systems and methods for making and using handheld data readers comprising one or more fluid lenses. One or more fluid lenses are provided to allow a handheld data reader to perform such operations as reading indicia, including such additional operations as zooming, reorienting a viewing direction, focusing, adjusting an optical axis, and correcting for the effects of motion such as hand jitter. The fluid lens or lenses can be operated for example by applying electrical signals to fluid lenses comprising a plurality of fluids including at least one that is conductive and at least one that is non-conductive.
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1. A data reader for reading an indicium, comprising:
a case configured to be held in a hand of a user of the data reader, said case configured to house components of said data reader, said components comprising:
a lens system for focusing illumination representing an image of said indicium, said lens system comprising a fluid lens;
a fluid lens control module configured to apply a fluid lens control signal to said fluid lens to control an operational parameter thereof;
an image sensor configured to receive said focused illumination representing said image of said indicium;
an image sensor control module configured to operate said image sensor to capture data comprising at least a portion of a frame of image data from said focused illumination representing said image of said indicium;
a processing module configured to process said at least a portion of said frame of image data to extract therefrom information of said indicium; and
a temperature sensor for measuring a temperature of the fluid lens, wherein said fluid lens control module is configured to apply to said fluid lens a fluid lens control signal based on information output by said temperature sensor to effect operation of the fluid lens, without effecting a temperature change of the fluid lens, as the temperature of the fluid lens changes over time.
2. The data reader for reading an indicium of
3. The data reader for reading an indicium of
a) a user operated trigger for commanding a read operation to commence;
b) an input configured to accept a command from an external system;
c) an output configured to provide an output datum as output information;
d) a battery;
e) a power supply;
f) a microprocessor with at least one of a memory, a bus, and a direct memory access module;
g) a wireless communication module;
h) an illumination source for illuminating an indicium;
i) an aiming system comprising a laser; and,
j) a power supply configured to supply at least two signal levels, each signal level causing said fluid lens to assume a distinct focal length.
4. The data reader for reading an indicium of
5. The data reader for reading an indicium of
6. The data reader for reading an indicium
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8. The data reader for reading an indicium of
9. The data reader for reading an indicium of
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12. The data reader for reading an indicium of
13. The data reader for reading an indicium of
14. The data reader for reading an indicium of
15. The data reader for reading an indicium of
16. The data reader for reading an indicium of
17. The data reader for reading an indicium of
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19. The data reader for reading an indicium of
20. The data reader for reading an indicium of
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24. The data reader for reading an indicium of
25. The data reader for reading an indicium of
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27. The data reader for reading an indicium of
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29. The data reader for reading an indicium of
30. The data reader for reading an indicium of
31. A data reader for reading an indicium of
a power supply for supplying a power supply signal to said fluid lens, wherein said fluid lens has a first terminal and a second terminal,
wherein for performance of a reading cycle the power supply supplies the power supply signal so that the power supply signal is a state changing signal characterized by a first state and a second state, the power supply signal in said first state comprising a relatively higher voltage applied to the first terminal and a relatively lower voltage applied to the second terminal, the power supply signal in said second state comprising a relatively lower voltage applied to the first terminal and a relatively higher voltage applied to the second terminal.
32. The data reader of
33. The data reader of
34. The data reader of
35. The data reader of
36. The data reader of
37. The data reader of
38. The data reader of
39. The data reader of
40. The data reader of
41. The data reader of
42. The data reader for reading an indicium of
43. The data reader for reading an indicium of
a) a user operated trigger for commanding a read operation to commence;
b) an input configured to accept a command from an external system;
c) an output configured to provide an output datum as output information;
d) a battery;
e) a power supply;
f) a microprocessor with at least one of a memory, a bus, and a direct memory access module;
g) a wireless communication module;
h) an illumination source for illuminating the indicium; and
i) an aiming system comprising a laser.
44. The data reader for reading an indicium of
45. The data reader for reading an indicium of
46. The data reader for reading an indicium of
47. The data reader for reading an indicium of
48. The data reader for reading an indicium of
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51. The data reader for reading an indicium of
52. The data reader for reading an indicium of
53. The data reader for reading an indicium of
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58. The data reader for reading an indicium of
59. The data reader for reading an indicium of
60. The data reader for reading an indicium of
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65. The data reader for reading an indicium of
66. The data reader for reading an indicium of
67. The data reader for reading an indicium of
68. The data reader for reading an indicium of
69. The data reader for reading an indicium of
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This application claims priority to and the benefit of co-pending U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/717,583, filed Sep. 14, 2005, and the priority and benefit of co-pending U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/725,531, filed Oct. 11, 2005, each of which applications is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The disclosures of the present application and of the above-identified applications describe subject matter that has been invented by one or more employees of at least one of Welch Allyn, Inc., EverestVIT, Inc., and Hand Held Products, Inc., working under a written joint development agreement among those three entities that was in effect on or before the date the invention was made, and the disclosed invention was made as a result of activities undertaken within the scope of the joint development agreement.
The invention relates to adaptive lenses in general and particularly to adaptive lenses having auto-calibration and auto-adjustment features and to devices that use such adaptive lenses.
In brief, a fluid lens comprises an interface between two fluids having dissimilar optical indices. The shape of the interface can be changed by the application of external forces so that light passing across the interface can be directed to propagate in desired directions. As a result, the optical characteristics of a fluid lens, such as whether the lens operates as a diverging lens or as a converging lens, and its focal length, can be changed in response to the applied forces.
Fluid lens technology that employs electrical signals to control the operation of the fluid lens has been described variously in U.S. Pat. No. 2,062,468 to Matz, U.S. Pat. No. 6,399,954 to Berge et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,449,081 to Onuki et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,702,483 to Tsuboi et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 6,806,988 to Onuki et al., in U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2004/0218283 by Nagaoka et al., 2004/0228003 by Takeyama et al., and 2005/0002113 by Berge, as well as in several international patent documents including WO 99/18546, WO 00/58763 and WO 03/069380, the disclosure of each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
Additional methods of controlling the operation of fluid lenses include the use of liquid crystal material (U.S. Pat. No. 6,437,925 to Nishioka), the application of pressure (U.S. Pat. No. 6,081,388 to Widl), the use of elastomeric materials in reconfigurable lenses (U.S. Pat. No. 4,514,048 to Rogers), and the uses of micro-electromechanical systems (also known by the acronym “MEMS”) (U.S. Pat. No. 6,747,806 to Gelbart), the disclosure of each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
There is a need for improved systems and methods for using fluid lenses in present day systems.
In one aspect, the invention relates to a data reader for reading an indicium. The data reader comprises a case configured to be held in a hand of a user of the data reader. The case is configured to house components of the data reader. The components comprise a lens system for focusing illumination representing an image of the indicum, the lens system comprises a fluid lens; a fluid lens control module configured to apply a fluid lens control signal to the fluid lens to control an operational parameter thereof; an image sensor configured to receive the focused illumination representing the image of the indicium; an image sensor control module configured to operate the image sensor to capture data comprises at least a portion of a frame of image data from the focused illumination representing the image of the indicium; and a processing module configured to process the at least a portion of the frame of image data to extract therefrom information by the indicium.
In one embodiment, the data reader further comprises a temperature sensor for measuring a temperature in a vicinity of the fluid lens. In one embodiment, the fluid lens control module is configured to apply to the fluid lens a fluid lens control signal based on information output by the temperature sensor. In one embodiment, the fluid lens is configured to adjust a focal length thereof in response to the fluid lens control signal.
In one embodiment, the data reader further comprises at least one of a user operated trigger for commanding a read operation to commence; an input configured to accept a command from an external system; an output configured to provide an output datum as output information; a battery; a power supply; a microprocessor with at least one of a memory, a bus, and a direct memory access module; a wireless communication module; an illumination source for illuminating an indicium; an aiming system comprises a laser; and a power supply configured to supply at least two signal levels, each signal level causing the fluid lens to assume a distinct focal length.
In one embodiment, the input configured to accept a command from an external system accepts a command from a computer. In one embodiment, the input configured to accept a command from an external system accepts a command configured to control the operation of the fluid lens. In one embodiment, the output datum is a selected one of an indication of a good read and a value of the good read.
In one embodiment, the data reader further comprises a read termination module that discontinues a read operation upon the occurrence of a good decode. In one embodiment, the output datum is a parameter of the fluid lens. In one embodiment, the output datum is a status of the reader. In one embodiment, the wireless communication module comprises a radio. In one embodiment, the illumination source provides illumination in the red portion of the spectrum.
In one embodiment, the data reader further comprises illumination optics for focusing the illumination on the indicium. In one embodiment, the data reader further comprises an aimer illuminator for identifying an aiming point of the data reader relative to the indicium. In one embodiment, the aimer illuminator provides illumination in a selected one of the green portion of the illumination spectrum and the red portion of the illumination spectrum. In one embodiment, the power supply is an inductive boost supply comprises an inductor. In one embodiment, the at least two signal levels are voltages. In one embodiment, the power supply is configured to supply a signal comprises a two phase square wave component having a first state and a second state. In one embodiment, the signal comprises a two phase square wave component has a substantially 50% duty cycle with a repetition rate of greater than 500 Hz. In one embodiment, the signal comprises a two phase square wave component has a transition time from one of the first state and the second state to the other of the first state and the second state in substantially 50 microseconds or less. In one embodiment, the first state and the second state have substantially equal and opposite amplitudes. In one embodiment, the first state and the second state are switched substantially in synchronization with a data collection period of the image sensor. In one embodiment, the data collection period of the image sensor is an integration period. In one embodiment, the power supply is controlled to switch a supply signal between a first of the at least two signal levels and a second of the at least two signal levels after a frame of image data is read out. In one embodiment, the power supply is controlled to switch a supply signal between a first of the at least two signal levels and a second of the at least two signal levels after every frame of image data is read out. In one embodiment, the fluid lens control module is configured to apply to the fluid lens a fluid lens control signal based on information recorded in a calibration table to control a focal length of the fluid lens. In one embodiment, the captured data comprises a portion of a total field of view of the image sensor. In one embodiment, the fluid lens is configured to adjust an optical axis thereof in response to the fluid lens control signal. In one embodiment, the indicium is a bar code, an optically recognizable character, or a graphical image. In one embodiment, the indicium is a 1D, 2D, or stacked bar code. In one embodiment, the indicium is an alphanumeric character, a punctuation mark, or an Optical Character Recognition (OCR) character.
In a further aspect the invention features a process for focusing a handheld data reader comprising a fluid lens. The method comprises the steps of (a) operating the handheld data reader to acquire an image from a target, the fluid lens of the handheld reader configured to operate at a first focal length; (b) assessing the acquired image to determine whether the image is suitably focused; (c) in the event that the image is suitably focused, processing the image to retrieve information represented by the image; and (d) in the event that the image is not suitably focused: iteratively performing the steps of adjusting an operating parameter of the fluid lens to alter an operating focal property of the fluid lens; and repeating steps (a) and (b) recited hereinabove until condition (c) is attained.
In one embodiment, the operating focal property is focal length. In one embodiment, the first focal length is selected from a calibration table.
