Issuing and managing digital certificates for students is described. A server can receive organization information regarding an educational institution, group information regarding a course, and certificate information regarding the types of content to be displayed upon a digital certificate indicating that a student has completed the course. The server can generate a digital certificate template indicating the types of content and layout of that content for generating digital certificates. The digital certificates can then be generated and published to webpages for students.
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27. A method, comprising:
generating, by a processor, a digital certificate published on a webpage, the digital certificate representing completion of a course by a first recipient student;
receiving additional information related to the course from the first recipient student, the additional information including one or more of a course transcript indicating a grade for the course, a recommendation from a teacher providing the course, or work product completed by the first recipient student for the course;
publishing the additional information on the webpage with the digital certificate;
recommending the first recipient student to contact a second student to facilitate mentoring between the first recipient student and the second student, the recommendation being based on the digital certificate and content of the additional information published on the webpage, the second student being matched for mentoring based on the grade for the course of the first recipient; and
student and a grade for the course for the second student.
2. A method, comprising:
receiving organization information representing a name of an institution providing a course;
receiving group information representing a name of the course;
generating, by a processor, a digital certificate template representing a layout of information to be displayed upon digital certificates to be issued to recipient students who have taken the course, the information to be displayed upon the digital certificates including the name of the institution and the name of the course;
receiving a list of respective names of recipient students who have completed the course, the list of respective names including a first recipient student;
generating, by the processor, a first digital certificate based on the digital certificate template and indicating that the first recipient student has completed the course, the generating including generating a first webpage providing the first digital certificate as a representation that the first recipient student has completed the course; and
providing a recommendation to the first recipient student to contact a second student based on the first digital certificate and additional information provided by the first recipient student, the additional information including a transcript indicating a grade for the course, a recommendation from a teacher providing the course, or work product completed by the first recipient student during the course.
10. A system, comprising:
a database configured to store a name of an institution providing a course, group information representing a name of the course, and a digital certificate template representing a layout of content to be displayed upon digital certificates published on webpages for recipient students who have completed the course;
a digital certificate generation module including hardware configured to publish a first digital certificate upon a first webpage at a first universal resource locator (url) based on the digital certificate template, the first digital certificate representing that a first recipient student has completed the course, the first digital certificate including the name of the course and the name of the institution;
a digital certificate provisioning module including hardware configured to provide a first message to the first recipient student providing access to the first webpage with the first digital certificate at the first url; and
a management module including hardware configured to provide a recommendation to the first recipient student to contact a second student based on the first digital certificate of the first recipient student and additional information provided by the first recipient student, the additional information including a transcript indicating a grade for the course, a recommendation from a teacher providing the course, or work product completed by the first recipient student during the course.
28. A method for managing a digital certificate issued to a recipient student of a course for study provided by an educational institution or a business institution, the digital certificate providing an indication of completion of the course, the method comprising:
receiving an email providing a message regarding an online publication of the digital certificate indicating completion of a first course by the recipient student, the email including a universal resource locator (url) to a webpage providing the digital certificate;
displaying the webpage at the url providing the digital certificate for the recipient student;
uploading, by a processor, additional information regarding activities of the recipient student related to the completion of the first course and for publication upon the webpage providing the digital certificate, the additional information including one or more of a course transcript indicating a grade for the first course, a recommendation from a teacher providing the first course, or work product completed by the recipient student during the first course;
receiving a recommendation to contact another student based on the first course indicated as completed by the digital certificate and the additional information regarding the activities of the recipient student related to the completion of the first course, the another student being matched for mentoring based on a grade of the course for the another student being different from the grade for the course of the recipient student; and
submitting a request to register for a second course provided by the educational institution or the business institution.
