A reversible crosslinking reactant composition is provided. The composition includes at least one furan-group-containing oligomer and a bismaleimide compound having a structure represented by formula (II)
##STR00001##
wherein the furan-group-containing oligomer is an oligomer having a structure represented by formula (IV), an oligomer having a structure represented by formula (V), or an oligomer having a first repeating unit and a second repeating unit, wherein the first repeating unit has a structure represented by formula (VI), the second repeating unit has a structure represented by formula (VII),
##STR00002##
wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9, R10, R11, R12, R13, R14, R15, R16, R17, R18, R19, R20, R21, R22, R23, R24, R25, q, z and E are as defined in specification.
|
1. A reversible crosslinking reactant composition, comprising:
an oligomer, wherein the oligomer has a number average molecular weight of 1000 to 12000, wherein the oligomer is an oligomer having a structure represented by formula (IV), an oligomer having a structure represented by formula (V), or an oligomer having a first repeating unit and a second repeating unit, wherein the first repeating unit has a structure represented by formula (VI), the second repeating unit has a structure represented by formula (VII), and the first repeating unit and the second repeating unit are arranged randomly or in blocks,
##STR00026##
wherein each of R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9, R10, R11, and R12 is independently hydrogen, C1-6 alkyl group, C1-6 alkoxy group, or halogen; each of R13, R14, R15, R18, R19, and R20 is independently hydrogen or C1-6 alkyl group; each of R16 and R17 is independently hydrogen, C1-6 alkyl group, C5-8 cycloalkyl group, C6-12 aryl group, C5-10 heteroaryl group, or halogen; each of R21, R22, R23, R24, and R25 is independently hydrogen, C1-6 alkyl group, or halogen; q is an integer of 5 to 50; and z is an integer of 5 to 20; and
a bismaleimide compound having a structure represented by formula (II):
##STR00027##
wherein E is substituted or unsubstituted C6-C25 arylene group, C7-C25 alkyl aryl group, C7-C25 arylalkyl group, C6-C25 heteroarylene group, C7-C25 acylaryl group, C7-C25 alkoxyaryl group, C7-C25 acyloxyaryl group, C6-C25 arylene ether group, or C6-C25 arylene ether group.
##STR00028##
wherein each of u, v, and w is an integer of 1 to 5, each of R5, R6, and R7 is independently C1-C5 alkyl group, and M is a bonding, —O—, —S—, C1-C12 linear or branched alkyl group.
3. The reversible crosslinking reactant composition as claimed in
##STR00029##
wherein y is an integer of 1 to 5, B is a group containing ketone group, amide group, imide group, amine group, imine group, phenyl ether group, or enol ether group, D is a bonding, —O—, —NH—, —Ar2—NH—(CH2)d—, —Ar2—O—(CH2)b—, —Ar2—O—(CH2)c—NH—(CH2)d—, —(CH2)c—NH—(CH2)d—, —(CH2)c—O—(CH2)d—, or —(CH2)c—CH(OH)—(CH2)d—NH—, Ar2 is substituted or unsubstituted arylene group, c is an integer of 1 to 5, and d is an integer of 0 to 5.
4. The reversible crosslinking reactant composition as claimed in
##STR00030##
R is hydrogen, halogen, C1-C8 alkyl group, C1-C8 haloalkyl group, C5-C10 cycloalkyl group, or C6-C12 aryl group, and B is connected to D by the location represented by *.
##STR00031##
B is connected to D by the location represented by *, wherein R8 is CH3 or C2H5, t is an integer of 1 to 5, and e is an integer of 1 to 5.
7. The reversible crosslinking reactant composition as claimed in
8. The reversible crosslinking reactant composition as claimed in
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This application is a Continuation-In-Part of pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/179,170, filed Nov. 2, 2018 and entitled “Reversible crosslinking reactant composition”, the entirety of which is incorporated by reference herein, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/580,483, filed on Nov. 2, 2017, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein
The technical field relates to a reversible crosslinking reactant composition.
In end of 2015, European union published Circular Economy Package (CEP). The compositions and components of products in future should meet the requirements of being repairable, durable, and recyclable to achieve circular economy. In addition, the Paris Agreement in 2016 proposed to reduce greenhouse gas emission and keeping a global average temperature below 2° C. above pre-industrial levels.