In one embodiment, the process for focusing a handheld data reader further comprises the step of using a temperature reading taken in a vicinity of the fluid lens to correct a focus of the fluid lens.
In still another aspect, the invention provides a process for focusing a handheld data reader comprising a fluid lens. The process comprises the steps of (a) operating the handheld data reader using a first focal length to acquire an image from a target comprises an encoded indicium; (b) attempting to retrieve encoded information from the acquired image; (c) in the event that suitable information is retrieved from the image, reporting the information and terminating the process; and (d) in the event that suitable information is not retrieved from the image iteratively performing the steps of: adjusting the fluid lens to operate at a focal length different from a focal length previously employed; repeating step (a) using the different focal length; and repeating step (b); until a selected one of the following is true: condition (c) is attained; the iterative steps (a) and (b) are repeated until at least one of a predetermined number of iterations and a predetermined time is reached.
In one embodiment, in step (a), the image from a target comprises an encoded indicium is an image comprises pixels representing less than a full frame of data. In one embodiment, the step of adjusting the fluid lens to operate at a focal length different from a focal length previously employed is accomplished by accessing a calibration table.
In yet a further aspect, the invention relates to a process for calibrating a handheld data reader apparatus comprising a fluid lens responsive to a control signal. The process comprises the steps of (a) operating the handheld data reader to acquire an image from a target separated from the handheld data reader by a first distance; (b) providing a control signal to control a focus of the fluid lens to within an acceptable range; (c) recording, for later retrieval and use, a data point comprises at least one of (i) a metric related to the first distance, and (ii) a metric related to the value of the control signal in a non-volatile memory; and (d) optionally, iteratively repeating steps (a), (b) and (c) to build a calibration table for the handheld reader apparatus, wherein at each repetition of step (a) after the first, the target and the handheld reader apparatus are separated by a distance different from a distance employed in a previous repetition of step (a).
In one embodiment, a calibration is represented by a single data point. In one embodiment, the calibration table comprises at least two data points. In one embodiment, the process further comprises the steps of: measuring a quantity representative of a temperature in a vicinity of the fluid lens during the calibration process; and recording the measured quantity representative of a temperature in a non-volatile memory for later retrieval and use.
In still a further aspect, the invention relates to a handheld data reader for reading an indicium and comprising a fluid lens having a steerable optical axis. The reader comprises a case configured to be held in a hand of a user of the data reader, the case configured to house components of the data reader. The components housed in the case comprise a fluid lens for transmitting light along an optical axis, the fluid lens having a plurality of first electrodes disposed at a first electrical contact region of a fluid responsive to an impressed electric potential, and at least a second electrode disposed at a second electrical contact region of the fluid responsive to an impressed electric potential; and a fluid lens control module configured to apply at least one of a plurality of fluid lens control signals to at least one of the plurality of first electrodes of the fluid lens to control a direction of an optical axis thereof; a plurality of sensors operating along at least two non-collinear vectors, the plurality of sensors configured to detect a change in orientation of the handheld data reader; an optical axis reorientation unit configured to determine at least one control signal calculated to reorient the optical axis of the fluid lens to at least partially correct for the change of orientation of the handheld data reader, the at least one control signal then being applied as an electric potential to at least one of the plurality of first electrodes; an image sensor configured to receive focused illumination representing an image of the encoded indicium; an image sensor control module configured to operate the image sensor to capture data comprises at least a portion of a frame of image data from the focused illumination representing the image of the encoded indicium; and a processing module configured to process the at least a portion of the frame of image data to extract therefrom information encoded by the encoded indicium. The handheld data reader is configured to at least partially correct for motion thereof when operated in a handheld manner.
In one embodiment, upon motion of the handheld data reader changing the alignment between the encoded indicium and the optical axis by a certain degree, the alignment between the focused illumination received by the image sensor and the image sensor changes by less than the certain degree. In one embodiment, the change in orientation of the handheld data reader is a change in attitude of the handheld data reader. In one embodiment, the change in orientation of the handheld data reader is a change in an angular velocity of the handheld data reader about a direction in space. In one embodiment, the at least a second electrode comprises a plurality of electrodes. In one embodiment, the handheld data reader further comprises a temperature sensor for measuring a quantity representative of a temperature in a vicinity of the fluid lens. In one embodiment, the fluid lens is further configured to adjust a focal length thereof in response to the fluid lens control signal. In one embodiment, the handheld data reader further comprises at least one of: a) a user operated trigger for commanding a read operation to commence; b) an input configured to accept a command from an external system; c) an output configured to provide an output datum as output information; d) a battery; e) a power supply; f) a microprocessor with at least one of a memory, a bus, and a direct memory access module; g) a wireless communication module; h) an illumination source for illuminating an indicium; i) a power supply configured to supply at least two signal levels, each signal level causing the fluid lens to assume a distinct focal length; and j) an aiming system comprises a laser.
In one embodiment, the input configured to accept a command from an external system is configured to accept a command from a computer. In one embodiment, the input configured to accept a command from an external system is configured to accept a command to control an operation of the fluid lens. In one embodiment, the output datum is a selected one of an indication of a good read and a value of the good read.
In one embodiment, the handheld data reader further comprises a read termination module that discontinues a read operation upon the occurrence of a good read. In one embodiment, the output datum is at least one of a parameter of the fluid lens and a status of the reader. In one embodiment, the wireless communication module comprises a radio. In one embodiment, the illumination source provides illumination in the red portion of the spectrum. In one embodiment, the handheld data reader further comprises illumination optics for focusing the illumination on the indicium.
In one embodiment, the handheld data reader further comprises an aimer illuminator for identifying an aiming point of the data reader relative to the indicium. In one embodiment, the aimer illuminator provides illumination in a selected one of the green portion of the illumination spectrum and the red portion of the illumination spectrum. In one embodiment, the power supply is an inductive boost supply comprises an inductor. In one embodiment, the at least two signal levels are voltages. In one embodiment, the power supply is configured to supply a signal comprises a two phase square wave component having a first state and a second state. In one embodiment, the signal comprises a two phase square wave component has a substantially 50% duty cycle with a repetition rate of greater than 500 Hz. In one embodiment, the signal comprises a two phase square wave component has a transition time from one of the first state and the second state to another of the first state and the second state in substantially 10 microseconds or less. In one embodiment, the first state and the second state have substantially equal and opposite amplitudes. In one embodiment, the first state and the second state are switched substantially in synchronization with a data collection period of the image sensor. In one embodiment, the data collection period of the image sensor is an integration period. In one embodiment, the power supply is controlled to switch a supply signal between a first of the at least two signal levels and a second of the at least two signal levels after a frame of image data is read out. In one embodiment, the power supply is controlled to switch a supply signal between a first of the at least two signal levels and a second of the at least two signal levels after every frame of image data is read out. In one embodiment, the fluid lens control module is configured to apply to the fluid lens a fluid lens control signal based on information recorded in a calibration table to control a focal length of the fluid lens. In one embodiment, the captured data comprises a portion of a total field of view of the image sensor.
In a still further aspect, the invention provides a process for adjusting in real time an optical axis of a handheld data reader comprising a fluid lens. The process comprises the steps of: (a) providing a handheld reader comprising a case configured to be held in a hand of a user of the data reader, the case configured to house components of the data reader, the components comprising a fluid lens for transmitting light along an optical axis, the fluid lens having a plurality of first electrodes disposed at a first electrical contact region of a fluid responsive to an impressed electric potential, and at least a second electrode disposed at a second electrical contact region of the fluid responsive to an impressed electric potential; and a fluid lens control module configured to apply a plurality of fluid lens control signals to the plurality of first electrodes of the fluid lens to control a direction of an optical axis thereof; a plurality of sensors operating along at least two non-collinear vectors, the plurality of sensors configured to detect a change in orientation of the handheld data reader; an optical axis reorientation unit configured to determine at least one control signal calculated to reorient the optical axis of the fluid lens to at least partially correct for the change of orientation of the handheld data reader, the at least one control signal then being applied as an electric potential to at least one of the plurality of first electrodes. The process also includes the steps of (b) determining a first direction of the optical axis by operation of the fluid lens control module; (c) determining a first orientation of the handheld data reader by operation of the plurality of sensors operating along at least two non-collinear vectors; (d) observing a change in orientation of the handheld optical reader from the first orientation to a second orientation; (e) determining at least one control signal calculated to reorient the optical axis of the fluid lens to overcome the change of orientation of the handheld data reader; and (f) applying the at least one control signal as an electric potential to at least one of the plurality of first electrodes. By application of the process, the optical axis of the fluid lens is reoriented to at least partially correct for the change in orientation of the handheld data reader to maintain the optical axis substantially along the first direction irrespective of a change of orientation of the handheld data reader.
In one embodiment, a signal from a user initiates the operation of steps (b) and (c).
In yet another aspect, the invention features a process for correlating an operation of a first fluid lens to an operation of a second fluid lens. The process comprises the steps of: providing a first calibration relation for the first fluid lens and a second calibration relation for the second fluid lens, each of the first and the second calibration relations having the corresponding optical parameter of the first and the second fluid lenses as one variable and a control signal parameter as another variable; selecting a value of the optical parameter at which the fluid lenses are to be operated; extracting from each calibration relation the value of the control signal parameter corresponding to the selected value of the optical parameter, thereby obtaining a first value of the control signal representative of the first fluid lens and a second value of the control signal representative of the second fluid lens when each fluid lens operates at the selected value of the optical parameter; and determining a difference in value between the first value of the control signal representative of the first fluid lens and the second value of the control signal representative of the second fluid lens when each fluid lens operates at the selected value of the optical parameter. The process provides matched operation of the first fluid lens and the second fluid lens at the selected value of the optical parameter is accomplished by applying a common control signal to both of the first and the second fluid lenses, with the additional application of the difference, accounting for sign, to a selected one of the first and the second lens.
In one embodiment, the calibration relation is a curve. In one embodiment, the calibration relation is a series of discrete values; and an intermediate value at which operation is desired is computed. In one embodiment, the intermediate value at which operation is desired is interpolated.
In another aspect the invention relates to an adaptive lens for a data reader scanning apparatus.
In another aspect, the invention features a data reader scanning apparatus using an adaptive lens.
In yet another aspect, the invention relates to an adaptive lens for a remote imaging apparatus.
In still another aspect the invention features a remote imaging apparatus using an adaptive lens.
The foregoing and other objects, aspects, features, and advantages of the invention will become more apparent from the following description and from the claims.
The objects and features of the invention can be better understood with reference to the drawings described below, and the claims. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead generally being placed upon illustrating the principles of the invention. In the drawings, while every effort has been made to use like numerals to indicate like parts throughout the various views, given the number and complexity of the drawings, the right is reserved to make corrections should errors become apparent.
The present application is directed to apparatus and methods useful for imaging, capturing, decoding and utilizing information represented by encoded indicia such as bar codes (for example, 1D bar codes, 2D bar codes, and stacked bar codes), optically recognizable characters (for example printed, typed, or handwritten alphanumeric symbols, punctuation, and other OCR symbols having a predefined meaning), as well as selected graphical images such as icons, logos, and pictographs. The apparatus and methods involve the use of one or more fluid lens components with data readers such as hand held bar code readers to accomplish such tasks as imaging barcodes and other optically readable information, including focusing on images of interest, and improving image quality by removing artifacts such as jitter introduced by a user who is manually operating a reader of the invention.
