A correct image reflecting monocular/telescope, with apparent straight through the device seeing, well suited for telescope, binocular, or goggle applications, including low profile single-wave and multi-wave night vision devices; comprised of at least one flat mirror, one of which having a central aperture, a concave primary mirror, and an image correcting system with offset angle viewing. The flat mirror with central aperture reflects the incoming light from the monocular aperture into other flat mirrors or directly into the concave primary mirror. The converging reflected light from the primary mirror passes back through the small central opening in the flat aperture mirror and into an image correcting system. The image correcting system upright corrects and deflects the focal image of the primary mirror by an offset angle behind the flat aperture mirror for observation with an eyepiece or other means, making it useful in both terrestrial as well as celestial applications.
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18. A monocular/telescope comprising:
a flat mirror with a central aperture, a concave mirror, one or more flat mirrors without central apertures, where images which strike said flat mirror with central aperture will be redirected by said flat mirror(s) without central apertures before striking said concave mirrors reflective surface, where said concave mirror focal point will be redirected by said flat mirror(s) without central apertures before passing through opening in said flat mirror central aperture, an offset angle image correcting means located on the back side of said flat mirror with central aperture, where said image correcting means upright corrects, and redirects said concave mirror focal image by said offset angle and puts it on a common axis with a viewing means located behind said flat mirror with central aperture, where said concave mirror is a liquid mirror with variable focal length determined by speed of rotation, where the distance spacing between said flat mirror with central aperture and said liquid mirror can be variable to accommodate variable focal length of said liquid mirror, where said liquid mirror rotates horizontally, where said additional flat mirrors and said flat mirror with central aperture may rotate or move independently from said liquid mirror.
1. A vision assist device comprising:
a monocular;
said monocular including,
an aperture for receiving light;
a flat mirror having a front reflective surface, a back surface, and a central aperture,
a concave mirror having a focal point located on a side of said flat mirror corresponding to said back surface of said flat mirror,
said flat mirror being at an angle such that the light received by said aperture is reflected by said flat mirror to strike a reflective surface of said concave mirror,
said concave mirror being positioned such that the light striking said reflective surface of said concave mirror is reflected from said reflective surface of said concave mirror to create concave mirror reflected light, said concave mirror reflected light passing through said central aperture of said flat mirror,
an offset angle image correcting prism located on said side of said flat mirror corresponding to said back surface of said flat mirror, and
an eyepiece located on the side of said flat mirror corresponding to said back surface of said flat mirror;
said offset angle image correcting prism upright correcting said concave mirror reflected light;
said offset angle image correcting prism redirecting said concave mirror reflected light by an offset angle such that said concave mirror reflected light is directed to pass through said eyepiece;
said monocular further including a diverging lens located within said central aperture of said flat mirror, said concave mirror reflected light passing through said diverging lens.
16. A multi-wave vision assist device comprising:
a monocular;
said monocular including,
an aperture for receiving light;
a flat mirror having a front reflective surface, a back surface, and a central aperture,
a beam splitter located near said central aperture in said flat mirror,
electrical sensor elements located on a side of said flat mirror corresponding to said back surface of said flat mirror,
a concave mirror having a focal point located on a side of said flat mirror corresponding to said back surface of said flat mirror,
said flat mirror being at an angle such that the light received by said aperture is reflected by said flat mirror to strike a reflective surface of said concave mirror,
said concave mirror being positioned such that the light striking said reflective surface of said concave mirror is reflected from said reflective surface of said concave mirror to create concave mirror reflected light, said concave mirror reflected light passing through said beam splitter;
said beam splitter dividing said concave mirror reflected light into two,
said electrical sensor elements receiving said concave mirror reflected light passing through said beam splitter
said monocular further including a focusing device for focusing said concave mirror reflected light passing through said beam splitter on said electrical sensor elements;
said monocular further including a 90° image correcting device located on said side of said flat mirror corresponding to said back surface of said flat mirror;
said 90° image correcting device digitally combining images data received from said electrical sensor elements;
said monocular further including an electrical display to display digitally combined image data received from said 90° image correcting device;
said monocular further including a diverging lens located within said central aperture of said flat mirror, said concave mirror reflected light passing through said diverging lens.