Of the elements of conventional electronic products, printed circuit boards (PCBs) are responsible for the most CO2 emissions, e.g. over 100000 kg CO2/10000 m2 PCB. As such, the related industries are encountering the challenges of efficiently recycling waste PCBs to lower CO2 emissions, while simultaneously obeying the energy related ecodesign directives. The conventional method of recycling a waste PCB is to crush it and then purifying or burying the metal and plastic in a landfill. However, the recycling ratio is usually lower than 3%. Therefore, in practice, waste PCBs still get incinerated, which may produce a lot of CO2 and contribute to the greenhouse effect. The skill of purifying metal has matured in recent years, and 130 kg of copper, 19 kg of tin, and about 16 ounce of gold can be refined from 1 ton of PCBs today. However, a PCB contains about 54.5% of plastic, which is the major CO2 emission source. The plastic in a PCB includes insulation resin and glass fiber cloth. All the conventional resin systems for PCBs belong to thermosetting polymer, which has stable properties and is therefore difficult to recycle. Although decomposable thermoplastic polymer is provided, the glass transfer temperature, the thermal cracking temperature, and the flame resistance of the thermoplastic polymer should be improved even further, in order to achieve the properties of the conventional insulation resin in PCB.
Not only the PCB, the resin composition used in other products that need to withstand high temperatures during process or use also encounters the similar challenge when the demands of recycling wastes is increased.
According to embodiments of the disclosure, the disclosure provides a reversible crosslinking reactant composition. The reversible crosslinking reactant composition includes at least one furan-group-containing oligomer having a structure represented by Formula (I) and a bismaleimide compound having a structure represented by Formula (II):
##STR00003##
wherein the equivalent ratio of the furan group of the furan-group-containing oligomer having a structure represented by Formula (I) to the maleimide group of the bismaleimide compound having a structure represented by Formula (II) is from 0.5:1 to 1:0.5.
In Formula (I), x is an integer of 1 to 5, A is a repeating unit containing amine group, amide group, imide group, ester group, phenyl ether group, or enol ether group, G is a bonding, —O—, —NH—, —Ar—NH—(CH2)b—, —Ar—O—(CH2)b—, —Ar—O—(CH2)a—NH—(CH2)b—, —(CH2)a—NH—(CH2)b—, —(CH2)a—O—(CH2)b—, or —(CH2)a—CH(OH)—(CH2)b—NH—, Ar is substituted or unsubstituted arylene group, a is an integer of 1 to 5, and b is an integer of 0 to 5. The furan-group-containing oligomer having a structure represented by Formula (I) has a number average molecular weight from 1000 to 12000.
In Formula (II), E is substituted or unsubstituted C6-C25 arylene group, C7-C25 alkyl aryl group, C7-C25 arylalkyl group, C6-C25 heteroarylene group, C7-C25 acylaryl group, C7-C25 alkoxyaryl group, C7-C25 acyloxyaryl group, C6-C25 arylene ether group, or C6-C25 arylene ether group.
According to embodiments of the disclosure, the disclosure provides a reversible crosslinking reactant composition, including an oligomer, wherein the oligomer has a number average molecular weight of 1000 to 12000, wherein the oligomer is an oligomer having a structure represented by Formula (IV), an oligomer having a structure represented by Formula (V), or an oligomer having a first repeating unit and a second repeating unit, wherein the first repeating unit has a structure represented by Formula (VI), the second repeating unit has a structure represented by Formula (VII), and the first repeating unit and the second repeating unit are arranged randomly or in blocks,
##STR00004##
wherein each of R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9, R10, R11, and R12 is independently hydrogen, C1-6 alkyl group, C1-6 alkoxy group, or halogen; each of R13, R14, R15, R18, R19, and R20 is independently hydrogen or C1-6 alkyl group; each of R16 and R17 is independently hydrogen, CJ-6 alkyl group, C5-8 cycloalkyl group, C6-12 aryl group, C5-10 heteroaryl group, or halogen; each of R21, R22, R23, R24, and R25 is independently hydrogen, C1-6 alkyl group, or halogen; q is an integer of 5 to 50; and z is an integer of 5 to 20; and a bismaleimide compound having a structure represented by Formula (II):
##STR00005##
E is substituted or unsubstituted C6-C25 arylene group, C7-C25 alkyl aryl group, C7-C25 arylalkyl group, C6-C25 heteroarylene group, C7-C25 acylaryl group, C7-C25 alkoxyaryl group, C7-C25 acyloxyaryl group, C6-C25 arylene ether group, or C6-C25 arylene ether group.