U.S. Pat. No. 2,062,468 to Matz, U.S. Pat. No. 4,514,048 to Rogers, U.S. Pat. No. 6,081,388 to Widl, U.S. Pat. No. 6,369,954 to Berge et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,437,925 to Nishioka, U.S. Pat. No. 6,449,081 to Onuki et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,702,483 to Tsuboi et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,747,806 to Gelbart, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,806,988 to Onuki et al., U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2004/0218283 by Nagaoka et al., 2004/0228003 by Takeyama et al., and 2005/0002113 by Berge, and international patent publications WO 99/18456, WO 00/58763 and WO 03/069380 are each individually incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. The aforementioned published patent documents describe various embodiments and applications relating generally to fluid lens technology.
In the fluid lens technology of the present application, there are several different applications that can be applied generally to an apparatus, or used in a method. These include the following distinct inventions, which will be described in greater detail hereinbelow, and which can be applied individually or in combination in inventive devices:
In a very early fluid lens system, described by Matz in U.S. Pat. No. 2,062,468, now expired, a light transmitting liquid positioned between a plurality of electrodes operates as a lens of varying focal length or power. The variation of an intensity of an electrical potential impressed upon the liquid causes an alteration of a curvature of a surface of the liquid. Light passing through the liquid surface is caused to change intensity and/or vergence because of the shape of the liquid surface. The disclosure of Matz does not expressly identify the presence of a second fluid, such as air, that has an optical index different from that of the liquid, but claim 1 includes the recitation of “a light-transmitting dielectric liquid therebetween and exposed on one surface to another liquid of different refractive index, and interposed in the path of said beam.” It is apparent from the physics of transmission of light through optically transmissive media that only if a second fluid (such as air) is present would the light respond to the changing shape of the surface of the liquid described by Matz. The possibility of using a vacuum as the second medium is also recognized by the present inventors. However, Matz does not so much as hint at the use of vacuum. Since Matz says nothing about the environment of his fluid lens (e.g., nothing about operation in a specified ambient or container), one must conclude that the second fluid present in contact with the free surface of the liquid is room air.
Turning to the details of construction of the fluid lens, Matz describes a vessel that holds a light-transmitting low viscosity fluid of low electrical conductivity. The vessel can be an open tube or a vessel having a light transmitting end plate. As described by Matz, the device comprising an open tube or capillary structure can have a dual faced lens therein. Matz describes the dimension of an opening between electrodes as being small enough that the liquid surface can be shaped by surface tension and capillary action in the absence of an applied electric field. Matz describes electrodes made from various metals, but indicates that they can be made of any conductive material. In some embodiments described by Matz, the electrode faces are flat surfaces that face each other and define a slot or opening within which the liquid is situated. In other embodiments, the electrodes can be electrically conductive material coated on material such as glass. Matz also describes shaping the faces forming a slot in which the liquid is located, for example by making the faces curved or angularly positioned with respect to each other. In other embodiments, the electrodes can have curved surfaces, such as concentric annular structures.
Although Matz is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein, because Matz is a seminal description of fluid lens technology, certain portions of that disclosure and some of the figures presented therein are explicitly repeated herein in the following 19 paragraphs.
Matz states that his “invention contemplates primarily the use of a light-transmitting liquid positioned between a plurality of electrodes, as a lens of varying focal length or power, to alter the intensity or the vergency of a beam of light transmitted therethrough. The alteration in the intensity or vergency of the beam is effected by an alteration in the curvature of the surface of the liquid lens, which in turn is caused by an alteration in the intensity of the electric potential impressed upon the liquid between the electrodes.”
In
Means are provided, as for example a battery 14 and lead-in wires 15, for impressing an electrical potential difference between the electrodes 11 and across that portion of the liquid lying therebetween. Before the potential difference is impressed between the electrodes the liquid 13 is caused in general, by surface tension and capillary action, to present a concave surface, as shown for example, in
For example, a device such as is shown in
With an increase of potential difference the width of the transmitted beam decreased somewhat proportionally to the increase of potential until with a potential difference of about 500 volts the width of the transmitted band of light was only about one-eighth of an inch. In connection with the experiment just described the current employed was negligible, being probably only a few microamperes. The device described is therefore essentially an electrostatic instrument, and the power consumed by it is negligible.
In
It has been found desirable at times to operate devices of the character described with a bias impressed upon the liquid lens. In
In
It will be understood also that substantially the same results are to be obtained if instead of a lens 42 interposed in the path of the transmitted beam and between the liquid lens and the recording strip, an opaque element is interposed with a slot in registry with the recording film and the slit between the electrodes 21. The light which passes through such a slot and which is recorded on the film will have a varying intensity, depending upon the condition of the liquid lens, which in turn, as has been pointed out, is a direct function of the intensity of the impressed potential thereon.
It will be understood also that the device may be employed to record a strip of varying width upon a suitable recording film. If for example the film 43 in
It will be obvious also that the lenticular effect may be secured if desired in a great variety of ways. For example, a plurality of slots may be employed so that beams passing therethrough may commingle in the dispersed condition and may be separated when a potential is impressed on the liquid lenses. Such a structure is shown, for example, in
A plurality of ring-shaped electrodes may be employed with circular slots therebetween to secure the transmission of, for example, concentric beams, which may be diffuse and diverging or intense and substantially parallel depending upon the intensity of an impressed electric potential. Such a device is shown somewhat diagrammatically in plan in
While the electrodes have been shown as provided with substantially perpendicular faces forming the side walls of the slot containing the liquid lens, it will be understood that electrodes of other shapes may be employed. For example, the faces forming the slot may be curved or angularly positioned with respect to each other. Such a device is shown in cross section in
It will be understood also that while the depth of the slot has been described as more or less uncritical, provided it is of sufficient depth to permit adequate curvature of the surface of the material therein, it may be desired to employ a slot of such depth, and material within the slot of such depth, that the surface tension of the material causes the apex of the curvature of the surface to lie approximately upon the supporting glass plate so that at that region the fluid within the trough forms merely a film upon the plate.
While the operation of the device has been described as adaptable primarily to an alteration in the surface curvature of the liquid lens, it is to be understood that there are other associated effects which may contribute largely to the successful operation of the system, and may be important in the modulation of some frequencies. The electrocapillary rise and fall of the fluid in the slot where the device is employed, for example, as shown in
Where a liquid is employed in the device which absorbs certain wave lengths of the transmitted beam, the device may be effective to alter the intensity of the beam because of the alteration in the effective thickness of the film of liquid interposed in the path of the beam at the center of the slot with the impressment of the electric potential.
The fluids employed in the valve are preferably light-transmitting, low-viscosity fluids of low electrical conductivity. For example, ethyl acetate is an excellent fluid. A wide variety of liquids have been found usable, however, such for example as methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, ether, carbon tetrachloride, methyl acetate, distilled water, glycerine, nitrobenzene, and some oils.
The device which bas been described and which has been termed a liquid lens of variable focal length has many other applications. It may be employed, for example, as an electrostatic voltmeter, as the alteration in the divergence or convergence of a translated beam is a function of the intensity of the impressed field. The device may be employed in connection with suitable apparatus for the transmission of audible or other signals over a beam of light. When the device is employed in connection with transmission of audible signs it may be said to modulate the beam of light at audible frequencies, and where such an expression is used in the claims it should be so interpreted. It is admirably adapted for use in sound-recording on motion picture film.
Claim 1 of Matz is also repeated as a description of a fluid lens: Means for modulating a light beam at audible frequencies comprising a plurality of elements forming a capillary channel having opposite electrically-conductive portions, a light-transmitting dielectric liquid therebetween and exposed on one surface to another liquid of different refractive index, and interposed in the path of said beam, and means to impress an electric potential on said liquid.
Although Matz describes his fluid lens as being responsive to “an electric potential,” it is clear that different fluid lens technologies can be used that respond to signals that are voltages (electric potentials, or electric potential differences), as well as signals that can be characterized by other electrical parameters, such as electric current or electric charge (the time integral of electric current). One can also design lenses that have adjustable behavior based on the interaction of light with two or more fluids (or a fluid and vacuum) having differing optical indices that operate in response to other applied signals, such as signals representing mechanical forces such as pressure (for example hydrodynamic pressure), signals representing mechanical forces such as tensile stress (such as may be used to drive elastomeric materials in reconfigurable lenses), and signals representing a combination of electrical and mechanical forces (such as may be used to drive micro-electromechanical systems). For the purposes of the present disclosure, the general term “fluid lens control signal” without more description will be used to denote an applied signal for driving any type of fluid (or reconfigurable) lens that responds to the applied signal by exhibiting adjustable behavior based on the interaction of light with two or more fluids (or a fluid and vacuum) having differing optical indices.
We now describe apparatus and methods of operation that embody various features and aspects of the invention, in the form of readers having the capability to obtain images, and to detect, analyze, and decode such images. In particular, the readers of the invention can in some embodiments be hand held, portable, apparatus that can image encoded indicia, such as bar codes of a variety of types (1D, 2D, stacked 1D, and other bar codes), and symbols such as handwritten, printed, and typed characters (for example using optical character recognition methods), as well as imaging surfaces or objects that are amenable to being identified using optical illumination.
The reader 900 also includes various hardware components, shown in a single control element 930 for controlling and for acquiring signals from the reader 900 in
An analog-to-digital converter 936 is provided for converting analog signals output by the imager 922 to digital signals. In some embodiments, a DMA controller 948 is provided to allow direct transfer of digital data to a memory for storage. In general, any and all of illumination control 931, aimer control 932, imager control 934, A/D 936 and DMA 948 are connected to a general purpose programmable computer 942 by way of one or more buses 945, which buses 945 may be serial buses or parallel buses as is considered most convenient and advantageous. The general purpose programmable computer 942 comprises the usual components, including a CPU 943 which can in some embodiments be a microprocessor, and memory 944 (for example semiconductor memory such as RAM, ROM, magnetic memory such as disks, or optical memory such as CD-ROM). The general purpose computer can also communicate via one or more buses 947 with a wide variety of input and output devices. For example, there can be provided any or all of an output device 946 such as a display, a speaker 948 or other enunciator, devices for inputting commands or data to the computer such as a keyboard 950, a touchpad 952, a microphone 954, and bidirectional devices such as one or more I/O ports 956 which can be hardwired (i.e., serial, parallel, USB, firewire and the like) or can be wireless (i.e., radio, WiFi, infra-red, and the like). The general purpose programmable computer 942 can also comprise, or can control, indicators 960 such as LEDs for indicating status or other information to a user.
As shown in
A laser bar code scanner can be implemented with a steering lens configuration. See
As may be seen from
1/f=1/p+1/q
in which f is the focal length of a lens, p is the distance from the lens to a surface at which a desired image is observed (such as an imaging sensor or a photographic film), and q is a distance between the lens and the object being observed.
