A solar membrane distillation apparatus includes a housing comprising a light transmitting wall. A solar distillation membrane is positioned in the housing to receive solar radiation transmitted through the light transmitting wall. The solar distillation membrane includes a porous graphitic foam and a coating of a hydrophobic composition on the surface and pores of the graphitic foam. A water chamber within the housing is provided for retaining water adjacent to the solar distillation membrane. A vapor chamber is provided for collecting water vapor distilling through the solar distillation membrane. A condenser is provided for condensing distilled water vapor from the vapor chamber into liquid water. A separation membrane and a method of solar distillation are also disclosed.
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16. A separation membrane, comprising a graphitic foam and a surface coating of a hydrophobic composition on the surface and pores of the graphitic foam, the surface of the graphitic foam being superhydrophobic, wherein the hydrophobic composition is at least one selected from the group consisting of fluorosilanes, linear alkyl-silanes, branched alkyl-silanes, aromatic-silanes, fluorinated alkyl-silanes, dialkyl-silanes, carbon nanotubes, and carbon soot, and wherein the fluorosilane comprises the decomposition reaction product of heptadecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetrahydrodecyl) trichlorosilane.
1. A solar membrane distillation apparatus, comprising:
a housing comprising a light transmitting wall;
a solar distillation membrane positioned in the housing to receive solar radiation transmitted through the light transmitting wall, the solar distillation membrane comprising a porous graphitic foam and a coating of a hydrophobic composition on the surface and pores of the graphitic foam;
a water chamber within the housing for retaining water adjacent to the solar distillation membrane;
a vapor chamber for collecting water vapor distilling through the solar distillation membrane;
a condenser for condensing distilled water vapor from the vapor chamber into liquid water.
17. A method of solar distillation, comprising the steps of:
providing a solar distillation membrane positioned to receive solar radiation, the solar distillation membrane comprising a porous graphitic foam and a surface coating of a hydrophobic composition on the surface and pores of the graphitic foam;
contacting the solar distillation membrane with solar radiation;
supplying feed water to the solar distillation membrane, whereby water at the surface of the solar distillation membrane will be vaporized and the water vapor will pass through pores of the graphitic foam, and liquid water will be repelled by the hydrophobic surface of the solar distillation membrane;
collecting the water vapor; and,
condensing the water vapor into liquid water.
2. The solar membrane distillation apparatus of
3. The solar membrane distillation apparatus of
4. The solar membrane distillation apparatus of
5. The solar membrane distillation apparatus of
6. The solar membrane distillation apparatus of
7. The solar membrane distillation apparatus of
8. The solar membrane distillation apparatus of
9. The solar membrane distillation apparatus of
10. The solar membrane of
11. The solar membrane distillation apparatus of
12. The solar membrane distillation apparatus of
13. The solar membrane distillation apparatus of
14. The solar distillation membrane of
15. The solar membrane distillation apparatus of
18. The method of
19. The method of
20. The method of
21. The method of
23. The method of
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This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/738,503 filed on Sep. 28, 2018, entitled “Solar-thermal Driven Desalination Superhydrophobic Coated Micro-porous Carbon Foam Tubular Membrane”, the entire disclosure of which incorporated herein by reference.
This invention was made with government support under Contract No. DE-AC05-00OR22725 awarded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The government has certain rights in this invention.
The present invention relates generally to separation membranes, and more particularly to separation membranes that can be used for desalination processes
The global scarcity of freshwater resources drives intensive research attention to solar desalination which can provide clean water directly from sunlight with minimum environmental impact. Many studies have explored high-efficiency solar desalination devices, and practical challenges are posed by complicated fabrication requirements, high cost, and scalability. In the direct approach such as solar stills and chimneys, a solar collector is coupled with a distillation mechanism and the process is carried out in one simple cycle. Large-scale deployment of such devices is limited by cost and losses in system efficiency associated with heat and mass transfer during evaporation and condensation.