2. The vision assist device of
3. The vision assist device of
said second flat mirror being located on a side of said flat mirror corresponding to said front surface of said flat mirror such that the light reflected by said flat mirror strikes said second flat mirror and is reflected by said second flat mirror to said concave mirror;
said concave mirror reflected light being reflected by said second flat mirror before passing through said central aperture of said flat mirror.
4. The vision assist device of
5. The vision assist device of
6. The vision assist device of
a second monocular; and
said second monocular including,
an aperture for receiving light;
a flat mirror having a front reflective surface, a back surface, and a central aperture,
a concave mirror having a focal point located on a side of said flat mirror corresponding to said back surface of said flat mirror,
said flat mirror being at an angle such that the light received by said aperture is reflected by said flat mirror to strike a reflective surface of said concave mirror,
said concave mirror being positioned such that the light striking said reflective surface of said concave mirror is reflected from said reflective surface of said concave mirror to create concave mirror reflected light, said concave mirror reflected light passing through said central aperture of said flat mirror,
an offset angle image correcting prism located on said side of said flat mirror corresponding to said back surface of said flat mirror, and
an eyepiece located on the side of said flat mirror corresponding to said back surface of said flat mirror:
an interpupillary distance spacing mechanism located between said monocular and said second monocular.
7. The vision assist device of
a second monocular; and
said second monocular including,
an aperture for receiving light;
a flat mirror having a front reflective surface, a back surface, and a central aperture,
a concave mirror having a focal point located on a side of said flat mirror corresponding to said back surface of said flat mirror,
said flat mirror being at an angle such that the light received by said aperture is reflected by said flat mirror to strike a reflective surface of said concave mirror,
said concave mirror being positioned such that the light striking said reflective surface of said concave mirror is reflected from said reflective surface of said concave mirror to create concave mirror reflected light, said concave mirror reflected light passing through said central aperture of said flat mirror,
an offset angle image correcting prism located on said side of said flat mirror corresponding to said back surface of said flat mirror, and
an eyepiece located on the side of said flat mirror corresponding to said back surface of said flat mirror;
an interpupillary distance spacing mechanism located between said monocular and said second monocular.
8. The vision assist device of
a second monocular; and
said second monocular including,
an aperture for receiving light;
a flat mirror having a front reflective surface, a back surface, and a central aperture,
a concave mirror having a focal point located on a side of said flat mirror corresponding to said back surface of said flat mirror,
said flat mirror being at an angle such that the light received by said aperture is reflected by said flat mirror to strike a reflective surface of said concave mirror,
said concave mirror being positioned such that the light striking said reflective surface of said concave mirror is reflected from said reflective surface of said concave mirror to create concave mirror reflected light, said concave mirror reflected light passing through said central aperture of said flat mirror,
an offset angle image correcting prism located on said side of said flat mirror corresponding to said back surface of said flat mirror, and
an eyepiece located on the side of said flat mirror corresponding to said back surface of said flat mirror;
an interpupillary distance spacing mechanism located between said monocular and said second monocular.
9. The vision assist device of
a second monocular; and
said second monocular including,
an aperture for receiving light;
a flat mirror having a front reflective surface, a back surface, and a central aperture,
a concave mirror having a focal point located on a side of said flat mirror corresponding to said back surface of said flat mirror,
said flat mirror being at an angle such that the light received by said aperture is reflected by said flat mirror to strike a reflective surface of said concave mirror,
said concave mirror being positioned such that the light striking said reflective surface of said concave mirror is reflected from said reflective surface of said concave mirror to create concave mirror reflected light, said concave mirror reflected light passing through said central aperture of said flat mirror,
an offset angle image correcting prism located on said side of said flat mirror corresponding to said back surface of said flat mirror, and
an eyepiece located on the side of said flat mirror corresponding to said back surface of said flat mirror;
an interpupillary distance spacing mechanism located between said flat mirrors with central apertures of said monocular and said second monocular.
10. The vision assist device of
a second monocular; and
said second monocular including,
an aperture for receiving light;
a flat mirror having a front reflective surface, a back surface, and a central aperture,
a concave mirror having a focal point located on a side of said flat mirror corresponding to said back surface of said flat mirror,
said flat mirror being at an angle such that the light received by said aperture is reflected by said flat mirror to strike a reflective surface of said concave mirror,
said concave mirror being positioned such that the light striking said reflective surface of said concave mirror is reflected from said reflective surface of said concave mirror to create concave mirror reflected light, said concave mirror reflected light passing through said central aperture of said flat mirror,
an offset angle image correcting prism located on said side of said flat mirror corresponding to said back surface of said flat mirror, and
an eyepiece located on the side of said flat mirror corresponding to said back surface of said flat mirror;
an interpupillary distance spacing mechanism located between said monocular and said second monocular.