19. A computer program product, comprising one or more non-transitory computer-readable media having computer program instructions stored therein, the computer program instructions being configured such that, when executed by one or more computing devices, the computer program instructions cause the one or more computing devices to:
receive organization information representing a name of an institution providing a course;
receive group information representing a name of the course;
generate a digital certificate template representing a layout of information to be displayed upon digital certificates to be issued to respective recipient students who have taken the course, the information to be displayed upon the digital certificates including the name of the institution and the name of the course;
receive a list of names of recipient students who have completed the course, the list of names including a first recipient student;
generate a first digital certificate based on the digital certificate template and indicating that the first recipient student has completed the course, the generating including generating a first webpage providing the first digital certificate as a representation that the first recipient student has completed the course; and
provide a recommendation to the first recipient student to contact a second student based on the first digital certificate of the first recipient student and additional information provided by the first recipient student, the additional information including a transcript indicating a grade for the course, a recommendation from a teacher providing the course, or work product completed by the first recipient student during the course.
1. A method for issuing and managing digital certificates for students of an educational institution or a business institution providing a course for study, the digital certificate providing an indication of completion of the course, the method comprising:
receiving organization information indicating a name of the educational institution or the business institution providing the course;
receiving group information indicating a name of the course;
receiving certificate information indicating types of content to be displayed upon the digital certificates to be issued and positions of the content upon the digital certificates to be issued, the types of content selected from the organization information and the group information;
generating, by a processor, a digital certificate template corresponding to the digital certificates to be issued to recipient students of the course based on the certificate information;
receiving recipient information indicating recipient students who have completed the course and should be issued digital certificates, the recipient information indicating respective names and email addresses for each of the recipient students;
publishing, by the processor, respective digital certificates for each of the recipient students based on the digital certificate template, each of the digital certificates including content based on the certificate information and the name of the respective recipient student as indicated by the recipient information, and each of the digital certificates published at a corresponding webpage having a corresponding universal resource locator (url);
sending emails to each of the recipient students based on the respective names and email addresses indicated in the recipient information, the emails providing each of the recipient students access to their corresponding digital certificate published upon the webpages by providing the corresponding url;
providing the digital certificates for display on webpages when the recipient students access the webpages via the corresponding urls; and
providing a recommendation to each of the recipient students to contact another student based on the digital certificate of the recipient student and additional information provided by the recipient student, the additional information including a transcript indicating a grade for the course, a recommendation from a teacher providing the course, or work product completed by the recipient student during the course.
3. The method of
4. The method of
generating a second digital certificate based on the digital certificate template and indicating that the second recipient student has completed the course.
5. The method of
generating a second webpage providing the second digital certificate as a representation that the second student has completed the course, each of the first webpage and the second webpage having different universal resource locators (urls).
6. The method of
7. The method of
receiving a request to change information displayed upon the first digital certificate from the first recipient student; and
updating content displayed upon the first digital certificate to reflect the change requested.
8. The method of
publishing the additional information on the first webpage including the first digital certificate.
9. The method of
11. The system of
12. The system of
13. The system of
14. The system of
15. The system of
receive a request to change information displayed upon the first digital certificate from the first recipient student, and
update content displayed upon the first digital certificate to reflect the change requested.
16. The system of
receive a request to change information displayed upon the first digital certificate from the first recipient student, and
update content displayed upon the first digital certificate to reflect the change requested.
17. The system of
18. The system of
20. The computer program product of
21. The computer program product of
generate a second digital certificate based on the digital certificate template and indicating that the second recipient student has completed the course.
22. The computer program product of
generate a second webpage providing the second digital certificate as a representation that the second recipient student has completed the course, each of the first webpage and the second webpage having different universal resource locators (urls).
23. The computer program product of
24. The computer program product of
receive a request to change information displayed upon the first digital certificate from the first recipient student; and
update content displayed upon the first digital certificate to reflect the change requested.
25. The computer program product of
publish the additional information on the first webpage including the first digital certificate.
26. The computer program product of
29. The method of
submitting a request to update information related to the recipient student on the digital certificate published on the webpage; and
displaying the webpage providing the digital certificate with information corresponding to the request.
30. The method of
31. The method of
modifying viewing permissions of the digital certificate such that the digital certificate is no longer available for display at the webpage corresponding to the url.
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This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/546,503, entitled “Digital Certificate Management,” By King, and filed on Aug. 16, 2017. The content of the above-identified application is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
This disclosure relates to digital certificates, and in particular managing digital certificates.