Water evaporation using porous carbon nanomaterials is a promising technique for producing fresh water from salt water or other wastewater using abundant solar energy with high efficiency. With rapid development of nanotechnologies in recent years, two key elements for efficient solar driven desalination have been defined: 1) broadband solar absorption using nanomaterials, such as plasmonic nanoparticles, graphite and graphene, and 2) localized heat management using nano-structures such as porous nano-capillary channels for efficient vapor generation with minimized parasitic heat energy loss to bulk liquid. Compared with traditional solar desalination, these nano-structures can double the light-to-heat conversion efficiency resulting in an increase of the pure water production from 0.5 to 1.0 kg/m2·h under 1 sun illumination (1 kWm−2). It has been reported that graphite-carbon foam and porous N-doped graphene with 0.426 and 53 Wm−1K−1 of thermal conductivity have produced 66% and 80% of energy conversion, respectively.
Further fundamental understanding of solar thermal conversion and heat transfer in these nano-structured materials and a solution of practical processibility such as module design and fabrication cost are required to impact existing desalination issues. These solar evaporation systems have not been as effective as energy intensive distillation and membrane distillation systems which can produce 30-40 kg/m2·h of sea water desalination. They have technical limitations in terms of the permeate flux, resulting from intrinsic material structure and properties such as hydrophilic nano-capillary channels for heat localization. Features of these nanostructures such as floating and wettable surfaces do not allow effective additional driving forces such as the use of vacuum or sweeping airflow. Therefore, nanostructured solar evaporation systems such as floating substrates are limited to use as small-scale portable devices.
Membrane distillation is a thermally driven separation process using hydrophobic microporous polymer membranes. The hydrophobicity of the membrane helps trap the liquid feed on the upstream side, while the microporous structure allows water vapor permeation through the membrane. Energy requirements are high for currently used membrane distillation desalination processes, but use of waste heat and renewable energy could enable large cost savings. A solar desalination panel with direct-contact membrane distillation and nanophotonics has been developed to allow the thermal management system to be scaled to allow higher operating temperatures and water flow rates. However, this approach is limited in a planar membrane module system by low photothermal conversion efficiency due to the polymer membrane, in which small pores, porosity, and thickness dominate the permeation vapor flux.
A solar membrane distillation apparatus includes a housing comprising a light transmitting wall. A solar distillation membrane can be positioned in the housing to receive solar radiation transmitted through the light transmitting wall. The solar distillation membrane can include a porous graphitic foam and a coating of a hydrophobic composition on the surface and pores of the graphitic foam. A water chamber can be provided within the housing for retaining water adjacent to the solar distillation membrane. A vapor chamber can be provided for collecting water vapor distilling through the solar distillation membrane. A condenser can be provided for condensing distilled water vapor from the vapor chamber into liquid water.
The membrane surface of the solar membrane distillation apparatus can be superhydrophobic. The solar distillation membrane can be tubular and with an open interior. The open interior of the tubular distillation membrane can form the water chamber. The solar distillation membrane can be in the form of a vessel, the vessel forming a liquid chamber. The condenser can include a feed water heat exchange conduit for receiving feed water and exchanging heat with the water vapor to condense the water vapor to liquid water.
The solar membrane distillation apparatus can include a pre-heating chamber for pre-heating feed water prior contacting the feed water with the distillation membrane. The pre-heating chamber can include a conduit with an outer layer of graphitic foam.
The solar distillation membrane can include micro/nano particles adhered within the pores of the graphitic foam. The micro/nano particles can include at least one selected from the group consisting of graphite and ceramic oxide. The micro/nano particles can be from 0.5 μm to 2 μm in diameter.
The pore size of the solar distillation membrane at the surface of the solar distillation membrane can be from 0.5 μm to 2 μm. The bulk porosity of the graphitic foam can be from 50 to 95%. The porosity of the pores of the graphitic foam at the surface of the distillation membrane can be from 40 to 80%.
The hydrophobic composition can be at least one selected from the group consisting of fluorosilanes, methyl-silanes, linear alkyl-silanes, branched alkyl-silanes, aromatic-silanes, fluorinated alkyl-silanes, dialkyl-silanes, carbon nanotubes, and carbon soot. The fluorosilane can include the reaction product of heptadecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetrahydrodecyl) trichlorosilane. The hydrophobic coating can be from 1 to 2 nm thick.