A detailed description is given in the following embodiments.
Embodiments of the disclosure provide a reversible crosslinking reactant composition.
The furan group of the oligomer and the maleimide group of the bismaleimide compound in the composition will crosslink through 1,2-addition at a suitable temperature. The crosslink bonding will be broken by reverse reaction at another suitable temperature, such that the bridge between the furan-group-containing oligomer/compound and the bismaleimide compound is broken. As such, the furan-group-containing oligomer/compound and the bismaleimide compound are recovered back to original non-cross-linked state, thereby being beneficial to recycle and reuse the composition. If the furan-group-containing oligomer has a specific structure, it will be cross-linked with the bismaleimide compound at a temperature of 80° C. to 150° C. Furthermore, the cross-linked composition will reverse to non-cross-linked state through a reverse crosslinking reaction when the temperature is larger than 200° C. Accordingly, the composition can be applied as a raw material related to photoelectric or communication products requiring high-temperature processes.
According to embodiments of the disclosure, the disclosure provides a reversible crosslinking reactant composition. The reversible crosslinking reactant composition includes at least one furan-group-containing oligomer having a structure represented by Formula (I) and a bismaleimide compound having a structure represented by Formula (II):
##STR00006##
The equivalent ratio of the furan group of the furan-group-containing oligomer having a structure represented by Formula (I) to the maleimide group of the bismaleimide compound having a structure represented by Formula (II) is from 0.5:1 to 1:0.5.
In Formula (I), x is an integer of 1 to 5, A is a repeating unit containing amine group, amide group, imide group, ester group, phenyl ether group, or enol ether group, G is a bonding, —O—, —NH—, —Ar—NH—(CH2)b—, —Ar—O—(CH2)b—, —Ar—O—(CH2)a—NH—(CH2)b—, —(CH2)a—NH—(CH2)b—, —(CH2)a—O—(CH2)b—, or —(CH2)a—CH(OH)—(CH2)b—NH—, Ar is substituted or unsubstituted arylene group, a is an integer of 1 to 5, and b is an integer of 0 to 5. The furan-group-containing oligomer having a structure represented by Formula (I) has a number average molecular weight of 1000 to 12000.
In Formula (II), E is substituted or unsubstituted C6-C25 arylene group, C7-C25 alkyl aryl group, C7-C25 arylalkyl group, C6-C25 heteroarylene group, C7-C25 acylaryl group, C7-C25 alkoxyaryl group, C7-C25 acyloxyaryl group, C6-C25 arylene ether group, or C6-C25 arylene ether group.
In some embodiments of the disclosure, Ar is substituted or unsubstituted phenylene group, biphenylene group, naphthylene group, thienylene group, indolylene group, phenanthrenylene, indenylene group, anthracenylene group, or fluorenylene group. More specifically, Ar is phenylene group, biphenylene group, naphthylene group, thienylene group, indolylene group, phenanthrenylene, indenylene group, anthracenylene group, or fluorenylene group with substitution groups of one to four C1-C6 alkyl groups.
In some embodiments of the disclosure, A is
##STR00007##
in which the repeating unit
##STR00008##
and the repeating unit
##STR00009##
are arranged in order or random,
##STR00010##
wherein A is connected to G by the location represented by *, m is an integer of 7 to 200, n is an integer of 7 to 200, each of p, r, and s is an integer of 1 to 5, q is an integer of 5 to 50, z is an integer of 5 to 20, each of R1, R2, R3, and R4 is independently C1-C5 alkyl group, T1 is a bonding, C1-C12 linear or branched alkyl group, —O—, —S—, or —NH—, Q is
##STR00011##
wherein each of R9, R10, and R11 is independently CH3 or C2H5, T2 is C1-C12 linear or branched alkyl group, and each of l, j, and k is an integer of 1 to 5.