Organizations often provide certificates to students or employees upon completion of training. For example, a university can provide a diploma as a certificate to a student indicating that the student is a graduate in a particular program offered by the university. A language institute might provide a certificate to a student indicating that the student is proficient in speaking a particular language. A business might provide a certificate to an employee indicating that the employee has completed an internal training program.
These certificates are often printed on paper and can also be hand-signed, embossed, etc. and then packaged in an envelope and mailed. However, providing certificates to hundreds or thousands of students can be an expensive and time-consuming process.
Some of the subject matter described herein includes a method for issuing and managing digital certificates for students of an educational institution or a business institution providing a course for study, the digital certificate providing an indication of completion of the course, the method comprising: receiving organization information indicating a name of the educational institution or the business institution providing the course; receiving group information indicating a name of the course; receiving certificate information indicating types of content to be displayed upon the digital certificates to be issued and positions of the content upon the digital certificates to be issued, the types of content selected from the organization information and the group information; generating, by a processor, a digital certificate template corresponding to the certificates to be issued to students of the course based on the certificate information; receiving recipient information indicating students who completed the course and should be issued digital certificates, and the recipient information indicating email addresses for each of the students; publishing, by the processor, digital certificates for each of the students based on the digital certificate template, each of the digital certificates including content based on the certificate information and names of the students as indicated by the recipient information, and each of the digital certificates published at a corresponding webpage having a universal resource locator (URL); sending emails to each of the students based on the email addresses indicated in the recipient information, the emails providing each of the students access to their corresponding digital certificate published upon the webpages by providing the corresponding URL; and provide the digital certificates for display on webpages when the students access the webpages via the URLs.
Some of the subject matter described herein also includes a method, comprising: receiving organization information representing a name of an institution providing a course; receiving group information representing a name of the course; generating, by a processor, a digital certificate template representing a layout of information to be displayed upon digital certificates to be issued to students who have taken the course, the information to be displayed upon the digital certificates including the name of the institution and the name of the course; receiving a list of names of students who have completed the course, the list of names including a first student; and generating, by the processor, a first digital certificate based on the digital certificate template and indicating that the first student has completed the course, the generating including generating a first webpage providing the first digital certificate as a representation that the first student has completed the course.
In some implementations, the first digital certificate includes content indicating the name of the course, the name of the institution, and the name of the first student.
In some implementations, the list of names also includes a second student, and the method further comprising: generating a second digital certificate based on the digital certificate template and indicating that the second student has completed the course.
In some implementations, the method includes generating a second webpage providing the second digital certificate as a representation that the second student has completed the course, each of the first webpage and the second webpage having different universal resource locators (URLs).
In some implementations, the URLs are based on a corresponding certificate identifier determined upon generation of the first digital certificate and the second digital certificate.
In some implementations, the method includes: receiving a request to change information displayed upon the first digital certificate from the first student; and updating content displayed upon the first digital certificate to reflect the change requested.
In some implementations, the method includes: receiving, from the first student, additional information related to the course; and publishing the additional information on the first webpage including the first certificate.
In some implementations, the additional information includes a course transcript, a recommendation from a teacher providing the course, or work product completed by the student during the course.
In some implementations, the method includes providing a recommendation to the first student regarding another course to complete, the recommendation based on one or both of the name of the course or the additional information provided by the first student.
Some of the subject matter described herein also includes a system, including: a database configured to store a name of an institution providing a course, group information representing a name of the course, and a digital certificate template representing a layout of content to be displayed upon digital certificates published on webpages for students who have completed the course; a certificate generation module configured to publish a first digital certificate upon a first webpage at a first universal resource locator (URL) based on the digital certificate template, the first digital certificate representing that a first student has completed the course, the first digital certificate including the name of the course and the name of the institution; and a certificate provisioning module configured to provide a first message to the first student providing access to the first webpage with the first digital certificate at the first URL.
In some implementations, the first digital certificate includes content indicating the name of the course, the name of the institution, and the name of the first student.
In some implementations, the digital certificate template indicates positions of the name of the course, name of the institution, and the name of the first student to be displayed upon the first digital certificate.