A separation membrane according to the invention can include a graphitic foam and a surface coating of a hydrophobic composition on the surface and pores of the graphitic foam. The surface of the graphitic foam can be superhydrophobic. The micro/nano particles can be adhered within the pores of the graphitic foam. The micro/nano particles can include at least one selected from the group consisting of graphite and ceramic oxide. The micro/nano particles can be from 0.5 μm to 2 μm in diameter. The pore size of the separation membrane at the surface of the separation membrane can be from 0.5 μm to 2 μm.
A method of solar distillation can include the step of providing a solar distillation membrane positioned to receive solar radiation. The solar distillation membrane can include a porous graphitic foam and a surface coating of a hydrophobic composition on the surface and pores of the graphitic foam. The solar distillation membrane is contacted with solar or other radiation. Feed water is supplied to the solar distillation membrane. Water at the surface of the solar distillation membrane will be vaporized and the water vapor will pass through pores of the graphitic foam. Liquid water will be repelled by the hydrophobic surface of the solar distillation membrane. The water vapor is collected and the water vapor is condensed into liquid water.
The method can include the step of supplying feed water to a condenser prior to the solar distillation membrane, and exchanging heat with the collected water vapor distilled through the solar distillation membrane, whereby the water vapor will be condensed and the feed water will be heated. The method can include the step of pre-heating the feed water prior to contacting the feed water with the solar distillation membrane.
The solar distillation membrane can be provided at one location and the condensing step can be performed at another location defining a vapor space. The method can further include the step of withdrawing air from the vapor space between the solar distillation membrane and the condensing location prior to starting condensing of the water vapor. The withdrawing of air can be by vacuum. The withdrawing of air can be by water vapor pressure. In one embodiment the condensing step is not started until the withdrawing of air step has been completed, and water vapor from the solar distillation membrane forces air from the vapor space.
There are shown in the drawings embodiments that are presently preferred it being understood that the invention is not limited to the arrangements and instrumentalities shown, wherein:
A membrane distillation apparatus according to the invention includes a solar distillation membrane that is comprised of a porous graphitic foam. The graphitic foam has a coating of a hydrophobic composition on the surface and pores of the graphitic foam. A housing comprising a light transmitting wall can be provided, and the solar distillation membrane positioned in the housing to receive solar radiation transmitted through the light transmitting wall. The housing can be constructed in varying shapes, sizes and designs. A water chamber can be provided within the housing for retaining water adjacent to the solar distillation membrane. A vapor chamber can be provided for collecting water vapor distilling through the solar distillation membrane. A condenser can be provided for condensing distilled water vapor from the vapor chamber into liquid water. The distillation membrane can be used for different kinds of distillation processes. In one embodiment, the distillation membrane can be used for solar distillation.
The hydrophobic composition can be applied to the graphitic foam by any suitable means. In one embodiment, the hydrophobic composition can be applied by immersing the graphitic foam in a precursor composition which can include a solvent for the precursor composition. The precursor composition will cover surfaces and pores of the graphitic foam, such that when the hydrophobic composition is formed from the precursor composition the hydrophobic composition will cover the surface and the pores of the graphitic foam. The application of the hydrophobic composition can combine with the nanotexture of the graphitic foam to render the surface of the graphitic foam superhydrophobic.
The distillation membrane can be planar but can also take various shapes and sizes. For example, in one embodiment the distillation membrane can be in the shape of a vessel for forming the water chamber and containing the feed liquid, and also for distilling that liquid through the walls of the distillation vessel that comprise the distillation membrane. The vessel can be open or closed. The distillation membrane can be tubular with an open interior, the open interior of the tubular distillation membrane forming the water chamber and water vapor distilling through the distillation membrane forming the tube.
The condenser can be of any suitable construction. The condenser can be active as by heat exchange with a pumped liquid, or passive as by a condensing coil. In one embodiment, the condenser comprises a feed water heat exchange conduit, which receives feed water from a source and exchanges heat with the water vapor to condense the water vapor to liquid water. This heat exchange also serves to pre-heat the feed water, which assists in evaporating the feed water into water vapor at the distillation membrane.
A pre-heating chamber can also be provided for pre-heating the feed water prior contacting the feed water with the distillation membrane. The pre-heating chamber can be in the form of a solar water heater. Several constructions are known and can be used. Also, the pre-heater can be a metal pipe which is blackened on the outside to facilitate solar absorption. The pipe can be covered by a graphitic foam. The graphitic foam is black and also conducts heat extremely well. The pre-heating chamber can be hermetically isolated from the vapor chamber by a vapor/air impermeable and thermally insulated wall.