In some embodiments of the disclosure, E in Formula (II)
##STR00012##
wherein each of u, v, and w is an integer of 1 to 5, each of R5, R6, and R7 is independently C1-C5 alkyl group, M is a bonding, —O—, —S—, or C1-C12 linear or branched alkyl group, and p is an integer of 1 to 4.
In some embodiments of the disclosure, the reversible crosslinking reactant composition further includes a furan-group-containing compound having a structure represented by Formula (III):
##STR00013##
In Formula (III), y is an integer of 1 to 5, B is a group containing ketone group, amide group, imide group, amine group, imine group, phenyl ether group, or enol ether group, D is a bonding, —O—, —NH—, —Ar2—NH—(CH2)a—, —Ar2—O—(CH2)b—, —Ar2—O—(CH2)c—NH—(CH2)d—, —(CH2)c—NH—(CH2)a—, —(CH2)c—O—(CH2)d—, or —(CH2)c—CH(OH)—(CH2)d—NH—, Ar2 is substituted or unsubstituted arylene group, c is an integer of 1 to 5, and d is an integer of 0 to 5.
In some embodiments of the disclosure, Ar2 is substituted or unsubstituted phenylene group, biphenylene group, naphthylene group, thienylene group, indolylene group, phenanthrenylene, indenylene group, anthracenylene group, or fluorenylene group. More specifically, Ar2 can be phenylene group, biphenylene group, naphthylene group, thienylene group, indolylene group, phenanthrenylene, indenylene group, anthracenylene group, or fluorenylene group with substitution groups of one to four C1-C6 alkyl groups.
In some embodiments of the disclosure, B can be
##STR00014##
R is hydrogen, halogen, C1-C8 alkyl group, C1-C8 haloalkyl group, C5-C10 cycloalkyl group, or C6-C12 aryl group, and B is connected to D by the location represented by *. More specifically, B can be
##STR00015##
B is connected to D by the location represented by *, wherein R8 is CH3 or C2H5, t is an integer of 1 to 5, and e is an integer of 1 to 5.
In some embodiments, the furan-group-containing oligomer having a structure represented by Formula (I) and the furan-group-containing compound having a structure represented by Formula (III) in the composition may have a weight ratio of 20:80 to 80:20.
In some embodiments, the equivalent ratio of the total number of furan groups of the at least one furan-group-containing oligomer having a structure represented by Formula (I) and the furan-group-containing compound having a structure represented by Formula (III) to the maleimide group of the bismaleimide compound having a structure represented by Formula (II) is from 0.7:1 to 1:0.5.
One embodiment of the disclosure further provides a reversible crosslinking reactant composition, including (a) oligomer, wherein (a) oligomer has a number average molecular weight of 1000 to 12000, wherein (a) oligomer is an oligomer having a structure represented by Formula (IV), an oligomer having a structure represented by Formula (V), or an oligomer having a first repeating unit and a second repeating unit, wherein the first repeating unit has a structure represented by Formula (VI), the second repeating unit has a structure represented by Formula (VII), and the first repeating unit and the second repeating unit are arranged randomly or in blocks,
##STR00016##
wherein each of R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9, R10, R11, and R12 is independently hydrogen, C1-6 alkyl group, C1-6 alkoxy group, or halogen; each of R13, R14, R15, R18, R19, and R20 is independently hydrogen or C1-6 alkyl group; each of R16 and R17 is independently hydrogen, C1-6 alkyl group, C5-8 cycloalkyl group, C6-12 aryl group, C5-10 heteroaryl group, or halogen; each of R21, R22, R23, R24, and R25 is independently hydrogen, C1-6 alkyl group, or halogen; q is an integer of 5 to 50; and z is an integer of 5 to 20; and (b) bismaleimide compound having a structure represented by Formula (II):
##STR00017##
E is substituted or unsubstituted C6-C25 arylene group, C7-C25 alkyl aryl group, C7-C25 arylalkyl group, C6-C25 heteroarylene group, C7-C25 acylaryl group, C7-C25 alkoxyaryl group, C7-C25 acyloxyaryl group, C6-C25 arylene ether group, or C6-C25 arylene ether group.