11. The vision assist device of
a second monocular; and
said second monocular including,
an aperture for receiving light;
a flat mirror having a front reflective surface, a back surface, and a central aperture,
a concave mirror having a focal point located on a side of said flat mirror corresponding to said back surface of said flat mirror,
said flat mirror being at an angle such that the light received by said aperture is reflected by said flat mirror to strike a reflective surface of said concave mirror,
said concave mirror being positioned such that the light striking said reflective surface of said concave mirror is reflected from said reflective surface of said concave mirror to create concave mirror reflected light, said concave mirror reflected light passing through said central aperture of said flat mirror,
an offset angle image correcting prism located on said side of said flat mirror corresponding to said back surface of said flat mirror, and
an eyepiece located on the side of said flat mirror corresponding to said back surface of said flat mirror:
an interpupillary distance spacing mechanism located between said monocular and said second monocular.
12. The vision assist device of
said second flat mirror being located on a side of said flat mirror corresponding to said front surface of said flat mirror such that the light reflected by said flat mirror strikes said second flat mirror and is reflected by said second flat mirror to said concave mirror;
said concave mirror reflected light being reflected by said second flat mirror before passing through said central aperture of said flat mirror.
13. The vision assist device of
14. The vision assist device of
15. The vision assist device of
a distance spacing between said flat mirror and said liquid mirror being variable to accommodate the variable focal length of said liquid mirror;
said liquid mirror rotating horizontally.
17. The multi-wave vision assist device of
a second monocular;
said second monocular including,
an aperture for receiving light;
a flat mirror having a front reflective surface, a back surface, and
a central aperture,
a beam splitter located near said central aperture in said flat mirror,
electrical sensor elements located on a side of said flat mirror corresponding to said back surface of said flat mirror,
a concave mirror having a focal point located on a side of said flat mirror corresponding to said back surface of said flat mirror,
said flat mirror being at an angle such that the light received by said aperture is reflected by said flat mirror to strike a reflective surface of said concave mirror,
said concave mirror being positioned such that the light striking said reflective surface of said concave mirror is reflected from said reflective surface of said concave mirror to create concave mirror reflected light, said concave mirror reflected light passing Through said beam splitter;
said monocular and said second monocular being connected such that interpupillary spacing can be adjusted.
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This application claims the benefit of provisional application 62/321,105, filed on Apr. 11, 2016.
The present invention relates to monocular and binocular configurations used in both terrestrial and astronomical applications, including both single-wave and multi-wave night vision; more specifically to an improved version of reflective monocular/telescope which can be arranged in a number of configurations to facilitate unique and useful applications.
One object of the invention when used in higher magnifications is to improve the optical performance of a reflecting monocular telescope over that of the Newtonian, Cassegrain, Gregorian, Maksutov and Schmidt-Cassegrain types. This optical advantage results from improved diffraction performance, since those other reflective telescope types all involve putting a secondary mirror into the optical path which causes diffraction into the optical path, whereas the present invention uses a hole in the optical path which diffracts light away from the optical path, thus yielding better contrast performance. Additionally, the present invention typically blocks less of the incoming light because the hole in the optical path will often be smaller than the reflective element used in the optical path of competing reflective designs.
Another object of the invention is to enhance the usefulness of a reflecting telescope design by incorporating image correcting optics into the design. This allows the telescope to be used for terrestrial as well as celestial observation at a reduced cost. The advantage of this is most apparent when compared to the Newtonian type of telescope which generally cannot be used for terrestrial observation even with external correctors. That is because the image Newtonians create is rotated at some angle dependent on the eyepiece location in addition to being inverted. The other types of reflecting telescopes can have their images corrected, but they require additional external optical components to do it.
Another object of the invention is to achieve a lower cost compared to most other telescope designs. This advantage can be achieved by first using elementary optics rather than custom components, or components requiring specially shaped optical pairs to eliminate aberrations. And second, by reducing the precision requirements of the secondary mirror compared to the other telescopes mentioned.