Nano/micro particles can be secured within the pores of the graphitic foam. The nano/micro particles can be adhered within the pores of the graphitic foam by a suitable resin or other method. The nano/micro particles can be carbon based or ceramic. The nano/micro particles can be graphite and/or ceramic oxide or other materials. It is possible to use one material for nano particles and in the same membrane use another material for micro particles, and to apply both to the surface of the graphitic foam to further limit the pore size at the surface and increase the surface texture to increase superhydrophobicity.
The nano/micro particles can be from 0.5 μm to 2 μm in diameter. The nano/micro particles can be 0.5, 0.6, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, and 2.0 μm in diameter, and can be within a range of any high and low value selected from these values. The nano/micro particles can comprise both nano particles and micro particles, and if so the size of such particles can be selected from any high value and low value selected from these values, with the nano particle range having a lower low value than the low value of the micro particle range, and a high value less than the high value of the micro particle range. The nano/micro particles should have a diameter less than the pore size of the graphitic foam.
The concentration of particles in resin solution can be controlled. For example, the particle concentration could be ˜30 wt % of particle in liquid (resin+dilution agent, ethanol) for the first coating. To control the pore size, smaller particles can then be used with 2˜10 wt % of particle solution. The graphite foam has 100 um˜5 mm cell size and 5 um˜1 mm of pore sizes. The pore size refers to the opening window between the cells, and the cell is a roundish chamber formed by the expanding gasses. The nano-particles should be smaller than the pore and the cell size, and are in the nano-level in size, where the pore and the cells of the graphitic foam are usually about 100 micron to 500 micron in size. The slurry of these nano particles should be viscous enough to not penetrate more than one or two cells through the pores (windows) as it is coated on the surfaced, but thin enough to fill the cell completely.
The pore size of the solar distillation membrane at the surface of the solar distillation membrane is from 0.5 μm to 2 μm. The pores can be 0.5, 0.6, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, and 2.0 μm in diameter, and can be within a range of any high and low value selected from these values. In the graphitic foam, the pore size is that of the window between the cells. At the surface of the membrane, the pore size is the gap between the particles that have been applied to the surface.
The bulk porosity of the graphitic foam can be from 50% to 95%. The bulk porosity of the graphitic foam can be 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94 and 95%, or within a range of any high value and low value selected from these values. The porosity of the pores of the graphitic foam at the surface of the distillation membrane is in part controlled by the size and relative proportion of nano and micro particles. The porosity of the pores at the surface of the membrane can be from 40 to 80%. The porosity of the pores at the surface of the membrane can be 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, and 80%, or within a range of any high value and low value selected from these values.
The hydrophobic composition that is used to coat the graphitic foam and the nano/micro particles can vary. Fluorosilanes, methyl-silanes, linear alkyl-silanes, branched alkyl-silanes, aromatic-silanes, fluorinated alkyl-silanes, dialkyl-silanes, carbon nanotubes, and carbon soot and mixtures thereof can be used to coat the nano/micro particles and render the surface hydrophobic and superhydrophobic. The fluorosilane can include the reaction product of heptadecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetrahydrodecyl) trichlorosilane. The thickness of the hydrophobic coating can vary. The hydrophobic coating can in one embodiment be from 1 to 2 nm thick.
There is shown in
There is shown in
There is shown in
There is shown in
The membrane of the invention can be used alone or in a variety of structures. One such structure is shown in
The membrane 182 of the solar distillation apparatus 150 in this embodiment is tubular. A suitable condenser 186 can be provided, and can have suitable condenser structure such as cooling fins 188. A preheater 202 can be provided to preheat water prior to the distillation membrane 182. The preheater 202 can operate by solar radiation, waste heat, or other suitable energy sources. The preheater 202 can be provided in the preheating chamber 166. Other constructions are possible. The preheater 202 can be a thermally conductive conduit with a solar absorptive coating such as the graphitic foam outer layer that is shown. Metal conduit with the outside painted black, or other preheating sources, is possible. Condensate 210 escapes through condensate collection opening 190 into a suitable container 194 or other apparatus.