In some implementations, the certificate generation module is configured to publish a second digital certificate upon a second webpage at a second URL different than the first URL and based on the digital certificate template, the second digital certificate also indicating that a second student has completed the course, the first student and the second student being different.
In some implementations, the URLs are based on a corresponding certificate identifier determined upon generation of the first digital certificate and the second digital certificate.
In some implementations, the system includes a management module configured to receive a request a request to change information displayed upon the first digital certificate from the first student, and the management module configured to update content displayed upon the first digital certificate to reflect the change requested.
In some implementations, the system includes a management module configured to receive a request a request to change information displayed upon the first digital certificate from the first student, and the management module configured to update content displayed upon the first digital certificate to reflect the change requested.
In some implementations, the system includes a management module configured to receive additional information related to the course from the first student and publish additional information on the first webpage including the first digital certificate.
In some implementations, the additional information includes a course transcript, a recommendation from a teacher providing the course, or work product completed by the student during the course.
In some implementations, the management module is further configured to provide a recommendation to the first student regarding another course to complete, the recommendation based on one or both of the name of the course or the additional information provided by the first student.
Some of the subject matter described herein also includes a computer program product, comprising one or more non-transitory computer-readable media having computer program instructions stored therein, the computer program instructions being configured such that, when executed by one or more computing devices, the computer program instructions cause the one or more computing devices to: receive organization information representing a name of an institution providing a course; receive group information representing a name of the course; generate a digital certificate template representing a layout of information to be displayed upon digital certificates to be issued to students who have taken the course, the information to be displayed upon the digital certificates including the name of the institution and the name of the course; receive a list of names of students who have completed the course, the list of names including a first student; and generate a first digital certificate based on the digital certificate template and indicating that the first student has completed the course, the generating including generating a first webpage providing the first digital certificate as a representation that the first student has completed the course.
In some implementations, the first digital certificate includes content indicating the name of the course, the name of the institution, and the name of the first student.
In some implementations, the list of names also includes a second student, and the computer program instructions cause the one or more computing devices to: generate a second digital certificate based on the digital certificate template and indicating that the second student has completed the course.
In some implementations, the computer program instructions cause the one or more computing devices to: generate a second webpage providing the second digital certificate as a representation that the second student has completed the course, each of the first webpage and the second webpage having different universal resource locators (URLs).
In some implementations, the URLs are based on a corresponding certificate identifier determined upon generation of the first digital certificate and the second digital certificate.
In some implementations, the computer program instructions cause the one or more computing devices to: receive a request to change information displayed upon the first digital certificate from the first student; and update content displayed upon the first digital certificate to reflect the change requested.
In some implementations, the computer program instructions cause the one or more computing devices to: receive, from the first student, additional information related to the course; and publish the additional information on the first webpage including the first certificate.
In some implementations, the additional information includes a course transcript, a recommendation from a teacher providing the course, or work product completed by the student during the course.
In some implementations, the computer program instructions cause the one or more computing devices to: provide a recommendation to the first student regarding another course to complete, the recommendation based on one or both of the name of the course or the additional information provided by the first student.
Some of the subject matter described herein also includes a method, comprising: generating, by a processor, a digital certificate published on a webpage, the digital certificate representing completion of a course that is provided by an institution by a student; receiving additional information related to the course from the student, the additional information including one or more of a course transcript, a recommendation from a teacher providing the course, or work product completed by the student for the course; publishing the additional information on the webpage with the digital certificate; and recommending the student to take another course or contact another student based on content of the additional information published on the webpage.
This disclosure describes devices and techniques for managing digital certificates. An organization such as a university, a trade school, a company, etc. might provide certificates to students (e.g., university students, employees, etc.) upon completion of training. For example, a trade school might offer a variety of courses for people to learn new skills. For each course completed by a student, a certificate can be printed and mailed to the student to provide proof of the student's accomplishment of completing the course. However, printing and mailing certificates for each student can be expensive and time-consuming if there are hundreds or thousands of students enrolled in several courses. Additionally, printed certificates can be forged.