Another object of the invention is to create a reflecting telescope design that is rugged enough to remain collimated after being set at a factory. The advantage of this is most apparent when compared to the Newtonian design which generally requires collimation with each use, particularly when transported, to maintain optimum performance. The very stable design structure of the present invention makes it useful as a spotting type field telescope, rifle scope, spy-scope, binocular, or goggle, which generally cannot be done effectively using other reflective type telescope designs.
Another object of the invention is to provide a reflective monocular which can be used in a rifle scope applications which doesn't require an optic at the scope forward opening which might reflect sunlight and possibly give away a users position as would be the case with other reflective designs.
Another object of the invention is to provide an improved reflective monocular which can readily be used to form binoculars of any size, which will directly compete with refractive designs due to the many advantages the configuration provides, including the ability to build aperture sizes well beyond what is practical for refractive instruments. This isn't even an option for nearly all other reflective designs which is why refractive designs dominate the marketplace.
Another object of the invention is to provide a forward looking binocular in a compact configuration. Competitors typically use Newtonian telescopes, which are often reverse direction, pointing backward from the direction the observer is looking, and not at all compact.
Another object of the invention is to create a reflecting binocular design that is rugged enough to remain collimated after being set at a factory. The advantage of this over all other reflective designs, Newtonians in particular, allows for it to be used in field applications for both military and commercial applications. The very stable design structure of the present invention is nearly unmatchable by other reflective designs.
Another object of the invention is to provide an improved reflective monocular which can be rotated or tilted without affecting the orientation of the optical image such that when used in a binocular or goggle configuration interpupillary distance spacing can be achieved by rotating the monoculars inward, toward each other, in a similar way as that of refractive binocular designs. This is not currently possible with most other reflective binocular approaches which typically connect a pair of Newtonian reflectors which rotate the image when the monocular tubes are rotated or tilted.
Another object of the invention is to provide monocular and binocular configurations which have a center of geometry and weight distribution much closer to the observer's body, thus providing low profile instruments which are easier to handle, even in larger configurations normally requiring separate mounts. Thus larger objective instruments may be hand held while competitive instruments require mounting. This also allows for an instrument of comparable aperture to be held steadier and for longer periods of time, particularly if the reflective optics can be made lighter weight than refractive competitive designs. The present invention therefore has a low profile advantage over all other refractive and reflective designs.
Another object of the invention is to provide monocular and binocular telescope configurations which incorporate the folding of optics in such a way that very large objective instruments can be made in much smaller total package sizes than competitive designs, making them much more portable, user friendly and attractive for consumers.
Another object of the invention is to provide a large aperture binocular configuration which can exceed the performance capability of refractive designs by using a scalable body design which allows the optical elements to be sized much larger than is practical with refractive designs while still being compact enough to be considered user friendly or mobile.
Another object of the invention is to provide an improved reflective monocular which can readily be used in night vision applications which can provide superior handling performance due to their very low profiles, while matching or exceeding optical performance. This isn't even an option for most other reflective designs which not only block too much light, but are configured in ways which are inferior to refractive approaches. This is why refractive designs dominate the marketplace.
Another object of the invention is to provide a monocular or goggle configuration for night vision applications which has a center of geometry and weight distribution much closer to the observer's body thus providing an extremely low profile instrument compared to refractive designs, which is easier to handle in tactical situations requiring rapid or abrupt movements. This advantage is improved further if the reflective optics can be made lighter weight than refractive competitive designs. This advantage makes the present invention superior in many respects to refractive design competitors and no other reflective designs are even applicable to compete.
Another object of the invention is to provide a multi-wave capability for night vision applications with a common reflective monocular optical path. This design approach is superior to refractive design approaches which use separate optical paths for each wavelength of light and then combine them, often with ghosting visual effects. Additionally, the use of common reflective elements can improve performance since a wide range of wavelengths reflect off mirrors by the same amount and therefore converge to a common point, whereas they do not converge to the same point through refractive optics (chromatic aberration).
Another object of the invention is to provide a telescope configuration which can effectively be used in applications with liquid mirrors which form into parabolic shapes when spun. The configuration allows for the primary liquid optic to remain spinning in a horizontal orientation while also accommodating focal length changes when the primary optic rotational speeds are changed. The configuration would allow for full 360 views of the night sky from a large liquid primary parabolic mirror.