The arrangement shown in
Operation of the distillation apparatus 150 will be more efficient if air 201 (
It is possible to utilize vapor from the distillation membrane 182 to drive air 201 from the distillation chamber 162 prior to operation of the device. As shown in
The invention has applications other than solar distillation. The invention can be used for other separation processes. A separation membrane according to the invention can have a graphitic foam and a surface coating of a hydrophobic composition on the surface and pores of the graphitic foam. The surface of the graphitic foam can thereby be rendered superhydrophobic. The dimensions and porosity of the separation membrane can be adjusted to the separation process for which the separation membrane will be used by the addition of micro/nano pores into surface cells of the membrane.
The graphitic foam is black which assists in absorption of solar light and heating of the membrane and thereby the transition of water to water vapor. It is also possible to apply a solar absorptive coating on the solar-facing side of the membrane to assist in solar absorption.
A method of solar distillation or separation includes the step of positioning the membrane of the invention such that the vapor side of the distillation membrane receives solar or another form of radiation. The term solar radiation as used herein can include natural sunlight or artificial light having a sufficient energy and wavelength to transmit thermal energy through the graphitic foam to contact the water or other liquid being separated. The solar distillation membrane comprises a porous graphitic foam and a surface coating of a hydrophobic composition on the surface and pores of the graphitic foam.
Feed water is supplied to the water/liquid side of the distillation membrane, which is the side with the micro/nanoparticles and hydrophobic coating. Water at the surface on the liquid side of the solar distillation membrane will be vaporized and the water vapor will pass through pores of the graphitic foam, and liquid water will be repelled by the superhydrophobic surface of the solar distillation membrane. The water vapor emerges from the pores at the vapor side of the membrane.
The water vapor can be condensed by any suitable process. In one embodiment, the water vapor is contacted with feed water to simultaneously heat the feed water while condensing the water vapor. Different heat exchange designs and constructions to accomplish this heat transfer are possible. The method of the invention can therefore include the step of supplying feed water to a condenser prior to the solar distillation membrane, and exchanging heat with the collected water vapor distilled through the solar distillation membrane, whereby the water vapor will be condensed and the feed water will be heated.
The method can also include the step of pre-heating the feed water prior to the distillation membrane. The pre-heating can be accomplished by any suitable method, and in one embodiment includes a pre-heater that is positioned to receive solar radiation and to transfer heat absorbed from the solar radiation to the liquid water prior to contact with the distillation membrane.
The solar distillation membrane can be provided at one location and the condensing step can be performed at another location defining a vapor space. The method can include the step of withdrawing air from the vapor space between the solar distillation membrane and the condensing location prior to starting condensing of the water vapor. The withdrawing of air can be by vacuum.
The withdrawing of air can also be accomplished by water vapor pressure. The condensing step is not started until the withdrawing of air step has been completed, and water vapor from the solar distillation membrane forces air from the vapor space. Hot water vapor is passed through the membrane and cold water through the condenser. If the gas valve on the chamber is opened, steam will drive out the air with it, and eventually there will be little air in the system. The gas valve is closed, and then the valve is opened to permit water to flow through the condenser at 25° C. This drops the vapor pressure of the water around the condenser to approximately 23.7 torr, creating a significant pressure gradient. The low pressure around the condenser will effectively reduce the pressure around the membrane, acting like a vacuum. In this case the vacuum pump is actually the condenser as it condenses the water from the vapor space. This reduced pressure around the membrane will cause the water to evaporate at a much increased rate from the water in the membrane, thus substantially increasing the through put of the fresh water.