In some embodiments of the disclosure, E in Formula (II) is
##STR00018##
wherein each of u, v, and w is an integer of 1 to 5, each of R5, R6, and R7 is independently C1-C5 alkyl group, M is a bonding, —O—, —S—, C1-C12 linear or branched alkyl group, and p is an integer of 1 to 4.
In some embodiments of the disclosure, the reversible crosslinking reactant composition further includes (c) furan-group-containing compound having a structure represented by Formula (III):
##STR00019##
y is an integer of 1 to 5, B is a group containing ketone group, amide group, imide group, amine group, imine group, phenyl ether group, or enol ether group, D is a bonding, —O—, —NH—, —Ar2—NH—(CH2)d—, —Ar2—O—(CH2)b—, —Ar2—O—(CH2)c—NH—(CH2)d—, —(CH2)c—NH—(CH2)d—, —(CH2)c—O—(CH2)d—, or —(CH2)c—CH(OH)—(CH2)d—NH—, Ar2 is substituted or unsubstituted arylene group, c is an integer of 1 to 5, and d is an integer of 0 to 5.
In some embodiments of the disclosure, Ar2 is substituted or unsubstituted phenylene group, biphenylene group, naphthylene group, thienylene group, indolylene group, phenanthrenylene, indenylene group, anthracenylene group, or fluorenylene group.
In some embodiments of the disclosure, B is
##STR00020##
R is hydrogen, halogen, C1-C8 alkyl group, C1-C8 haloalkyl group, C5-C10 cycloalkyl group, or C6-C12 aryl group, and B is connected to D by the location represented by *.
In some embodiments of the disclosure, B is
##STR00021##
B is connected to D by the location represented by *, wherein R8 is CH3 or C2H5, t is an integer of 1 to 5, and e is an integer of 1 to 5.
In some embodiments, (a) oligomer and (c) furan-group-containing compound having a structure represented by Formula (III) have a weight ratio of 20:80 to 80:20.
In some embodiments, the equivalent ratio of the total number of furan groups of (a) oligomer and (b) furan-group-containing compound having a structure represented by Formula (III) to the maleimide group of (b) bismaleimide compound having a structure represented by Formula (II) is from 0.7:1 to 1:0.5.
According to embodiments of the disclosure, the composition of the disclosure can be used in copper clad laminate or PCB process. The composition of the disclosure can be used as adhesive, coating, package, composite, or functional film, and further used in several optical and electronic product.
Below, exemplary embodiments will be described in detail so as to be easily realized by a person having ordinary knowledge in the art. The inventive concept may be embodied in various forms without being limited to the exemplary embodiments set forth herein. Descriptions of well-known parts are omitted for clarity.
Preparation Examples of Furan-Group-Containing Oligomer
The oligomer having a structure represented by Formula (I-1) (m was 7˜200, n was 7˜200, and the oligomer had a number average molecular weight of 2000˜12000)
##STR00022##
60 g of styrene maleic anhydride (SMA, commercially available from Polyscope, weight average molecular weight (Mw):7500) was put into 80 g of dimethylacetamide (DMAc, commercially available from Echo Chemical Co., Ltd) to be pre-dissolved. 29.6 g of furfurylamine (FA, commercially available from Aldrich) was then added into DMAc and SMA, and then heated to 100° C.˜160° C. and stirred to react. After completing the reaction, the temperature was cooled to room temperature to obtain an oligomer having a structure represented by Formula (I-1). Subsequently, the physical properties of the oligomer were measured, as shown in Table 1.
60 g of styrene maleic anhydride (SMA, commercially available from Polyscope, weight average molecular weight (Mw):9000) was put into 80 g of dimethylacetamide (DMAc) to be pre-dissolved. 22.33 g of furfurylamine (FA, commercially available from Aldrich) was then added into DMAc and SMA, and then heated to 100° C.˜160° C. and stirred to react. After completing the reaction, the temperature was cooled to room temperature to obtain an oligomer having a structure represented by Formula (I-1). Subsequently, the physical properties of the oligomer were measured, as shown in Table 1.