Consider the two objects situated at a nearer distance q1 and a farther distance q2 from the reader lens (e.g., q2>q1). In a system that is less expensive and more convenient to construct, the distance p (from the lens 920 to the imaging sensor 922) is fixed. One can image objects lying at the distance q1 from the lens with a focal length given by 1/f1=1/p+1/q1, and one can image objects lying at the distance q2 from the lens with a focal length given by 1/f2=1/p+1/q2. Since q2>q1, and p is constant, we have f1<f2. In particular, for a reader comprising a fluid lens that can provide a minimum focal length of f1 and a maximum focal length of f2, for a fixed value of p, one would have the ability to observe in proper focus objects at distances ranging at least from q1 to q2, without consideration for issues such as depth of field at a particular focal length setting of the lens. By way of example, q1 might be a short distance such as 4 inches (approximately 10 cm) so that one can image a target object having much detail (such as a high density bar code) with recovery or decoding of all of the detail present in the object. On the other hand, q2 might be a longer distance, such as 12 inches (approximately 30 cm) or more, whereby a reader can image an object at longer distance with lesser density (e.g., fewer pixels of resolution per unit of length or area observed at the target object). Accordingly, a reader of the invention comprising a particular imaging sensor can be configured to perform at either extreme of high density/short distance or of low density/long distance (or any variant intermediate to the two limits) by the simple expedient of controlling the focal length of the fluid lens such that an object at the intended distance d in the range q2≧d≧q1 will be imaged correctly.
The lens can be caused to either manually or automatically change its focal length until the best focus is achieved for an object at a given distance away. One way to do this is to minimize the so-called blur circle made by a point or object within the field of view. This can be done automatically by a microprocessor that varies the focal length of the lens and measures the size of the blur circle on a CCD or CMOS imager; i.e. the number of pixels the blur circle fills. The focal length at which the blur circle is smallest is the best focus and the lens is held at that position. If something in the field of view changes, e.g. the object gets farther away from the lens, then the microprocessor would detect the change and size of the blur circle and reinitiate the automatic focusing procedure.
The object used to measure the blur circle could be a detail inherently in the field of view, or it could be a superimposed object in the field of view. As an example, one could project an IR laser spot into the field (the wavelength of the IR is beyond the sensitivity of the human eye, but not of the CCD or CMOS image sensor). Another means of achieving best focus includes transforming the image into the frequency domain, for example with a Fourier transform, and then adjusting the focal length of the fluid lens to maximize the resulting high frequency components of that transformed image. Wavelet transforms of the image can be used in a similar fashion. Both the frequency domain and wavelet techniques are simply techniques for achieving best focus via maximization of contrast among the pixels of the CCD or CMOS image sensor. These and similar procedures, such as maximizing the intensity difference between adjacent pixels, are known in the art and are commonly used for passive focusing of digital cameras.
The array-based imaging assembly shown in
A partial frame clock out mode is readily implemented utilizing an image sensor which can be commanded by a control module to clock out partial frames of image data or which is configured with pixels that can be individually addressed. Using CMOS fabrication techniques, image sensors are readily made so that electrical signals corresponding to certain pixels of a sensor can be selectively clocked out without clocking out electrical signals corresponding to remaining pixels of the sensor, thereby allowing analysis of only a partial frame of data associated with only a portion of the full imager field of view. CMOS image sensors are available from such manufacturers as Symagery, Omni Vision, Sharp, Micron, STMicroelectronics, Kodak, Toshiba, and Mitsubishi. A partial frame clock out mode can also be carried out by selectively activating a frame discharge signal during the course of clocking out a frame of image data from a CCD image sensor. A/D 1036 and signal processor 1035 may individually or both optionally be integrated with the image sensor 1032 onto a single substrate.
Optical reader 1010 of
More particularly, processor 1042 is preferably a general purpose, off-the-shelf VLSI integrated circuit microprocessor which has overall control of the circuitry of
The actual division of labor between processors 1042 and 1044 will naturally depend on the type of off-the-shelf microprocessors that are available, the type of image sensor which is used, the rate at which image data is output by imaging assembly 1030, etc. There is nothing in principle, however, that requires that any particular division of labor be made between processors 1042 and 1044, or even that such a division be made at all. This is because special purpose processor 1044 may be eliminated entirely if general purpose processor 1042 is fast enough and powerful enough to perform all of the functions contemplated by the present invention. It will, therefore, be understood that neither the number of processors used, nor the division of labor there between, is of any fundamental significance for purposes of the present invention.
With processor architectures of the type shown in
Processor 1044 is preferably devoted primarily to controlling the image acquisition process, the A/D conversion process and the storage of image data, including the ability to access memories 1046 and 1047 via a DMA channel. The A/D conversion process can include converting analog signals to digital signals represented as 8-bit (or gray scale) quantities. As A/D converter technology improves, digital signals may be represented using more than 8 bits. Processor 1044 may also perform many timing and communication operations. Processor 1044 may, for example, control the illumination of LEDs 1022, the timing of image sensor 1032 and an analog-to-digital (A/D) converter 1036, the transmission and reception of data to and from a processor external to reader 1010, through an RS-232, a network such as an Ethernet or other packet-based communication technology, a serial bus such as USB, and/or a wireless communication link (or other) compatible I/O interface 1037. Processor 1044 may also control the outputting of user perceptible data via an output device 1038, such as a beeper, a good read LED and/or a display monitor which may be provided by a liquid crystal display such as display 1082. Control of output, display and I/O functions may also be shared between processors 1042 and 1044, as suggested by bus driver I/O and output/display devices 1037′ and 1038 or may be duplicated, as suggested by microprocessor serial I/O ports 1042A and 1042B and I/O and display devices 1037″ and 1038′. As explained earlier, the specifics of this division of labor is of no significance to the present invention.
Another procedure for performing an autofocus operation using a flatness metric includes the following steps:
The flatness of an image refers to the uniformity of the distribution of different gray scale values in the histogram. A flat distribution is one with little variation in numbers of observations at different gray scale values. In general, poorly focused images will be “flatter” than better focused images, i.e. there will be a relatively even incidence of gray scale values over the range of gray scale values. Generally, a histogram for a well focused image has many pixels with high gray scale values, many pixels with low gray scale values, and few pixels in the middle. The use of historical information for various types of images, such as bar codes, including information encoded in look up tables, or information provided using the principles of fuzzy logic, is contemplated
At step 1130, the outcome of the focus assessment is compared to an acceptable criterion, such as sharpness (or contrast change) of a specified amount over a specified number of pixels. Images that are digitized to higher digital resolutions (e.g., using a range defined by a larger number of bits) may support more precise determinations of acceptable focus. If the result of the assessment of focus is negative, the process proceeds to step 1140, where the focus of the lens 920 of
If at step 1225 it is determined that a good decode has not been achieved, the process continues to step 1230, at which time the fluid lens control signal applied to the lens 920 is adjusted to a first alternative value, for example a voltage that causes the lens 920 to focus by approximation at a distance q2 of 30 cm. Using this focal condition, an image is captured and processed at step 1235. At step 1240, the information retrieved from the captured image is examined to determine if a valid decoding of a bar code has been achieved. If the decoding is valid, the information or data represented by the decoded image is reported as indicated at step 1260, and the process stops, as indicated at step 1270.
If at step 1240 it is determined that a good decode has not been achieved, the process continues to step 1245, at which time the fluid lens control signal applied to the lens 920 is adjusted to a second alternative value, for example a voltage that causes the lens 920 to focus by approximation at a distance q3 of 100 cm. Using this focal condition, an image is captured and processed at step 1250. At step 1255, the information retrieved from the captured image is examined to determine if a valid decoding of a bar code has been achieved. If the decoding is valid, the information or data represented by the decoded image is reported as indicated at step 1260, and the process stops, as indicated at step 1270. If a valid decoding of a bar code is still not achieved, the process returns to step 1215, and the process is repeated to try to identify a valid bar code value. In other embodiments, after a specified or predetermined number of iterative loops have occurred without a successful outcome, or after a specified or predetermined time elapses, the process can be aborted by a supervisory control device, which in some embodiments can operate according to a computer program. Alternately the process may stop if the trigger is released. Although the process depicted in
As discussed hereinbefore, fluid lenses may have aberrations, such as spherical aberration and/or color aberration. In the reader of the invention, additional lenses, such as positive or negative lenses, can be used in conjunction with a fluid lens such as lens 920 to correct one or more of spherical, color, or higher order aberrations. In some embodiments, the materials of construction of the additional lenses can be chosen so as to compensate for optical imperfections and aberrations introduced by the fluid lens.
It is expensive to manufacture devices that require high levels of mechanical precision, with regard to making the components of the device, assembling the components with the required precision, and testing the assemble product to assure compliance with the intended design specifications. There are cost and manufacturability advantages that accrue if one is not required to assemble a device with high precision, and can reduce or omit the testing of the assembled device. Accordingly, using the systems and methods of the invention, the incorporation of a fluid lens 920 in the reader 900 can in some embodiments permit one or more of relaxed design tolerances, relaxed assembly tolerances, and substitution of a calibration step for a testing step. In some instances, devices that would otherwise have been rejected as being outside of design specifications can be appropriately operated by the simple expedient of operating the fluid lens so as to provide an acceptable level of performance. In particular, one way to assure such a condition is to deliberately design a reader in which the baseline operation of the optical system of the reader is set for a condition of operation of the fluid lens at an operating point intermediate in the range of operation of the fluid lens. In such an instance, the fluid lens is first driven at the default (or design) condition, and upon calibration, an “adjusted operating condition” different from the default condition can be identified that causes the specific reader being calibrated to most closely match the design condition. This “adjusted operating condition” is then recorded as the condition that the reader should use as its initial operating state in general operation, and information identifying the “adjusted operating condition” can be saved for future reference, for example in a non-volatile memory. By the application of these design principles (e.g., baseline operation at an intermediate point in the range of operation of the fluid lens), and the associated calibration procedure, readers that might have been rejected as failing a quality assurance test if the design criterion were tighter, and/or if the fluid lens was designed to operate at an extremum of its operating range, can be used satisfactorily by adjusting the base operating condition of the fluid lens in a required direction within the range. Examples of readers in which such fluid lens systems can be employed are the IT 4600, the IT 5600, and the PDT 9500, all available from HandHeld Products, Inc. of Skaneateles Falls, N.Y. Similar functionality could also be implemented in the smaller form factors as one associates with the PDA products. Examples of such products would be the Zire 72 with imager, or the Treo 700W mobile telephone and PDA, sold by PalmOne.