As described herein, digital certificates can be managed to easily provide and maintain certificates for students in a lower cost, less time-consuming, and more secure manner. In one example, an organization can provide organizational information (providing details regarding its organization name, name and position of an official such as John Doe being an Executive Director, organization's logo, etc.), group information (providing information regarding a course of study such as a course name and description), certificate information (providing a design or layout of a certificate), and recipient information (providing names and contact information of students that should be provided certificates) to a certificate server. This data can be stored and the server can generate unique certificates for each of the students indicated in the recipient information and based on the organizational information, group information, and certificate information. Each certificate can also be published on a webpage and accessible via a unique universal resource locator (URL), for example, by having each certificate associated with a unique identifier and the URL provided can include or be generated based on that unique identifier. Students can then each be emailed a link (e.g., of the URL) to their certificate. When a student selects the link, the server can then provide access to their digital certificate indicating the completion of coursework. The link can then be shared with others by the student to offer proof of completion of the coursework.
The students can also manage their own certificates at the webpage. For example, a student can select for their certificate to be private (i.e., no longer accessible to others via the webpage), promote the certificate via other services (e.g., publish to a social media account), download a copy of the certificate, or even request the organization to modify the content of the certificate (e.g., to change the name on the certificate). Additionally, the student can provide additional information related to the coursework that resulted in the certificate, for example, grades, graded exams and/or papers, recommendations or references from the teacher, projects (e.g., code or art prepared during the coursework), etc.
Additionally, the organization can be provided with analytics regarding the usage of the certificates by the students. For example, how often certificates are viewed, whether students are publishing certificates via other services, the type of additional information being provided, etc. can all be determined. Moreover, the organization can manage the certificates, for example, by changing names (e.g., if students change names, fix typos, etc.), changing the organization's name (e.g., if the organization has changed its operating name), etc. The organization can also revoke certificates.
In more detail,
In addition, server 110 can also be provided with group information 130. Group information 130 can indicate a course name and a description of that course (e.g., the topic of the course associated with what students learn when taking the course).
Certificate information 125 can also be received, and it can indicate the type of information to be placed on a certificate and the layout of the information placed upon that certificate. For example, device 105 can utilize a what-you-see-is-what-you-get (WYSIWYG) style of editor provided on a web page hosted by server 110. Using this editor, various types of information can be selected or indicated to be displayed on a certificate generated using certificate template 140. Additionally, the information can be moved around and placed at specific positions. For example, in
Certificate title 155, course name identifier 160, recipient name identifier 165, and issued on date identifier 170 can also be selected to be published upon certificates. Course name identifier 160, recipient name identifier 165, and issued on date identifier 170 can be placeholders for data that should be pulled from group information 130, recipient information 120, or generated upon the creation or publication of a certificate based on certificate template 140. For example, the same certificate template 140 can be used for different group information for different courses. Thus, different group information 130 being used can result in different content on certificates using the same certificate template 140. Likewise, different students of recipient information 120 (as discussed later) result in different names published on a certificate generated using certificate template 140. Issued on date identifier 170 can indicate that server 110 should determine the date when a certificate is to be published and use that date on the certificate.
Recipient information 120 can be a list of names of students and information related to the students such as their contact information (e.g., email address). The names can be used to be published on a certificate and the email can be used to communicate to the student that a certificate is available. In some implementations, the recipient information can be provided to credential server 110 in
Thus, a variety of data or information can be received and/or generated, including the creation of certificate template 140 used to generate certificates such as certificate 150. Student 115 can then be provided certificate link 145 providing access to certificate 150. For example certificate link 145 can be a URL generated by server 110 and provides access to certificate 150. As depicted in
Returning to
Certificate information can also be received (210). The information can be also stored in a database, for example, of server 110 in
Once the certification information is received, a certificate template can be generated (215). The information can be also stored in a database, for example, of server 110 in
Recipient information can also be received (220). The information can be also stored in a database, for example, of server 110 in
A recipient can then receive a certificate link (230). For example, because the recipient information includes the email addresses for the recipients, each student can receive an email with the unique URL of their corresponding certificate.