83 g of styrene maleic anhydride (SMA, commercially available from Polyscope, weight average molecular weight (Mw):10000) was put into 115 g of dimethylacetamide (DMAc) to be pre-dissolved. 40 g of furfurylamine (FA, commercially available from Aldrich) was then added into DMAc and SMA, and then heated to 100° C.˜160° C. and stirred to react. After completing the reaction, the temperature was cooled to room temperature to obtain an oligomer having a structure represented by Formula (I-1). Subsequently, the physical properties of the oligomer were measured, as shown in Table 1.
[Analysis of Properties and Result]
The oligomers prepared in Examples 1 to 3 were analyzed by reflection IR spectroscopy (Spectrum One-54415, PERLIN ELMER) to measure their IR spectra. In the IR spectra data, the —CO2NH character peaks of 1701 cm−1 and 1776 cm−1 mean that the furfurylamine was grafted on the styrene maleic anhydride to form the maleimide functional group. The C—O—C character peaks of 1006 cm−1 and 1068 cm−1 and the C═C character peak of 1491 cm−1 mean the signals of furan group in the furfurylamine. In addition, the oligomers prepared in Examples 1 to 3 were analyzed by differential scanning calorimeter (Q10, TA Instrument Co., Ltd.) under the standard IPC-TM-650.2.4.24 to measure their glass transfer temperature (Tg), as tabulated in Table 1. The oligomers prepared in Examples 1 to 3 were also analyzed by gel permeation chromatography (R1 830, JASCO) to measure their weight average molecular weight (Mw), as tabulated in Table 1.
TABLE 1
Composition
SMA
Properties
Mw
(g)
FA (g)
Tg (° C.)
Mw
Example 1
7,500
(m:40, n:20)
60
29.6
121
8,700
Example 2
9,000
(m40, n:30)
60
22.33
112
10,500
Example 3
10,000
(m:30, n:40)
83
40
103
11,800
The oligomer having a structure represented by Formula (I-2) (x was 5˜47, and the oligomer had a number average molecular weight of 1000˜6000)
##STR00023##
60 g of polyphenylene ether (PPE, commercially available from Sabic, Mn:1600) was put into 60 g of dimethylacetamide (DMAc) to be pre-dissolved. 6.9 g of furfurylamine (FA, commercially available from Aldrich) was then added into DMAc and PPE, and then heated to 100° C.˜160° C. and stirred to react. After completing the reaction, the temperature was cooled to room temperature to obtain an oligomer having a structure represented by Formula (I-2). Subsequently, the physical properties of the oligomer were measured, as shown in Table 2.
60 g of polyphenylene ether (PPE, commercially available from Sabic, Mn:2350) was put into 60 g of dimethylacetamide (DMAc) to be pre-dissolved. 8 g of furfurylamine (FA, commercially available from Aldrich) was then added into DMAc and PPE, and then heated to 100° C.˜160° C. and stirred to react. After completing the reaction, the temperature was cooled to room temperature to obtain an oligomer having a structure represented by Formula (I-2). Subsequently, the physical properties of the oligomer were measured, as shown in Table 2.
[Analysis of Properties and Result]
The oligomers prepared in Examples 4 and 5 were analyzed by reflection IR spectroscopy (Spectrum One-54415, PERLIN ELMER) to measure their IR spectra. In the IR spectra data, the NH character peak of 3200 cm−1 to 3400 cm−1 means that the furfurylamine was grafted on the polyphenylene ether. The C—O—C character peaks of 1006 cm−1 and 1068 cm−1 and the C═C character peak of 1491 cm−1 mean the signals of furan group in the furfurylamine. In addition, the oligomers prepared in Examples 4 and 5 were analyzed by differential scanning calorimeter (Q10, TA Instrument Co., Ltd.) under the standard IPC-TM-650.2.4.24 to measure their glass transfer temperature (Tg), as tabulated in Table 2. The oligomers prepared in Examples 4 and 5 were also analyzed by gel permeation chromatography (R1 830, JASCO) to measure their weight average molecular weight (Mw), as tabulated in Table 2.
TABLE 2
Composition
PPE
Properties
Mw
(g)
FA (g)
Tg (° C.)