In operation, the commutator controller 1320 provides control signals to the bases of the switches S1 1310, S2 1312, S3 1314, and S4 1316 according to the two states defined in Table I hereinbelow. In state one, switches S1 and S3 are closed, and switches S2 and S4 are open. Accordingly, the positive voltage signal (or positive electric potential) applied to terminal 1322 is conducted to terminal A of the fluid lens 920, and the negative voltage signal (or negative electric potential) applied to terminal 1324 is conducted to terminal B of the fluid lens 920. In state two, switches S1 and S3 are open, and switches S2 and S4 are closed. Accordingly, the positive voltage signal (or positive electric potential) applied to terminal 1322 is conducted to terminal B of the fluid lens 920, and the negative voltage signal (or negative electric potential) applied to terminal 1324 is conducted to terminal A of the fluid lens 920. By periodically switching the signals applied to switches S1 1310, S2 1312, S3 1314, and S4 1316 between states one and two, it is possible to drive the fluid lens 920 with a substantially square wave, as shown in
TABLE I
Switch
Switch
Switch
Switch
S1
S2
S3
S4
Voltage A
Voltage B
State One
Closed
Open
Closed
Open
Positive
Negative
State Two
Open
Closed
Open
Closed
Negative
Positive
Transition
Open
Open
Open
Open
N.A.
N.A.
In some embodiments, the hand held readers 1500 and 1550 are deployed at a fixed location, for example by being removably secured in a mount having an orientation that is controlled, which may be a stationary mount or a mount that can be reoriented. Examples of such uses are in a commercial setting, for example at a point of sale, at the entrance or exit to a building such as an office building or a warehouse, or in a government building such as a school or a courthouse. The hand held readers of the invention can be used to identify any object that bears an identifier comprising one or more of a bar code, a magnetic stripe, an RFID tag, and a semiconductor memory.
In some embodiments, the hand held reader 1500, 1550 can be configured to operate in either a “decode mode” or a “picture taking” mode. The hand held reader 1500, 1550 can be configured so that the decode mode and picture taking mode are user-selectable. For example, the reader can be configured to include a graphical user interface (GUI) for example on a touch pad or key pad that is both an input and an output device as depicted in
In one embodiment, the “picture taking mode” is selected is selected by clicking on icon (which can be a toggle switch). Alternately hand held reader 1500, 1550 is configured in a “picture taking mode” as the default mode. Thus, the hand held reader 1500, 1550 is configured to operate in the “picture taking mode” on the next (and subsequent) activation of trigger 1534 to generate a trigger signal. The hand held reader 1500, 1550 in response to the generation of the trigger signal captures an image and outputs an image to one or more of a memory, to a display 1512, or to a remote device.
The hand held reader 1500, 1550 can be configured so that when the image capture mode is selected, the hand held reader 1500, 1550 avoids attempting to decode captured images. It is understood that in the process of capturing an image for decoding responsively to receipt of a trigger signal, the hand held reader 1500, 1550 may capture a plurality of “test” frames, these may be full frames or only partial frames as discussed above, for use in establishing imaging parameters (e.g., exposure, gain, focus, zoom) and may discard frames determined after decode attempts to not contain decodable symbol representations. Likewise in the process of capturing an image for image output responsively to receipt of a trigger signal in a picture taking mode, the hand held reader 1500, 1550 may capture test frames, these may be full frames or only partial frames as discussed above, for use in establishing imaging parameters and may also discard images that are determined to be unsuitable for output. It is also understood that in the “picture taking mode” the images captured may be archived for later analysis, including decoding of bar codes or other encoded indicia that may be present in the images, for example for use in providing evidence of the condition of a package at the time of shipment from a vendor for insurance purposes (which image may never be decoded if the package arrives safely). Other examples of similar kind can be a photograph of a loaded truck, for example with a license plate, an identifying number or similar indication of which of many possible trucks is the subject of the photograph, optionally including a date and time, and possibly other information that can be stored with the image, such as the identity of the photographer (e.g., a name, an employee number, or other personal identifier).
In an alternative embodiment, the hand held reader 1500, 1550 displays a plurality of icons (at least one for decode mode and one for picture taking mode) whereby activation of an icon both configures the hand held reader 1500, 1550 to operate in the selected operating mode (decoding or picture taking) and results in a trigger signal automatically being generated to commence an image capture/decode (decode mode) or image capture/output image process (picture taking mode). Thus, in the alternative embodiment, the trigger 1534 need not be actuated to commence image capture after an icon is actuated.
The example depicted in
One can iteratively repeat the process steps of locating the target at a new location and orientation, controlling the fluid lens control signal applied to the fluid lens to obtain a satisfactory, and preferably optimal, focus, and recording in a memory the information about the target location and orientation and the fluid lens control signal parameters, so as to provide a more complete and detailed set of calibration parameters. The number of iterations is limited only by the amount of time and effort one wishes to expend performing calibration steps, and the amount of memory available for recording the calibration parameters observed. In the example presented in
In
The present invention also deals with the deleterious effects of image smear caused by hand jittering or hand motion in a hand held imager or reader. Image smear has been one of the major sources for image quality degradation. Image smear and similar degradation mechanisms cause a reduced decode rate in a barcode reading application or a reduced contrast and a blurry image in an image capturing application. In some instances, hand jitter or hand motion can cause image degradation that may be severe enough to prevent the image from being processed correctly.
The '903 patent describes the operation of the variable angle prism as is expressed in the following 11 paragraphs.
A camera shake is a phenomenon in which photographed images move vertically or horizontally while a user is performing photographing by holding a video camera in his or her hands, since the hands or the body of the user slightly moves independently of the user's intention. Images thus photographed can give a viewer considerable discomfort when reproduced on a television monitor or the like.
To avoid this camera shake phenomenon, conventional video cameras make use of, e.g., a variable angle prism (to be referred to as a “VAP” hereinafter).
A practical example of an arrangement of a conventional image sensing apparatus including a VAP for camera shake correction will be described below with reference to
In
Note that the VAP 2204 is described in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2-12518 and so a detailed description thereof will be omitted.
A horizontal angular velocity sensor 2201 detects an angular velocity caused by a horizontal motion of the image sensing apparatus resulting from a camera shake or the like. A control unit 2202 performs an arithmetic operation for the detection signal from the angular velocity sensor 2201 such that this horizontal motion of the image sensing apparatus is corrected, and detects and supplies an acceleration component to the actuator 2203. This actuator 2203 drives the glass plate 2204a of the VAP 2204 horizontally.
The rotational angle of the glass plate 2204a which can be horizontally rotated by the actuator 2203 is detected by an angle sensor 2205. The control unit 2202 performs an arithmetic operation for this detected rotational angle and supplies the result to the actuator 2203.
A vertical angular velocity sensor 2206 detects an angular velocity caused by a vertical motion of the image sensing apparatus resulting from a camera shake or the like. A control unit 2207 performs an arithmetic operation for the detection signal from the angular velocity sensor 2206 such that this vertical motion of the image sensing apparatus is corrected, and detects and supplies an acceleration component to the actuator 2208. This actuator 2208 drives the glass plate 2204b of the VAP 2204 vertically.
The rotational angle of the glass plate 2204b which can be vertically rotated by the actuator 2208 is detected by an angle sensor 2209. The control unit 2207 performs an arithmetic operation for this detected rotational angle and supplies the result to the actuator 2208.
An image sensing optical system 2210 forms an image of an object to be photographed on an image sensor 2211. This image sensor 2211 is constituted by, e.g., a CCD. A two dimensional solid state CCD is used in conventional image sensing apparatuses such as video cameras. An output from the image sensor 2211 is output to a recording apparatus or a television monitor through a signal processing circuit (not shown).
In the conventional image sensing apparatus with the above arrangement, the horizontal and vertical angular velocities caused by a camera shake are detected. On the basis of the angular velocities detected, the actuators move the VAP horizontally and vertically to refract incident light, thereby performing control such that the image of an object to be photographed does not move on the image sensing plane of the image sensor. Consequently, the camera shake is corrected.
In the current invention, a fluid lens provided with additional components to counteract involuntary motions (“an anti-hand-jittering fluid lens”) combines the auto-focusing and variable angle prism functionality into a single low cost component that has no moving parts, and that provides fast response time.
The current invention uses the principle of altering the interface shape between two fluids and provides another voltage (or other suitable fluid lens control signal) to control an optical tilt of the fluid interface to adjust an exit optical axis angle or direction relative to the fluid lens. One application of such adjustment of the exit optical axis angle is to provide a mechanism and method to compensate the angular movement caused by hand-jittering or hand motion.
V1=Vf+dv
V2=Vf+dh
V3=Vf−dv
V4=Vf−dh
Application of these new signals V1, V2, V3 and V4 creates a two-dimensional tilted fluid lens, in which horizontal and vertical tilt angles are determined according to the magnitudes and signs of the control voltages dh and dv. One can generate such signals involving superposition of a signal Vf and an adjusting signal using well known circuits that are referred to as “summing circuits” in analog circuit design, and by using a digital controller such as a microprocessor-based controller and a digital-to-analog converter to generate suitable fluid lens control signals using digital design principles. In
In some embodiments, the angular velocity sensors 2510 and 2520 are commercially available low cost solid-state gyro-on-a-chip products, such as GyroChips manufactured by BEI Technologies, Inc., One Post Street, Suite 2500 San Francisco, Calif. 94104. The GyroChip comprises a one piece, quartz micromachined inertial sensing element to measure angular rotational velocity. U.S. Pat. No. 5,396,144 describes a rotation rate sensor comprising a double ended tuning fork made from a piezoelectric material such as quartz. These sensors produce a signal output proportional to the rate of rotation sensed. The quartz inertial sensors are micromachined using photolithographic processes, and are at the forefront of MEMS (Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems) technology. These processes are similar to those used to produce millions of digital quartz wristwatches each year. The use of piezoelectric quartz material simplifies the sensing element, resulting in exceptional stability over temperature and time, and increased reliability and durability.
In other embodiments, it is possible to divide the two metal rings 2410 and 2420 of
Descriptions of the Six Illustrative Applications
Fluid lens systems that operate using voltage signals as the control signal typically involve a first insulating fluid and a second conductor fluid that are in contact at a contact region and are situated within a dielectric chamber. In one embodiment, the insulating fluid and the conductor fluid are both transparent, not miscible, have different optical indexes and have substantially the same density. In some embodiments, the dielectric chamber naturally has a low wetting with respect to the conductor fluid. In such instances, the location of one or both fluids under conditions of no applied voltage can be controlled using a variety of methods, such as applying a surface treatment, or shaping the walls of the chamber. A surface treatment that increases the wetting of the wall of the dielectric chamber with respect to one of the conductor fluid or the insulating fluid and the wall of chamber can serve to define a relative position of an interface between the two fluids.
In another system, according to Berge, the surface treatment is applied to a flat surface comprising the bottom of a container holding the two fluids, and maintains the positioning of a drop of insulating fluid relative to a larger quantity of conducting fluid, preventing the insulating fluid from spreading beyond the desired contact surface. When the system is at rest, the insulating fluid naturally takes a first shape. An optical axis is perpendicular to the contact region between the first and second fluids and passes through the center of the contact region. At rest, the insulating fluid is centered about the optical axis of the device. The elements of the device which are adjacent to the optical axis are transparent. In one embodiment, a transparent first electrode, that transmits light in the vicinity of the optical axis, is placed on the external surface of the wall of the dielectric chamber, on which is situated the insulating fluid. A second electrode contacts the conductor fluid. The second electrode may be immersed in the conducting fluid, or be a conductor deposited on an internal wall of the dielectric chamber. When a voltage V is established between the first and second electrodes, an electrical field is created which, according to the electrowetting principle, changes the wetting properties of the conductive fluid on the bottom surface of the container relative to the nonconductive fluid, so that the conductor fluid moves and deforms the insulating fluid. Because the shape of the interface between the two fluids is changed, a variation of the focal length or point of focus of the lens is obtained.
