to an embodiment of the invention, the centering means allows a continuous maintaining of the centering of the drop and a continuous control of the shape of the edge of the drop while a varying voltage is applied by said means for applying a voltage.
According to an embodiment of the invention, the first surface is substantially flat, the contact region is circular and centered about an axis which is perpendicular to the first surface.
According to an embodiment of the invention, the centering means corresponds to a progressive thickening of the second surface of the wall of the chamber towards said axis, said electrode being applied against said second surface.
According to an embodiment of the invention, the centering means corresponds to a radial decrease of the wetting with respect to the first liquid, towards the center of said contact region with the second liquid.
According to an embodiment of the invention, the centering means corresponds to a radial gradient of the dielectric constant of said wall of the chamber at the level of said contact region with the second liquid.
According to an embodiment of the invention, the first surface is substantially flat, the contact region 15 is circular and centered about an axis perpendicular to the first surface, and the centering means comprises an electrode formed of one or several circular concentric strips insulated from each other, centered about said axis, the circular strips being supplied by distinct voltage sources of values decreasing towards said axis.
According to an embodiment of the invention, the chamber is cylindrical, the first surface is the internal surface of the chamber, the contact region with the second liquid corresponds to a cylindrical section of the chamber, the centering means is comprised of one or several cylindrical electrodes of same diameter, insulated from each other, placed side by side against the external surface of the chamber at the level of the border of said contact region, the electrodes being supplied by different voltages of values decreasing towards the center of said contact region.
According to an embodiment of the invention, the first surface is substantially flat, the contact region is rectangular and symmetric with respect to an axis perpendicular to the first surface and the centering means is comprised of an electrode formed of one or several rectangular concentric strips insulated from each other, symmetric with respect to said axis, the rectangular strips being supplied by distinct voltage sources of decreasing values towards said axis.
According to an embodiment of the invention, said wall is comprised of two non parallel planes and in which said region bridges said two planes.
The foregoing and other objects, features, aspects and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of embodiments, given by way of illustration and not of limitation with reference to the accompanying drawings:
When a voltage V is established between electrodes 16 and 17, an electrical field is created which, according to the above mentioned electrowetting principle, will increase the wetting of region 15 with respect to conductor liquid 13. As a consequence, conductor liquid 13 moves and deforms the insulating liquid drop 11. A variation of the focus of the lens is thus obtained.
However, the center of the drop is likely to move with respect to axis O during the deformation. Moreover, the outline of the contact surface is likely to lose its circular character during the deformation of the drop. An aspect of the present invention is to maintain the circularity of the drop and its concentricity with respect to axis O while its shape changes by generating an electric field which decreases radially towards the center of region 15.
For avoiding this, according to an aspect of the present invention, a centering means for drop 11 is additionally provided. Examples of such centering means appear in the second to sixth embodiments of the invention described hereinafter.
One may increase voltage V from O volt to a maximum voltage which depends on the used materials. When the maximum voltage is reached, the insulating liquid drop 11 reaches a limit position (designated by reference B). When voltage V varies continuously between O volt and its maximum value, the insulating liquid drop 11 continuously deforms from position A to position B. It will be noted that, drop 11 being of an insulating liquid, no microdroplets are produced at its periphery when the voltage is high, in contrast to what would happen if the drop was of a conductor liquid (see the above mentioned article of Vallet, Berge and Vovelle).
In this third embodiment, on the external surface of the wall of chamber 12 is placed a group of three circular concentric electrodes, 35, 36 and 37, insulated from each other, and having O as axis. A voltage may be applied between each of electrodes 35, 36 and 37 and electrode 17; exemplary voltages V1, V2 and V3 are shown, each of which may vary. The voltages are chosen at any time with decreasing values towards axis O so that the electric field generated by applying the voltages to electrodes 35, 36 and 37 decreases radially towards the center of region 15. When voltages V1, V2 and V3 continuously vary between 0 volt and their maximum value, the insulating liquid drop 11 deforms continuously between its rest position A and its limit position B.
According to an alternative of this third embodiment, each electrode 35, 36 and 37 may be connected by a switch, either to a same voltage source V, either to ground. For a constant voltage V, the shape of drop 11 is then varied by varying the number of electrodes to which a voltage is applied. In this case, the focus variation is discrete and not continuous. Only certain predetermined focuses can thus be obtained for the lens comprised of drop 11, but the benefit is then that the voltage control is relatively simple to implement.
In this fourth embodiment, the wall of the dielectric chamber 52 on which the insulating liquid drop 11 is placed, comprises a circular dielectric region 53, letting through the light about axis O. Region 53 has a low wetting with respect to conductor liquid 13 in the absence of a surface treatment 14. Region 53 has been treated in such a way that its dielectric constant varies radially and continuously towards axis O, and that the electric field generated by voltage V has a gradient which decreases radially towards axis O on the contact region 15. When voltage V is varied continuously between 0 volt and its maximum value, the insulating liquid drop 11 continuously deforms between its rest position A and its limit position B.