A recipient of the certificate can also be provided an opportunity with a variety of administrative functionalities for the certificate.
Additionally, the student can promote certificate 705 onto a social media account, add it to an email signature, or email it to someone else. For example, the student can publish a note regarding certificate 705 onto a business-oriented social media platform (e.g., Linkedin®) so that it is provided with other professional-related information regarding the student such as resume details.
Moreover, administrative control panel 805 can offer the capability download a copy of certificate 705 (e.g., in an Adobe® PDF file format). This can be useful if the student wants to print out a paper copy of certificate 705. Moreover, administrative control panel 805 can also offer the student the opportunity to request modifications to certificate 705. For example, if the student has married and changed his or her name, then the student can request a name change. The student can provide the name, the organization can receive a message from the certificate server that the student has requested the name to be changed, view the new requested name, and approve it. If approved, the name on certificate 705 can be updated to reflect the new requested name that was approved.
The student can also provide additional information related to the course related to certificate 705.
In some implementations, the additional information can be uploaded by the student. In other implementations, the additional information can be provided by the organization issuing certificate 705. For example, when certificate 705 is generated by providing the various information as discussed above, the information can also include the additional information such as a transcript, grade, teacher recommendation, etc. that can also be included on the webpage with certificate 705. In some implementations, the student can select or indicate that the information should be provided. For example, server 110 can indicate that the organization has also uploaded the aforementioned details regarding the student's participation in the course and the student can select which ones should be published with certificate 705. Thus, if a transcript and teacher recommendation are available, the student can decide to include the teacher recommendation to be published with certificate 705, but exclude the transcript.
The organizations can also learn insights regarding their students from the use of the certificates.
The information corresponding to certificate 705 and the additional information provided by the student as discussed above can also be analyzed to provide recommendations regarding further courses that the student can register for, or other professionals that the student might want to contact for networking purposes.
In some implementations, the certificates can have an expiration date. Thus, the certificate provided at the URL can be revoked (e.g., the webpage at the URL can be removed, the certificate can no longer be publicly accessible, etc.) upon the expiration date.
In some implementations, the organizations can also be provided with a readout of all of the credentials that they have issued, the students who have received credentials and which credentials they have received, and how many credentials they have issued.
In some implementations, the organizations can also modify the design of the credentials that have been previously issued. For example, in addition to changing the names of a recipient, the layout of the content of the credentials can be changed by adjusting the certificate template. For example, by moving the location of the identifier for a recipient name, the names of the students on the certificates that were previously generated can be moved to the location as in the adjusted certificate template. Thus, changing the certificate information that the certificates were based on and result in those certificates to be updated with the new certificate information. This can include moving the location of some of the content of the certificates or even the addition or removal of content to the certificates. For example, if certificate information such as the issue date identifier is removed such that the certificate template would no longer include it, then the generated certificates can be updated such that the issue dates are no longer displayed upon the certificates.
Various common components (e.g., cache memory) are omitted for illustrative simplicity. The assistant device is intended to illustrate a hardware device on which any of the components described in the example of
The processor 1305 may be, for example, a microprocessor circuit such as an Intel Pentium microprocessor or Motorola power PC microprocessor. One of skill in the relevant art will recognize that the terms “machine-readable (storage) medium” or “computer-readable (storage) medium” include any type of device that is accessible by the processor. Processor 1305 can also be circuitry such as an application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), complex programmable logic devices (CPLDs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), structured ASICs, etc.
The memory is coupled to the processor by, for example, a bus. The memory can include, by way of example but not limitation, random access memory (RAM), such as dynamic RAM (DRAM) and static RAM (SRAM). The memory can be local, remote, or distributed.
The bus also couples the processor to the non-volatile memory and drive unit. The non-volatile memory is often a magnetic floppy or hard disk; a magnetic-optical disk; an optical disk; a read-only memory (ROM) such as a CD-ROM, EPROM, or EEPROM; a magnetic or optical card; or another form of storage for large amounts of data. Some of this data is often written, by a direct memory access process, into memory during the execution of software in the computer. The non-volatile storage can be local, remote or distributed. The non-volatile memory is optional because systems can be created with all applicable data available in memory. A typical computer system will usually include at least a processor, memory, and a device (e.g., a bus) coupling the memory to the processor.