In alternative embodiments, the two fluids can be present in similar volumes, the interface between one fluid and the other fluid defining a closed curve on the inside wall of a chamber or tube in which the fluids are situated, for example with the inner surface of the cylinder treated, for example by dip-coating, with a suitable surface layer. In alternative embodiments, a first plurality of electrodes can be substituted for the first electrode, and/or a second plurality of electrodes can be substituted for the second electrode, so that a field intensity and a direction of an applied electric signal can be controlled by applying different voltages to two or more of the first plurality of electrodes and/or to two or more of the second plurality of electrodes. In some embodiments, the electrodes can be provided in different shapes, so as to allow different field intensities and directions to be attained by applying a fixed voltage to different ones of the first plurality of electrodes and to different ones of the second plurality of electrodes. In some embodiments, the second electrode, whether or not transparent, is annular in shape, having an open region adjacent an optical axis, so as not to interfere with light passing along the optical axis.
In one embodiment, using a device comprising a fluid lens, an image sensor, and a suitable memory, it is possible to record a plurality of frames that are observed using the fluid lens under one or more operating conditions. The device can further comprise a computation engine, such as a CPU and an associated memory adapted to record instructions and data, for example for processing data in one or more frames. The device can additionally comprise one or more control circuits or control units, for example for controlling the operation of the fluid lens, for operating the image sensor, and for controlling sources of illumination. In some embodiments, there is a DMA channel for communicating data among the image sensor, the CPU, and one or more memories. The data to be communicated can be in raw or processed form. In some embodiments, the device further comprises one or more communication ports adapted to one or more of hard-wired communication, wireless communication, communication using visible or infra-red radiation, and communication employing networks, such as the commercial telephone system, the Internet, a LAN, or a WAN.
In this embodiment, by applying suitable selection criteria, one can use or display only a good frame or alternatively a most suitable frame of the plurality for further data manipulation, image processing, or for display. According to this aspect of the invention, the device can obtain a plurality of frames of data, a frame being an amount of data contained within the signals that can be extracted from the imager in a single exposure cycle. The device can assess the quality of each of the frames against a selection criterion, which can be a relative criterion or an absolute criterion. Examples of selection criteria are an average exposure level, an extremum exposure level, a contrast level, a color or chroma level, a sharpness level, a decodability level of a symbol within a frame, and a level of compliance of an image or a portion thereof with a standard. Based on the selection criterion, the device can be programmed to select a best or a closest to optimal frame from the plurality of frames, and to make that frame available for display, for image processing, and/or for data manipulation. In addition, the operating conditions for the device can be monitored by the control circuit, so that the conditions under which the optimal frame was observed can be used again for additional frame or image acquisition.
In alternative embodiments, it is possible to use the plurality of frames as a range finding system by identifying which frame is closest to being in focus, and observing the corresponding focal length of the fluid lens. In such an embodiment, the fluid lens can be operated so as to change its focal length over a range of focal lengths, from infinity to a shortest focal length. The device can obtain one or more frames of data for each focal length that is selected, with the information relating to each focal length being recorded, or being computable from a defined algorithm or relationship, so that the focal length used for each image can be determined. Upon a determination of an object of interest within a frame (or of an entire frame) that is deemed to be in best focus from the plurality of frames, the distance from the device to the object of interest in the frame can be determined from the information about the focal length setting of the fluid lens corresponding to that frame. In some instances, if two adjacent frames are deemed to be in suitable focus, the distance may be taken as the average of the two focal lengths corresponding to the two frames, or alternatively, additional frames can be observed using focal lengths selected to lie between the two adjacent frames, so as to improve the accuracy of the measurement of distance.
In another embodiment, apparatus and methods are provided to counteract changes in the environment that surrounds an apparatus comprising a fluid lens. In one embodiment, the apparatus additionally comprises a temperature sensor with a feed back (or feed forward) control circuit, to provide correction to the fluid lens operating signal as the temperature of the fluid lens (or of its environment) is observed to change.
Feedback systems rely on the principle of providing a reference signal (such as a set point) or a plurality of signals (such as a minimum value and a maximum value for a temperature range) that define a suitable or a desired operating parameter (such as a temperature or a pressure), and comparing a measured value of the parameter to the desired value. When a deviation between the observed (or actual) parameter value and the desired parameter value is measured, corrective action is taken to bring the observed or actual value into agreement with the desired parameter value. In the example of temperature, a heater (such as a resistance heater) or a cooling device (such as a cooling coil carrying a coolant such as water) can be operated to adjust an actual temperature. Using a feedback loop, the apparatus is made to operate at the desired set point, or within the desired range. Feedback loops can be provided using either or both of digital and analog signal processing, and using one or more of derivative, integral and proportional (“D-I-P”) controllers.
In some embodiments, a feed-forward system can be used, in which a change (or a rate of change) of a parameter such as actual or observed temperature is measured. Corrective action is taken when it is perceived that a condition outside of acceptable operating conditions likely would be attained if no corrective action were to be applied and the observed change (or rate of change) of the parameter were allowed to continue unabated for a further amount of time. Feed-forward systems can be implemented using either or both of digital and analog signal processing. In some systems, combinations of feedback and feed-forward systems can be applied. In some embodiments, multiple feedback and feed-forward controls can be implemented.
In the embodiment contemplated, the operating parameter, such as temperature, of the apparatus comprising a fluid lens, or of the environment in which it is situated, is monitored, and the observed parameter is compared to one or more pre-defined values. The one or more predefined values may be fixed (such as a maximum tolerable temperature above which a substance begins to degrade at one atmosphere of pressure) or the one or more predefined values may depend on more than one parameter, such as the combination of pressure and temperature, for example using relationships in a pressure-temperature-composition phase diagram (for example, that a substance or chemical composition in the fluid lens apparatus undergoes a phase change if the pressure and temperature vary such that a phase boundary is crossed, or undergoes a change from covalent to ionic character, or the reverse).
In yet another embodiment, a system comprising a fluid lens additionally comprises a non-adjustable lens component configured to correct one or more specific limitations or imperfections of the fluid lens, such as correcting for color, spherical, coma, or other aberrations of the fluid lens itself or of the fluid lens in conjunction with one or more other optical components. By way of example, a fluid lens may exhibit dispersive behavior or color error. In one embodiment, a second optical element is added that provides dispersion of the sign opposite to that exhibited by the fluid lens, so as to correct the dispersive error introduced by the fluid lens. In one embodiment, the dispersive element is a diffraction element, such as an embossed grating or an embossed diffractive element. As will be understood, different optical materials have different dispersive characteristics, for example, two glass compositions can have different dispersion, or a composition of glass and a plastic material can have different dispersion. In the present invention, a material having a suitable dispersive characteristic, or one made to have suitable dispersive characteristics by controlling the geometry of the material, such as in a grating or other diffractive element, can be used to correct the errors attributable to the fluid lens and/or the other components in an optical train.
The aberrations that are possible in a fluid lens can in principle be of any order, much as the aberrations that are possible in the lens or the cornea of a human eye. Both a human eye and a fluid lens operate using interfaces between two or more dissimilar fluids. In the human eye, there are membranes that are used to apply forces to the fluids adjacent the membranes, by application of muscle power controlled by signals created by the nervous system. In a fluid lens, there are forces that are applied, in some instances to the fluid or fluids directly by electromagnetic signals, and in some instances by forces applied to transparent membranes that are adjacent the fluids. Both kinds of systems can be affected by external forces, such as the force of gravity and other accelerative forces, changes in ambient or applied pressure, and changes in ambient or applied temperature.
In still another embodiment, there is provided a calibration tool, process, or method for calibrating a fluid lens. As one example, a system comprising a fluid lens is operated at one or more known conditions, such as one or more magnifications or one or more focal lengths. For each known operating condition, an operating parameter, such as a value of the driving voltage, is observed or measured. The observed or measured data is stored in a memory. The data in memory is then used to provide calibration data for application to the operation of the fluid lens.
Even if two or more nominally identical fluid lenses are provided, there can be differences that exist in the two fluid lenses themselves, as has been explained hereinbefore. When intrinsic differences between two nominally identical fluid lenses exist, application of a substantially identical fluid lens control signal to the two lenses can result in different operative behavior for each lens. A default calibration can be provided, for example based on a calibration performed under controlled or defined conditions. The default calibration data can be recorded and used at a later time to operate the fluid lens for which the calibration was obtained. Using such calibrations is an effective and efficient way to operate a given fluid lens over a defined operating range. For many purposes, such information is well worth having and helps to provide a fluid lens that is conveniently operated in a predictable manner. Between calibration points, interpolation can be used to achieve an improved resolution. Similarly extrapolation may be used to estimate the attributes of a feature beyond the range of measured calibration data.
In addition, as has been indicated, differences may be externally imposed, such as applied voltage, ambient or applied pressure, ambient or applied temperature, and accelerative forces. These forces may, individually and in combination, cause one fluid lens to operate somewhat differently than a nominally identical fluid lens. When such differences in operating conditions exist, application of a substantially identical fluid lens control signal to the two lenses can result in different operative behavior for each lens. Accordingly, it can be helpful to provide a simple and readily applied calibration method for a fluid lens, so that each lens can be calibrated and provided with suitable fluid lens control signals to operate in a desired fashion under the particular conditions pertaining to that fluid lens.
Yet another reason for providing calibration capabilities relates to changes in operation of a given fluid lens over time. The operation of an individual fluid lens relies on one or more of the chemical, mechanical, and electrical properties of the components of the fluid lens, which properties may change with time and with use. For example, as indicated hereinabove, a fluid lens operating in response to electrical signals may undergo electrochemically driven reactions in one or more fluids. In addition, a fluid may change properties over time as a result thermal history, such as of repeated heating and cooling cycles or exposure to extremes of temperature. As will be understood, as a property of one or more components of a fluid lens changes with time, it may be advantageous to calibrate the operating conditions of interest.