Graphitic foams are carbon-based materials with high thermal conductivity, good porosity, and are light in weight. Graphite foam articles and methods for manufacturing graphite foams are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,033,506 “PROCESS FOR MAKING CARBON FOAM”; U.S. Pat. No. 6,037,032 “PITCH-BASED CARBON FOAM HEAT SINK WITH PHASE CHANGE MATERIAL”; U.S. Pat. No. 6,261,485 “PITCH BASED CARBON FOAM AND COMPOSITES”; U.S. Pat. No. 6,287,375 “PITCH BASED FOAM WITH PARTICULATE”; U.S. Pat. No. 6,344,159 “METHOD FOR EXTRUDING PITCH BASED FOAM”; U.S. Pat. No. 6,387,343 “PITCH-BASED CARBON FOAM AND COMPOSITES”; U.S. Pat. No. 6,398,994 “METHOD OF CASTING PITCH BASED FOAM”; U.S. Pat. No. 6,399,149 “PITCH-BASED CARBON FOAM HEAT SINK WITH PHASE CHANGE MATERIAL”; U.S. Pat. No. 6,491,891 “GELCASTING POLYMERIC PRECURSORS FOR PRODUCING NET-SHAPED GRAPHITES”; U.S. Pat. No. 6,656,443 “PITCH BASED CARBON FOAM AND COMPOSITES”; U.S. Pat. No. 6,673,328 “PITCH BASED CARBON FOAM AND COMPOSITES AND USES THEREOF”; U.S. Pat. No. 6,780,505 “PITCH-BASED CARBON FOAM HEAT SINK WITH PHASE CHANGE MATERIAL”; U.S. Pat. No. 6,855,744 “GELCASTING POLYMERIC PRECURSORS FOR PRODUCING NET-SHAPED GRAPHITES”; U.S. Pat. No. 7,070,755 “PITCH-BASED CARBON FOAM AND COMPOSITES AND USE THEREOF”; U.S. Pat. No. 7,456,131 “INCREASED THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY MONOLITHIC ZEOLITE STRUCTURES”; and U.S. Pat. No. 7,670,682 “METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING A CARBON BASED FOAM ARTICLE HAVING A DESIRED THERMAL-CONDUCTIVITY GRADIENT”, which are each herein incorporated by reference as if included at length. Graphite foam materials are commercially available from Poco Graphite, Inc., 300 Old Greenwood Road, Decatur, Tex. 76234, and Koppers, LLC, 436 Seventh Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pa. 15219-1800.
An SEM image of a graphitic foam is shown in
A black, porous and thermally conductive graphitic foam with ˜200 um pore sizes and ˜1000 um cell was prepared as a baseline porous support. The graphitic foam is a black 3D structural material in which the crystallized graphite ligaments formed in interconnected open cells with pores. The graphitic foam has a low average bulk density of 0.2-0.6 g cm−3, and compression strength and modulus of ≈5 MPa and ≈410 MPa, respectively. It has a bulk thermal conductivity as high as >150 W m−1 K−1 with controllable pore and high porosity (≈80%). The pore size of the baseline support could be in the range of 10 um˜2000 um.
An intermediate porous surface layer (˜5 um pore size) was created in a graphitic foam with micro-carbon particles having a diameter of 10˜20 μm. The micro-carbon particles were mixed with a diluted phenolic resin solution at a volumetric mix ratio of 6:4 for phenolic resin to ethanol, with a micro-carbon particle to the phenolic resin solution weight ratio of 2:1. The slurry solution was poured into a channel 4 mm in diameter which was machined by drilling and burnishing into a graphitic foam rod block. Then, the particle slurry was squeezed into the open cells inside channel by pushing a ball with a 4 mm diameter. The micro particle coated graphitic foam was dried at 80° C. overnight and then cured at 300° C. for 1 h. The ball mill coating process was repeated and followed again by drying at 80° C. and curing at 300° C. to reduce defects.
A hydrophilic membrane skin layer with ˜500 nm pore size in ˜10 um thickness was fabricated by ˜500 nm graphite nanoparticle. The graphite nanoparticles were mixed with a diluted phenolic resin solution, phenolic resin:ethanol=6:4 volume ratio, with weight ratios of 2:1 for nanoparticle to resin solution. Then, the stock nanoparticle solution was diluted by ethanol to adjust to 5 wt % of nanoparticles for the coating solution. The end of one side of the graphitic foam tube was closed. Then, the nanoparticle solution was poured into the intermediate layer coated inside channel. The nanoparticle solution was used to fill the entire inside surface of the tube. After 1 min, the end of channel was opened to draw extra solution out. After drying for ˜10 min, the inside dip coating process was repeated. Then, the micro/nano particle coated tube was dried at 80° C. overnight and cured at 300° C. for 1 h. The inside dip-coating can be repeated to reduce possible defects. The resulting membrane is hydrophilic.