In this fifth embodiment, the surface of the wall of dielectric chamber 12 on which the insulating liquid drop 11 is placed has been treated at different regions 14, 65, 66 and 67 such that the wetting of regions 14, 65, 66 and 67 with respect to conductor liquid 13 decreases radially towards axis O. A voltage V may be applied between electrode 16 and electrode 17. The electric field generated by voltage V increases the wetting of regions 14, 65, 66 and 67 but maintains the initial wetting gradient. When voltage V varies between 0 volt and its maximum value, the shape of the insulating liquid drop 11 continuously varies between its rest position A and its limit position B.
A surface treatment 14 insuring a high wetting of the internal wall of chamber 12 with respect to the conductor liquid 13 is achieved above the contact region 15 between liquid 11 and the internal surface of chamber 12. The surface treatment 14 allows the position of liquid 11 to be maintained for avoiding this liquid from spreading beyond the contact surface. For simplifying the description only the top portion of liquid 11 will be considered and it will be called, like in the previous embodiment, “drop 11”. When the system is at rest, the insulating liquid drop 11 naturally takes the shape designated by reference A. Axis O is the axis of chamber 12. At rest, the insulating liquid drop 11 is centered about axis O which constitutes the optical axis of the device. Several electrodes 75, 76, 77, 78, 79 are placed about the external wall of dielectric chamber 12 in the vicinity of contact region 15. The electrodes 75, 76, 77, 78, 79 are insulated from each other and a voltage V is established between electrode 75 and an electrode 17 contacting the conductor liquid 13. The electrodes 76, 77, 78, 79 are biased through capacitive influence when voltage V is established. At wall 12, the electric field generated by voltage v decreases according to a longitudinal gradient from electrode 75 towards electrode 79. When voltage V increases, conductor liquid 13 moves and deforms the insulating liquid drop 11. A variation of the focus of the lens is thus obtained. The above-mentioned electric field graident insures that the drop permanently has a radial symmetry with respect to axis O. When voltage V varies between 0 volt and its maximum value, the insulating liquid drop 11 varies continuously between its rest position A and its limit position B.
Those skilled in the art will be able to combine the features appearing in the various embodiments of the invention described above.
Moreover, the present invention may be subject to various alternatives which will appear to those skilled in the art.
The surface of the dielectric chamber 12 of
The contact region between the insulating liquid drop and the dielectric chamber may be treated for having a high wetting with respect to the insulating liquid, in order to simplify the positioning of the insulating liquid drop.
In the case of a dielectric chamber naturally having a high wetting with respect to the conductor liquid, the contact region may be achieved by a surface treatment adapted to providing it with a low wetting with respect to the conductor liquid.
The surface treatment 14 may consist of depositing or sticking a film of a material having a high wetting with respect to conductor liquid 13.
Electrode 16 of
It will be possible to realize a device including an array formed of groups of three, separately controlled, variable focus lenses, colored in red, green, and blue, operating, for example, in a binary mode, stopping or allowing through light originating from a unique source of white light, thus forming a luminous color screen which may be of big size and of moderate cost.
It will be possible to realize a device in which the above mentioned centering means are no longer used for maintaining drop 11 circular throughout its deformation, but in contrast for making the drop go from a rest position determined, for example, by the shape of the surface treatment 14, to an operating shape, determined, for example, by the outline of electrode 16. It is thus possible to create a variable focus cylindrical lens by using a surface treatment 14 of rectangular shape and centering electrodes 16 of rectangular outline.
It will be possible to apply the present invention to a device bridging more than one wall of chamber 12, drop 11 being placed, for example, in an angle or in a corner of chamber 12. According to this alternative, an electrode would of course be placed on the back surface of each wall in contact with drop 11, at the level of the contact region. Such an alternative would enable a variable deflection prism to be achieved.
As an example of conductor liquid 13, one may use water loaded with salts (mineral or other) or any other liquid, organic or not, which is conductive or made conductive by addition of ionic components. As an insulating liquid 11, one may use oil, an alcane or a blend of alcanes, eventually halogenated, or any other insulating liquid which is not miscible with conductor liquid 13. Chamber 12 may be comprised of a glass plate, treated with silane or covered with a thin coating of fluorinated polymer or of a sandwich of fluorinated polymer, epoxy resin, polyethylene.
Voltage V will preferably be alternating in order to avoid the accumulation of electric charges throughout material 12 from the surface on which drop 11 is placed.
In the exemplary embodiment of
The variable focus lens according to the present invention may have a size comprised between several tens of μm and several tens of mm, and may in particular be applied to the field of optoelectronic systems or to endoscopy.
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