The software can be stored in the non-volatile memory and/or the drive unit. Indeed, storing an entire large program in memory may not even be possible. Nevertheless, it should be understood that for software to run, it may be necessary to move the software to a computer-readable location appropriate for processing, and, for illustrative purposes, that location is referred to as memory in this application. Even when software is moved to memory for execution, the processor will typically make use of hardware registers to store values associated with the software and make use of a local cache that, ideally, serves to accelerate execution. As used herein, a software program is can be stored at any known or convenient location (from non-volatile storage to hardware registers).
The bus also couples the processor to the network interface device. The interface can include one or more of a modem or network interface. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that a modem or network interface can be considered to be part of the computer system. The interface can include an analog modem, an ISDN modem, a cable modem, a token ring interface, a satellite transmission interface (e.g., “direct PC”), or other interface for coupling a computer system to other computer systems. The interface can include one or more input and/or output devices. The input and/or output devices can include, by way of example but not limitation, a keyboard, a mouse or other pointing device, disk drives, printers, a scanner, and other input and/or output devices, including a display device. The display device can include, by way of example but not limitation, a cathode ray tube (CRT), a liquid crystal display (LCD), or some other applicable known or convenient display device.
In operation, the assistant device can be controlled by operating system software that includes a file management system, such as a disk operating system. The file management system is typically stored in the non-volatile memory and/or drive unit and causes the processor to execute the various acts required by the operating system to input and output data, and to store data in the memory, including storing files on the non-volatile memory and/or drive unit.
Some items of the detailed description may be presented in terms of algorithms and symbolic representations of operations on data bits within a computer memory. These algorithmic descriptions and representations are the means used by those skilled in the data processing arts to most effectively convey the substance of their work to others skilled in the art. An algorithm is here, and generally, conceived to be a self-consistent sequence of operations leading to a desired result. The operations are those requiring physical manipulations of physical quantities. Usually, though not necessarily, these quantities take the form of electronic or magnetic signals capable of being stored, transferred, combined, compared, and/or otherwise manipulated. It has proven convenient at times, principally for reasons of common usage, to refer to these signals as bits, values, elements, symbols, characters, terms, numbers, or the like.
It should be borne in mind, however, that all of these and similar terms are to be associated with the appropriate physical quantities and are merely convenient labels applied to these quantities. Unless specifically stated otherwise, as apparent from the following discussion, those skilled in the art will appreciate that throughout the description, discussions utilizing terms such as “processing” or “computing” or “calculating” or “determining” or “displaying” or “generating” or the like refer to the action and processes of a computer system or similar electronic computing device that manipulates and transforms data represented as physical (electronic) quantities within the computer system's registers and memories into other data similarly represented as physical quantities within the computer system's memories or registers or other such information storage, transmission, or display devices.
The algorithms and displays presented herein are not inherently related to any particular computer or other apparatus. Various general-purpose systems may be used with programs in accordance with the teachings herein, or it may prove convenient to construct more specialized apparatuses to perform the methods of some embodiments. The required structure for a variety of these systems will be apparent from the description below. In addition, the techniques are not described with reference to any particular programming language, and various embodiments may thus be implemented using a variety of programming languages.
In further embodiments, the assistant device operates as a standalone device or may be connected (e.g., networked) to other machines. In a networked deployment, the assistant device may operate in the capacity of a server or of a client machine in a client-server network environment or may operate as a peer machine in a peer-to-peer (or distributed) network environment.
In some embodiments, the assistant devices include a machine-readable medium. While the machine-readable medium or machine-readable storage medium is shown in an exemplary embodiment to be a single medium, the term “machine-readable medium” and “machine-readable storage medium” should be taken to include a single medium or multiple media (e.g., a centralized or distributed database and/or associated caches and servers) that store the one or more sets of instructions. The term “machine-readable medium” and “machine-readable storage medium” should also be taken to include any medium that is capable of storing, encoding, or carrying a set of instructions for execution by the machine, and which causes the machine to perform any one or more of the methodologies or modules of the presently disclosed technique and innovation.