In still a further embodiment, an inertial device such as an accelerometer is provided to determine an orientation of a fluid lens, which orientation information is used to self-calibrate the fluid lens. Gravitational and other accelerative forces can cause fluids to move and change shape at a free boundary, or a boundary where two fluids come into mutual contact. By way of example, consider a fluid lens that comprises two fluids having slightly different densities. Different density implies that equal volumes of the two fluids will have proportionately different masses, because density=mass/volume. Therefore, since Force (F)=mass×acceleration, the equal volumes of the two fluids will experience slightly different forces under equal acceleration, such as the acceleration of gravity, or of an external accelerative force applied to a container holding the two fluids. One consequence of such an applied acceleration can be a change in the relative locations of the fluids, and as a result, a change in the shape of the interface defined by the surface of contact between the two fluids. In addition, the direction of application of the acceleration will also have a bearing on the response of the fluids. For example, an acceleration applied normal to a flat interface between the two fluids may have much less of an effect than an acceleration parallel to, or tangent to, a surface component of the interface between the two fluids. Since the accelerative force in general can be applied at any angle with regard to an interface between the two fluids, there will in general be differences in response depending on the precise orientation of the applied accelerative force. Inertial sensors such as accelerometers and gyroscopes can be useful in determining and in tracking the position of an object over time. Through the use of such inertial sensors, it is possible to discern an orientation of an object, and to measure the magnitudes and directions of applied accelerative forces. It is possible to calculate or to model how the fluids present in the lens will respond to the forces operating on the lens with knowledge of the orientation of a fluid lens and of the external forces, including that of gravity. While the description presented hereinabove may be understood to describe linear accelerative forces such as gravity, it is also possible to perform both the tracking and the calculation of the responses of fluids to forces having non-linear components, forces having rotational components, or time-varying forces. In some embodiments, using appropriate sensors for various forces, one can determine the relative orientation of the applied force and the interface between two fluids, and compute what response would be expected. As a result of the computation, information is provided for the timely application of restorative forces. For example, by modifying the magnitude and/or the field direction of an electrical signal, if necessary as a function of time, the expected distortion of the fluid interface can be counteracted. In one embodiment, solid state accelerometer sensors are provided that operate at sufficiently high rates as to determine the magnitude and orientation of an external force. Accelerometers having response rates of at least 10,000 Hz are available from Crossbow Technology, Inc. located at 4145 N. First Street, San Jose, Calif. 95134.
In yet an additional embodiment, in an apparatus comprising a fluid lens, the fluid lens is operated to provide corrective properties with regard to such distortions as may be caused by vibration, location or orientation of the lens, chromatic aberration, distortions caused by higher order optical imperfections, and aberrations induced by environmental factors, such as changes in pressure. As has been explained hereinbefore, using accelerative forces as an example, the fluid lens may in some instances be subjected to various distorting forces or to forces that cause degradation of the operation of the fluid lens from that which is desired. In other instances, the fluid lens may have inherent imperfections, such as chromatic aberration or higher order optical imperfections. It is possible to analyze such optical imperfections in various ways, such as the use of a calibrated imaging system comprising a source, at least one image sensor, and hardware and/or software configured to analyze optical information to assess whether errors or imperfections exist in an optical component under test. The calibrated imaging system in some instances can be a laboratory setting in which highly sophisticated equipment is employed to perform tests. In other instances, the calibrated test system can comprise a source that provides a known optical signal that is passed through an optical component under test, and the analysis of the resulting signal that emerges from the optical component under test. The calibrated test system in some embodiments is a system or device suitable for use in the field, so that periodic calibration can be performed in a convenient and efficient manner, if necessary by personnel who are not familiar with all of the sophistications of optical testing in a laboratory setting.
In one embodiment, the optical component can be modeled in the frequency domain as a transfer function, wherein a known applied input signal I(s) is provided and an observed output signal O(s) is measured. An observed transfer function Hobs(s)=O(s)/I(s) is determined. Hobs(s) can then be compared to a desired transfer function H(s), to determine a corrective factor or relation C(s) that should be applied to the system under test to cause it to perform as desired, where C(s)Hobs(s)=H(s), or C(s)=H(s)/Hobs(s). Once the corrective factor or relation C(s) has been determined, it (or its time domain equivalent) can be applied to drive the fluid lens so as to reduce the observed imperfection or imperfections. Transfer function concepts, discrete time mathematical procedures, digital filters and filtering methods, and circuitry (including hardware and software) that can handle the required detection, analysis and computation, and can be used to apply corrective action are described in many texts on real time digital signal processing. Hardware such as digital signal processors are commercially available from multiple vendors.
Applications for fluid lenses include their use in one or more types of camera, such as cameras in cell phones, use in higher quality digital cameras such as those having a high powered zoom lens, and use in cameras that can provide autofocus, and pan, tilt, and zoom (“PTZ”). Panning is moving a camera in a sweeping movement, typically horizontally from side to side. Tilting is a vertical camera movement, e.g. in a direction orthogonal to panning. Commercially available PTZ video and digital cameras that use mechanical redirection of the camera and refocusing of its lens are well known, and are often used in surveillance. In order to accomplish such features as tilt or pan, one needs to reorient the interface between two optically dissimilar fluids so that the optical axis is relocated from its original direction horizontally (pan) or is relocated from its original direction vertically (tilt). With a fluid lens, both relocations can be accomplished in a single redirection of the optical axis at an angle to both the horizontal and vertical directions simultaneously. Such redirections are readily computed using spherical geometry coordinates, but can also be computed in any coordinate system, including using projection from three dimensions to two dimensions, for example as is commonly done in x-ray crystallography as an example. One method to accomplish all of autofocus, pan, tilt, and zoom is to apply several features in a single device. Autofocus and zoom have been addressed hereinbefore. Pan and tilt, or more generally, redirection of the optical axis to a new orientation that is non-collinear with the original optical axis, can be accomplished by providing an electrode pair comprising a first plurality of first electrodes and at least one second electrode, and applying voltages to at least one electrode of the first plurality and the at least one second electrode so that the surface shape of the interface between the two fluids in the fluid lens is caused to change a measure of asymmetry as measured with respect to the optical axis of the fluid lens prior to the application of the voltages. In general, to accomplish the provision of an asymmetry, either the applied voltages will include an asymmetric component, or the electrodes to which the voltages are applied will be positioned in an asymmetric geometrical relationship, or both. By applying a voltage field having an asymmetry to the fluids in the fluid lens, the fluids will respond in a manner to adjust the voltage gradients across the interface to be as uniform as possible, thereby causing the fluids to take up an interface shape that comprises an asymmetric component, and thereby directing light along a new optical axis that is non-collinear with the optical axis that existed prior to the application of the voltage.
We will now briefly describe examples of power supplies that are useful for powering a fluid lens. In one embodiment, a suitable power supply for driving the fluid lens is a square wave power supply that is biased to operate in the range 0 to V volts, where V is either a positive or a negative voltage, which may be thought of as a unipolar supply. One embodiment is to use a bipolar power supply that is capable of providing voltages between +V1/2 and −V1/2 volts, with an added bias voltage of +V1/2 volts (causing the range to extend from 0 volts (=+V1/2 volts bias +[−V1/2 volts] supply) to +V1 volts (=+V1/2 volts bias+V1/2 volts supply), or alternatively using an added bias voltage of −V1/2 volts (causing the range to extend from −V1 volts (=−V1/2 volts bias +[−V1/2 volts] supply) to 0 volts (=−V1/2 volts bias+V1/2 volts supply). The summation of two voltages is easily accomplished with a summing circuit, many variations of which are known. In one embodiment, the bias voltage supply operates at a fixed voltage. In other embodiments, the bias voltage supply is configured to provide a plurality of defined voltages, based on a command, which may be provided by setting a switch, or under the control of a microprocessor. In some embodiments, voltage supplies are used that can be controlled by the provision of a digital signal, such as a digital-to-analog converter controlled by a digital code to define an output signal value. In another embodiment, voltage supplies that are controlled using a frequency-to-voltage converter, such as the National Semiconductor LM2907 or LM 2917 frequency-to-voltage converter, can be employed using a pulse train having a controllable frequency as a control signal. It is believed that electrochemical effects within the fluid lens are operative under sufficiently high applied voltages, thereby making the use of a unipolar supply advantageous in some instances.
In other embodiments, power supplies that provide voltage signals having both positive and negative peak voltages of the order of one volt to hundreds of volts are provided. In some embodiments, the output voltages are provided as square waves that are generated by a driver integrated circuit such as is commonly used to operate electroluminescent lamps, such as are found in cellular telephones.
The controller 2940 is in communication with an oscillator 2960 that provides a timing signal. This oscillator 2960 can be signaled to enter a power down state by a suitable signal communicated from an external source at 2962, which in some embodiments can be a user or can be another controller. The controllers contemplated herein are in general any microprocessor-based controller including a microcontroller, a microprocessor with associated memory and programmed instructions, or a general purpose digital computer. The controller 2940 is also in communication with a wave form generator 2945 that creates the square wave waveform for the bridge driver output stage 2980. The waveform generator 2945 also synchronizes the DAC transitions with the output waveform through the controller 2940.
The output of the DAC 2950 sets the output voltage level of the high voltage generator 2970 such that the output voltage is proportional to the output of the DAC 2920, and thereby is configured to be controlled with high precision by a digital source such as a computer. In some embodiments, appropriate feedback circuitry is contained in this portion of the circuit to keep the output voltage constant over a range of input voltage, load and environmental conditions. The high voltage created by the high voltage generator 2970 is an input to the bridge driver 2980. The high voltage generator has a stable output ranging from 0 Volts to approximately 40 Volts for the Varioptic ASM-1000 fluid lens. This generator may utilize an inductor 2972 and or capacitors to create the higher voltage. However other circuit configurations might also be used, for example capacitive voltage multipliers. The bridge driver 2980 creates the high voltage switching signals OUTP and OUTM which drive the fluid lens 2995. In some embodiments, the output can be applied to a load such as fluid lens 2995 using the commutating circuit of
The output to the fluid lens is a voltage signal that is waveshaped by the bridge driver using a wave form signal from the wave form generator. The term “bridge driver” should be understood as follows. The load is connected between two amplifier outputs (e.g., it “bridges” the two output terminals). This topology can double the voltage swing at the load, compared to a load that is connected to ground. The ground-tied load can have a swing from zero to the amplifier's supply voltage. A bridge-driven load can see twice this swing because the amplifier can drive either the +terminal of the load or the −terminal, effectively doubling the voltage swing. Since twice the voltage means four times the power, this is a significant improvement, especially in applications where battery size dictates a lower supply voltage, such as in automotive or handheld applications.
As already indicated, one can also sum the output of the circuit described with a reference signal of suitable magnitude and polarity so that the voltage swing experienced by the load is unipolar, but of twice the magnitude of either the positive or negative voltage signal relative to ground. The power advantage just referred to is also present in such an instance, because power P is given by the relationship V2/R or V2/Z, where V is voltage, R is resistance, and Z is impedance. Since the voltage swing in both embodiments is the same v volts (e.g., from −v/2 to +v/2, from 0 to +v, or from −v to 0), the power available is unchanged. Stated in terms that will be familiar to those acquainted with the principles of electrical engineering, since the reference voltage of an electrical system (for example ground potential) may be selected in an arbitrary manner, merely shifting the voltages applied to the fluid lens from one reference to a different reference should not change the net power delivered to the fluid lens. However, when considered from the perspectives of electrochemical principles, it is recognized that different electrochemical reactions can be made to occur (or can be suppressed) depending on whether an applied electrical signal is a positive-going, or a negative-going, voltage relative to the reference voltage (e.g., polarity may be an important feature in a particular chemical system).
Use of Fluid Lens in Illumination Systems.
It should be appreciated that although the details may change, this concept also applies to encapsulated LEDs, as well as to fluid lens assemblies that may contain additional optical elements such as spherical, aspherical and cylindrical lens elements.