These and other objects and advantages of the present invention will become increasingly apparent upon consideration of the drawings and ensuing description.
The prior art, in all cases where a reflected cone of light from a concave mirror passes through an aperture in a flat mirror, has the focal point of the light cone pass through the aperture in the flat mirror to a point directly behind the mirror and on the same optical axis as the primary mirror and viewing system. They don't even consider redirecting that light cone on the backside of the flat mirror for special purposes. The light cone and focal point of the concave mirror never even pass through the aperture in the flat mirror of my previous U.S. Pat. No. 7,403,331, since the goal was to minimize the blockage of light by making the hole in the flat mirror as small as possible; so the focal point is nearly coincident to the front surface of the hole in the flat aperture mirror. That was not a goal of the present invention and therefore the light cone and focal point of the primary mirror is considered from the coincident point of my previous invention back through the hole to different points behind the flat aperture mirror, depending on the needs of the device being built; where it can either be redirected such that light coming into the instrument is directly in line, parallel, to the light going out at the observation point; for the purpose of making the shortest monocular possible, which can then be used in telescope, binocular, and goggle applications, for terrestrial, astronomical, and night vision use, including multi-wave night vision; or it could be deflected at some other angle for some other purpose. The present invention is therefore capable of being used in many more useful applications.
The next most closely related prior art patents to the present invention are: U.S. Pat. No. 5,132,836 issued to Fundingsland, U.S. Pat. No. 4,444,474 issued to Pasko, and U.S. Pat. No. 4,221,459 issued to Fisher.
Further consideration of these also shows in the case of the Fundingsland design an external finder scope is not practical so a second concave mirror is used between its main concave mirror and its flat aperture mirror for this purpose. This mirror is then folded down after use. The addition of the second concave mirror makes the design more complex and increases cost. In addition, the Fundingsland telescope, by virtue of design, is a completely open optical system which permits stray light to affect optical performance. And, it would require a separate image correcting element for terrestrial use. The present invention can be completely sealed, when using an optical window in the telescope aperture, no finder scope would be needed in terrestrial cases as the incoming light is directly in line with the outgoing light as is the case in traditional spy scopes and binoculars, and the image correcting optics are intrinsic to the design. Additionally the Fundingsland design could never be used as a night vision monocular or goggle because the design precludes it by its very structure and doesn't even allow for straight-through the device seeing.
In the case of the Pasko design, an external finder scope mounts to an upper turret. And, since this upper turret can rotate and be tilted in nearly any direction, so too would the finder scope, making it difficult to use if pointing straight up or backwards. The rotating turret design adds to the complexity of the telescope in addition to requiring a third mirror, both of which add to the cost. Furthermore, the Pasko design requires and external image corrector for terrestrial use. Since the present invention often doesn't need a finder scope or an external image corrector, the costs are further reduced accordingly. Additionally the Pasko design could never be used as a night vision monocular or goggle because the design precludes it by its very structure and doesn't even allow for straight-through the device seeing.
Although Fisher does incorporate and angle into his design, that angle occurs before light ever strikes the flat mirror, not after passing though it; therefore, it cannot be used in many applications of the present invention. Light passing through the hole in the flat mirror is on the same optical axis as the concave primary mirror and viewing systems as noted previously. Also, in the Fisher design, light passes through an objective lens before striking the flat mirror and concave mirror, requiring those mirrors to be more precise and therefore more expensive. Additionally the Fisher design could never be used as a night vision monocular or goggle because the design precludes it by its angled structure and doesn't even allow the possibility for straight-through the device seeing.
The present invention is a reflecting monocular which redirects viewing by 90° such that apparent straight-through the optics, correct upright image viewing is possible with a reflective instrument.
It is comprised of a flat mirror, a concave primary mirror, and an image correcting system located behind the flat mirror. The flat mirror reflects the incoming light from the telescope aperture into the concave primary mirror. The reflected light from the primary mirror passes back through a small centrally located opening in the flat aperture mirror and into an image correcting system. The image correcting system upright corrects the image while redirecting it by 90° for viewing with an eyepiece in line with the incoming light. All variations of the monocular are useful in binocular configurations.
An expanded version of the design folds the optical path with additional flat mirrors to provide unique monocular telescopes and large aperture binoculars capable of very large apertures, which have no comparison to existing products in refractive or reflective designs.