The membrane is made superhydrophobic membrane by covalent bonding of low surface energy silane molecules such as perfluorosilane on the nanoparticle membrane surface. The entire hydrophilic membrane coated tube was immersed in a superhydrophobic coating solution (0.1 wt % of silane in hexane/or ethanol) in a chamber overnight or 1 h at 100° C. The membrane tube was rinsed with copious water and ethanol to remove unbound silane molecules. The resulting superhydrophobic membrane is used for membrane distillation for desalination, bio-oil separation and wastewater treatment.
The tubular solar distillation membrane provides a black porous graphitic foam outer shell which absorbs solar energy and the absorbed heat transfers to the salt or brackish water inside the tube producing fresh water vapor. The microporous structure in the skin layer of the membrane allows water vapor to permeate through the membrane and blocks the bulk salt liquid at the superhydrophobic surface of the membrane.
In the pore-size controlled graphitic foam membrane with nanoparticles and a hydrophobic coating, with ≈500 nm of open pores, the membrane exhibited superhydrophobicity)(>150° originating from the rough surface of the nanoparticle layer. The intrinsic graphitic foam has a total reflectance of 0.155 (light absorption [A]=84.5%) over a wavelength range of 330-2500 nm (typical solar radiation). Coating the surface with fluorosilane molecules resulted in the surface of the foam becoming darker, reducing the total reflectance to 0.068 (A=93.2%). The self-assembled thin molecular coating changed the reflective index of the surface, increasing the solar absorption. The fluorosilane coating on the surface of carbon nanoparticle membrane further reduced the total reflectance to 0.036 (A=96.4%) since the molecular coating created a surface with nano-scale roughness and hence the light absorption was enhanced. The intrinsic nanoparticle membrane showed 0.052 total reflectance (A=94.8%). See
The temperature of the membrane distillation (MD) devices rise over time. All experiments were conducted at an ambient temperature of 21° C. The DR (dry-run) denotes experiment for the empty device under nominal 1 sun (
The average temperature profiles for 30-60 min of MD devices compared with open bulk water in a glass vessel as a control test under different solar-thermal irradiations (
To represent ambient temperature condition in hot, arid areas, a solar-thermal simulator to mimic solar heat radiation using an incandescent heat lamp (2700 K lamp) was used. The concentrated solar intensity (e.g., 1-3 sun intensity) was calibrated while maintaining the distance between the midpoint of the outer surface of the lamp and the vessel surface. With solar-thermal simulation, the ambient temperature 5 cm above the graphitic foam chamber was ≈37.2° C. at 0.87 sun. Under concentrated solar-thermal irradiation at 0.87 sun, the membrane vessel was heated up to ˜60° C. and MD vapor permeation flux increased significantly to 1.25 kg m−2 h−1, compared to the nominal one sun intensity because more IR light was applied to the device surfaces (
The salinity of the vapor permeating from the salt water in the MD systems was measured by electrical conductivity. A transparent glass chamber was capped on the SP-NP-GF devices, and the permeated vapor was observed to condense inside the beaker during irradiation. The concentrations of Na+ ions collected from the condensation were determined to be 0.01-0.017 wt % with 99.5% salt rejection.
In the solar distillation heat exchanger (i.e., open vessel distillation), as shown
TABLE 1
Summary of characteristics of membrane performance
Flux by
Nominal
solar-thermal
Membrane
Membrane
Solar
Nominal
irradiation
Salt
Pore size
Thickness
Solar
conversion
Flux
(kgm−2h−1)
rejection
(nm)
(um)
absorption
efficiency
(kgm−2h−1)
1
2
3
(%)
Membrane
500
10
96.4%
24%
0.34
1.9
3.8
6.7
>99.5
vessel
Open
—
—
—
64%
1.02
3
5.8
8.2
>99.5
Vessel
The invention as shown in the drawings and described in detail herein discloses arrangements of elements of particular construction and configuration for illustrating preferred embodiments of structure and method of operation of the present invention. It is to be understood however, that elements of different construction and configuration and other arrangements thereof, and methods of operation other than those illustrated and described may be employed in accordance with the spirit of the invention, and such changes, alterations and modifications as would occur to those skilled in the art are considered to be within the scope of this invention as broadly defined in the appended claims. In addition, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology employed herein are for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting.
Klett, James William, Hu, Michael, McFarlane, Joanna, Jang, Gyoung Gug, Datskos, Panos G.
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