In general, the routines executed to implement the embodiments of the disclosure may be implemented as part of an operating system or a specific application, component, program, object, module, or sequence of instructions referred to as “computer programs.” The computer programs typically comprise one or more instructions set at various times in various memory and storage devices in a computer that, when read and executed by one or more processing units or processors in a computer, cause the computer to perform operations to execute elements involving various aspects of the disclosure.
Moreover, while embodiments have been described in the context of fully functioning computers and computer systems, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the various embodiments are capable of being distributed as a program product in a variety of forms, and that the disclosure applies equally, regardless of the particular type of machine- or computer-readable media used to actually effect the distribution.
Further examples of machine-readable storage media, machine-readable media, or computer-readable (storage) media include, but are not limited to, recordable type media such as volatile and non-volatile memory devices, floppy and other removable disks, hard disk drives, optical disks (e.g., Compact Disc Read-Only Memory (CD-ROMS), Digital Versatile Discs, (DVDs), etc.), among others, and transmission type media such as digital and analog communication links.
In some circumstances, operation of a memory device, such as a change in state from a binary one to a binary zero or vice-versa, for example, may comprise a transformation, such as a physical transformation. With particular types of memory devices, such a physical transformation may comprise a physical transformation of an article to a different state or thing. For example, but without limitation, for some types of memory devices, a change in state may involve an accumulation and storage of charge or a release of stored charge. Likewise, in other memory devices, a change of state may comprise a physical change or transformation in magnetic orientation or a physical change or transformation in molecular structure, such as from crystalline to amorphous or vice-versa. The foregoing is not intended to be an exhaustive list in which a change in state for a binary one to a binary zero or vice-versa in a memory device may comprise a transformation, such as a physical transformation. Rather, the foregoing is intended as illustrative examples.
A storage medium may typically be non-transitory or comprise a non-transitory device. In this context, a non-transitory storage medium may include a device that is tangible, meaning that the device has a concrete physical form, although the device may change its physical state. Thus, for example, non-transitory refers to a device remaining tangible despite this change in state.
The foregoing description of various embodiments of the claimed subject matter has been provided for the purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the claimed subject matter to the precise forms disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to one skilled in the art. Embodiments were chosen and described in order to best describe certain principles and practical applications, thereby enabling others skilled in the relevant art to understand the subject matter, the various embodiments and the various modifications that are suited to the particular uses contemplated.
While embodiments have been described in the context of fully functioning computers and computer systems, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the various embodiments are capable of being distributed as a program product in a variety of forms and that the disclosure applies equally regardless of the particular type of machine- or computer-readable media used to actually effect the distribution.
Although the above Detailed Description describes certain embodiments and the best mode contemplated, no matter how detailed the above appears in text, the embodiments can be practiced in many ways. Details of the systems and methods may vary considerably in their implementation details while still being encompassed by the specification. As noted above, particular terminology used when describing certain features or aspects of various embodiments should not be taken to imply that the terminology is being redefined herein to be restricted to any specific characteristics, features, or aspects of the disclosed technique with which that terminology is associated. In general, the terms used in the following claims should not be construed to limit the disclosure to the specific embodiments disclosed in the specification, unless those terms are explicitly defined herein. Accordingly, the actual scope of the technique encompasses not only the disclosed embodiments but also all equivalent ways of practicing or implementing the embodiments under the claims.
The language used in the specification has been principally selected for readability and instructional purposes, and it may not have been selected to delineate or circumscribe the inventive subject matter. It is therefore intended that the scope of the technique be limited not by this Detailed Description, but rather by any claims that issue on an application based hereon. Accordingly, the disclosure of various embodiments is intended to be illustrative, but not limiting, of the scope of the embodiments, which is set forth in the following claims.
From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that specific embodiments of the invention have been described herein for purposes of illustration, but that various modifications may be made without deviating from the scope of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is not limited except as by the appended claims.
King, Daniel, Heppenstall, Alan
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