In one embodiment, such a system is expected to more efficiently utilize a higher fraction of light emitted by the LEDs. For example when viewing bar code patterns near the imager, a more diverging illumination pattern is desirable in order to be assured that larger bar code patterns are illuminated over their entire extent and when viewing bar code patterns at a larger distance from the imager, a more converging illumination pattern is desirable so that illumination is not wasted by falling outside the optical field of interest.
The present inventions are intended to take advantage of fluid lens zoom optical systems. Fluid Zoom lens configurations can be used in bar code scanners to enable imaging of different bar codes at various distances from the bar code scanner. In bar code scanners manufactured today, often a large working distance is achieved by stopping down the lens aperture to increase the optical depth of field. However this has two disadvantages: First, when the lens stop is smaller, the optical system point spread function increases thereby making it more difficult to scan bar code patterns with narrow bar code elements. Second, when the lens stop is smaller, less light enters the lens thereby reducing the signal-to-noise ratio of the system. The lower SNR requires the operator to hold the reader still for longer period of time. The effect is that the bar code scanner has an increased sensitivity to hand motion. In addition, because longer periods of time are required, the user is more likely to become fatigued.
According to one embodiment, a sketch of zoom lens configuration 3200 is shown in
The zoom lens optical configuration shown was made using available materials in an effort to demonstrate feasibility. Two fluid lenses adjacent to each other were used in order to obtain the desired optical power. Other optical zoom lens configurations are also anticipated by this design, including systems using only 2 fluid lens, or more fluid lenses.
All dimensions are given in millimeters unless otherwise specified.
The three object fields are defined below
Field
Y-Value
1
0.000000
2
16.000000
3
12.700000
The lens surfaces used are defined in the prescription table shown below. The table is shown for zoom condition 2.
Surface
Type
Comment
Radius
Thickness
Glass
Diameter
0
Object
Object distance
Infinity
75
1
Lens
Edmund Scientific
−7.07
2.25
SF11
9
Lens 45379
2
Air gap
Infinity
2
9
3
Lens
Lens
51.68
3
BK7
6.6
4
Air gap
Infinity
2
6.6
5
Window
Fluid lens 1
Infinity
0.3
BK7
4
6
Conductive water
Infinity
0.5
407597
4
7
Oil
19.23077
0.49
508330
4
8
Window
Infinity
0.3
BK7
4
9
Air gap
Infinity
2
4
10
Window
Fluid lens 2
Infinity
0.3
BK7
4
11
Conductive water
Infinity
0.5
407597
4
12
Oil
19.23077
0.49
508330
4
13
Window
Infinity
0.3
BK7
4
14
Air gap
Infinity
25
4
STO
Aperture stop
Infinity
5.5
1.5
16
Lens
Infinity
2
BK7
8
17
Ai gap
7.78
2
8
18
Window
Fluid lens 3
Infinity
0.3
BK7
4
19
Conductive water
Infinity
0.5
407597
4
20
Oil
11.11111
0.49
508330
4
21
Window
Infinity
0.3
BK7
4
22
Air gap
Infinity
3
2.94388
23
Lens
18.75
3.63
SK5
11
24
Air gap
−18.75
0.569
11
25
Dublet
12.09
5.197
SK5
11
26
−12.09
1.026
SF4
11
27
Air gap
27.8
21.795
11
28
Lens
3.5
1.2
BK7
3.5
29
Air gap
3
0.45
3.16
30
Window
Infinity
1.2
BK7
3.76
31
Window
Infinity
0.3
BK1
3.06
32
Infinity
0
1.475138
Image
Infinity
0
1.475138
The details for the two end zoom positions are shown in the multi-configuration table below.
Configuration 1:
Effective focal length
6.19
Paraxial magnification
−.0737
Curvature
Radius
Lens surface 7:
0.17
5.882
Lens surface 12
0.17
5.882
Lens surface 20
0.049
20.41
Configuration 2:
Effective focal length
4.05
Paraxial magnification
−.04899
Curvature
Radius
Lens surface 7:
0.052
19.23
Lens surface 12
0.052
19.23
Lens surface 20
0.09
11.11
These disadvantages can be significantly reduced using a zoom lens to change both the optical power of the lens system and also the plane of optimum focus. This additional control of the operating parameters of the reader or imager would allow the use of a lens system with a larger numerical aperture.
Object distance measurements can be made if the range of, or the distance to, the object is known. A fluid lens system can be used to implement a range finding system. In one embodiment, the fluid lens would be focused at a number of focus positions and the position with the best focus, as determined by any of a number of metrics, would be associated with that fluid lens position. By knowing the fluid lens drive voltage that caused the fluid lens to have an optimally focused image, and using a look-up table, the associated distance from the system for that specific fluid lens operating voltage can be determined. By knowing the range, the magnification can be calculated and thus the object width associated with a given number of pixels at the imager is known or can be deduced. In this way a system such as a bar code reader or imager can calculate the width of specific object features, such as bar code element widths or the dimensions of a package.
A fluid lens variable aperture can be added to a bar code system. In some embodiments, the aperture would be used in the portion of the optical system that receives light and would allow the system to optimally trade light efficiency against point spread function width and depth of field. When a small aperture is used, the optical system will have a larger depth of field, but adversely the optical throughput of the system is reduced (i.e., less light gets through the system) and the point spread function (proportional to the minimal element size that can be resolved) is also reduced. In some embodiments, a bar code system is expected to be configured to initially have the optical system set for an optimum light throughput, and if a good read is not achieved then the aperture size could be reduced in order to extend the depth of field in an effort to decode any bar code pattern that may be within the bar code scanner field of view.
In one embodiment, a fluid lens is used as a variable aperture.
In an alternate embodiment, if the left window 4340 in
By having more than one lens element configured as a fluid lens, for example a lens triplet, the optical aberrations present in a single element can be reduced for the assemblage of lenses and this would result in a higher quality optical image. The techniques for optimizing a triplet are well known in the lens design art. However, it is typically the case that any given lens is optimized for a given focal length system. Typically, if a lens is optimized for one combination of optical elements, it is not optimally configured when one of the lens surfaces is changed as would happen when a single fluid element is operated to change an optical parameter, such as a focal length. By adding a second fluid lens, the combination of the first lens and the second lens can be optimized to minimize total system aberrations. For different settings of the first lens, corresponding changes in the settings of the second lens can be made to obtain an optimal combination. These optimized relationships between the two fluid lens surfaces curvatures, i.e. surface optical power, and thus also the control voltages, can be contained for example in a table that is recorded in a machine readable memory. Thus for any given setting of desired system optical power, the appropriate drive voltages for the two fluid lenses can be developed, and applied in accordance with the recorded values. Where desirable or advantageous, the fineness of the table resolution may be increased through use of linear or higher order interpolation and extrapolation.
Other prior art fluid lens systems that operate using mechanical forces to control the shape and properties of a fluid lens are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,514,048 to Rogers, which has already been incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Additional disclosure relevant to variable focus lenses is presented in the following U.S. Pat. No. 2,300,251 issued Oct. 17, 1942 to Flint, U.S. Pat. No. 3,161,718 issued Dec. 15, 1964 to DeLuca, U.S. Pat. No. 3,305,294 issued Feb. 21, 1967 to Alvarez, and U.S. Pat. No. 3,583,790 issued Jun. 8, 1971 to Baker, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.
Voltage V may be increased from O volt to a maximum voltage, which depends on the used materials. When the voltage increases, isolating liquid drop 4102 deforms to reach a limiting position (designated with reference B). While drop 4102 deforms from its position A to its position B, the focus of the liquid lens varies.
It should be noted that, drop 4102 being an isolating liquid, no microdrops occur at its periphery when voltage V is high, conversely to what would occur if the drop was a conductive liquid.
The conical shape of hollow 4106 is such that, whatever the shape of drop 4102 that it contains, the curvature of its surface at any contact point between the limit of the drop and the surface is smaller than that of a tangent circle TC crossing this point. Thus, according to an aspect of the present invention, hollow 6 is such that, all along its deformation from its position A to its position B, liquid drop 4102 is continuously maintained centered on axis O. A liquid lens with a accurately fixed optical axis and with a focus varying with voltage V is thus available.
It should be noted that a hollow 4106, which ensures the continuous centering of liquid drop 4102, is relatively simple to implement.
An A.C. voltage will preferably be used for voltage V, to avoid the accumulation of electric loads across the thickness of material 4104, from the surface on which is laid drop 4102.
As an example, water charged with salts (mineral or others) or any liquid, organic or not, which is conductive or made such by addition of ionic components may be used as a conductive liquid 4108. For isolating liquid 4102, oil, an alkane or a mixture of alkanes, possibly halogenated, or any other isolating liquid non miscible with conductive liquid 4108 may be used. Dielectric wall 4104 may be a glass plate or a superposition of fluorinated polymer, epoxy resin, polyethylene. Electrode 4110 may be a metal deposition.
In the example of application of
Machine-readable storage media that can be used in the invention include electronic, magnetic and/or optical storage media, such as magnetic floppy disks and hard disks; a DVD drive, a CD drive that in some embodiments can employ DVD disks, any of CD-ROM disks (i.e., read-only optical storage disks), CD-R disks (i.e., write-once, read-many optical storage disks), and CD-RW disks (i.e., rewriteable optical storage disks); and electronic storage media, such as RAM, ROM, EPROM, Compact Flash cards, PCMCIA cards, or alternatively SD or SDIO memory; and the electronic components (e.g., floppy disk drive, DVD drive, CD/CD-R/CD-RW drive, or Compact Flash/PCMCIA/SD adapter) that accommodate and read from and/or write to the storage media. As is known to those of skill in the machine-readable storage media arts, new media and formats for data storage are continually being devised, and any convenient, commercially available storage medium and corresponding read/write device that may become available in the future is likely to be appropriate for use, especially if it provides any of a greater storage capacity, a higher access speed, a smaller size, and a lower cost per bit of stored information. Well known older machine-readable media are also available for use under certain conditions, such as punched paper tape or cards, magnetic recording on tape or wire, optical or magnetic reading of printed characters (e.g., OCR and magnetically encoded symbols) and machine-readable symbols such as one and two dimensional bar codes.
Many functions of electrical and electronic apparatus can be implemented in hardware (for example, hard-wired logic), in software (for example, logic encoded in a program operating on a general purpose processor), and in firmware (for example, logic encoded in a non-volatile memory that is invoked for operation on a processor as required). The present invention contemplates the substitution of one implementation of hardware, firmware and software for another implementation of the equivalent functionality using a different one of hardware, firmware and software. To the extent that an implementation can be represented mathematically by a transfer function, that is, a specified response is generated at an output terminal for a specific excitation applied to an input terminal of a “black box” exhibiting the transfer function, any implementation of the transfer function, including any combination of hardware, firmware and software implementations of portions or segments of the transfer function, is contemplated herein.
While the present invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to the structure and methods disclosed herein and as illustrated in the drawings, it is not confined to the details set forth and this invention is intended to cover any modifications and changes as may come within the scope and spirit of the following claims.
Wang, Ynjiun P., Havens, William H., Krauter, Allan I., Goldfain, Ervin, Lia, Raymond A., Karpen, Thomas W., Morse, Bradford, Newman, Richard W., Yang, Dongmin, Hunter, Vivian L.
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