When used in night-vision applications the present invention can exceed current capabilities of most other devices, especially when considering multi-wave applications, while offering such in a lower profile package than competitive refractive designs.
Referring to the drawings for a more detailed explanation of the preferred form of the invention,
These monocular designs represent a very stable structure, which can withstand greater mechanical shock to the system than other reflective designs, without needing realignment of the optics due to the fact the mirrors can be locked into place against the very structure of the telescope, which can contact the mirrors on all sides.
It's worth noting the use of the present invention for multi-wave applications within a single optical system is made possible because light of all wavelengths reflects the same off of mirrors, unlike refractive designs which bend the light different amounts depending on the wavelength; called chromatic aberration; which gives the approach of the present invention a distinct advantage over traditional refractive designs. All these multi-wave night vision devices will require an external power supply (not shown).
The operation for all monocular telescope and binocular configurations of the present invention are intended to be very much like that of the operation with a refractive instrument. The extremely rugged configuration of using a flat aperture mirror which contacts the instrument from all sides allows for direct competition between these reflective optical instruments and conventional refractive ones.
The “straight-through” the optics (parallel) seeing along with the internal image correction makes all the configurations of the present invention ideally suited to terrestrial observation, with larger instruments crossing over to astronomical use as well.
Starting with the monoculars of
The binoculars of
The folded optics monocular of
The folded optics monocular of
The folded optics telescope of
The folded optics binocular of
This large wrap around binocular can either be designed for electronic focusing, and interpupillary distance spacing, or they can be adjusted manually. Prototype designs used both, with the electronic focusing being done with thumb joystick controls located on handles on the underside of the binocular. This allows for easier observation of terrestrial targets.
To use the large aperture folded optics binocular, first the interpupillary distance spacing is adjusted, either manually or electronically. Then a target is selected, and the instrument is pointed toward and focused upon it independently with each eyepiece, assuming independent dual focusing of the instrument. This can either be done manually or electronically. Once both eyepieces are focused correctly, they can be focused simultaneously on targets at different distances. The simultaneous focusing can be more easily done electronically with stepper motors for exact movement, but the focusing system could also be designed to mechanically operate the same as conventional small scale binoculars if desired. The reason most designs will likely opt for independent focusing of both eyepieces is because the binoculars are large aperture, so they can be a true crossover product, allowing for use in both astronomy and terrestrial observation. Most astronomical use binocular devices choose independent focusing of the eyepieces because the objects being observed are at infinite distance, so there isn't a need for rapid changes in focus as there would be for terrestrial use.
This type of large aperture binocular can be enclosed as shown in
The binoculars of
When configured as a night vision monocular, be that single-wave or multi-wave, the observer would likely have the monocular mounted in some way to their head, with the monocular sitting very close to the observers face, oriented anywhere from horizontal to vertical depending on comfort of the observer. The tilting of the monocular will not effect the orientation of the image so whatever tilt downward from horizontal is purely a matter of preference for the user.
The multi-wave night vision monoculars of
When configured as a spotting scope, a zoom mechanism would be added to the image corrector, but use would be the same as any other spotting scope. The instrument is pointed in the direction the observer wishes to see and a focusing means is then used to focus images and a zoom adjustment is done to zoom in or out.
When configured as a rifle scope, a folded configuration is likely used and a zoom mechanism could be added to the image corrector when variable magnification is desired. Use would be the same as a conventional rifle scope. The instrument is pointed in the direction the observer wishes to see, with some zoom/focus adjustment if desired and the ability to make micro-adjustments up or down to the direction the scope is pointing.
General note for all configurations of the present invention; the devices will be more rugged than most other reflective optics designs, they will be less expensive than comparable sized refractive designs, they can be more compact when folded optics is employed for easier storage and use, they will outperform many other reflective designs because they can be setup to block less light to the primary mirror, and the diffraction characteristics of light passing through the hole verses light passing around a mirror in the light path results in higher overall contrast performance. The present invention also has distinct capability advantages over all other types of competing optical designs, particularly when concerning the very large aperture binoculars for hand held (shoulder mounted) use, and night-vision and multi-wave optical use. All viewing angles or positions of the monoculars/binoculars of the present invention yield upright correct images for terrestrial as well as astronomical use.
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