Mw
Example 4
1,600
60
6.9
142
3,850
Example 5
2,350
60
8
152
5,210
The oligomer having a structure represented by Formula (I-3) (z was 5˜20 and the oligomer had a number average molecular weight of 900˜3000)
##STR00024##
50 g of epoxy acrylate oligomer (DOUNLEMER1730, commercially available from Double Bond Chemical) was put into 60 g of dimethylacetamide (DMAc). 10 g of furfurylamine (FA, commercially available from Aldrich) was then added into DMAc and DOUNLEMER1730, and then heated to 100° C.˜140° C. and stirred to react. After completing the reaction, the temperature was cooled to room temperature to obtain an oligomer having a structure represented by Formula (I-3). Subsequently, the physical properties of the oligomer were measured, as shown in Table 3.
50 g of epoxy acrylate oligomer (DOUNLEMER1730, commercially available from Double Bond Chemical) was put into 60 g of dimethylacetamide (DMAc). 21.42 g of furfurylamine (FA, commercially available from Aldrich) was then added into DMAc and DOUNLEMER1730, and then heated to 100° C.˜160° C. and stirred to react. After completing the reaction, the temperature was cooled to room temperature to obtain an oligomer having a structure represented by Formula (I-3). Subsequently, the physical properties of the oligomer were measured, as shown in Table 3.
[Analysis of Properties and Result]
The oligomers prepared in Examples 6 and 7 were analyzed by reflection IR spectroscopy (Spectrum One-54415, PERLIN ELMER) to measure its IR spectrum. In the IR spectrum data, the NH character peak of 3200 cm−1 to 3400 cm−1 means that the furfurylamine was grafted on the epoxy acrylate oligomer. The C—O—C character peaks of 1006 cm−1 and 1068 cm−1 and the C═C character peak of 1491 cm−1 mean the signals of furan group in the furfurylamine. In addition, the oligomers prepared in Examples 6 and 7 were analyzed by differential scanning calorimeter (Q10, TA Instrument Co., Ltd.) under the standard IPC-TM-650.2.4.24 to measure its glass transfer temperature (Tg), as tabulated in Table 3. The oligomers prepared in Examples 6 and 7 was also analyzed by gel permeation chromatography (R1 830, JASCO) to measure its weight average molecular weight (Mw), as tabulated in Table 3.
TABLE 3
Composition
Epoxy acrylate
oligomer
Properties
Mn
(g)
FA (g)
Tg (° C.)
Mw
Example 6
~850
50
10
125.3
~850
Example 7
~850
50
21.42
143.6
~850
Preparation Examples of Furan-Group-Containing Compound
The compound having a structure represented by Formula (III-1) (T was —CH2—CH(OH)— group (e.g. T was connected to N through CH2) or —CH2—CH2— group)
##STR00025##
50 g of triallyl isocyanurate (TAIC, commercially available from Aldrich) was put into 60 g of dimethylacetamide (DMAc). 19.48 g of furfurylamine (FA, commercially available from Aldrich) was then added into DMAc and TAIC, and then heated to 100° C.˜160° C. and stirred to react. After completing the reaction, the temperature was cooled to room temperature to obtain an oligomer having a structure represented by Formula (III-1). Subsequently, the physical properties of the compound were measured, as shown in Table 4.
50 g of tris(2,3-epoxy propyl) isocyanurate (TEPIC, commercially available from Nissan Chemical) was put into 60 g of dimethylacetamide (DMAc). 23 g of furfurylamine (FA, commercially available from Aldrich) was then added into DMAc and TEPIC, and then heated to 100° C.˜160° C. and stirred to react. After completing the reaction, the temperature was cooled to room temperature to obtain an oligomer having a structure represented by Formula (III-1). Subsequently, the physical properties of the compound were measured, as shown in Table 4.
[Analysis of Properties and Result]
The compounds prepared in Examples 8 and 9 were analyzed by reflection IR spectroscopy (Spectrum One-54415, PERLIN ELMER) to measure their IR spectra. In the IR spectra data, the NH character peak of 3200 cm−1 to 3400 cm−1 means that the furfurylamine was grafted on the triallyl isocyanurate or the tris(2,3-epoxy propyl) isocyanurate. The C—O—C character peaks of 1006 cm−1 and 1068 cm−1 and the C═C character peak of 1491 cm−1 mean the signals of furan group in the furfurylamine. In addition, the compounds prepared in Examples 8 and 9 were analyzed by differential scanning calorimeter (Q10, TA Instrument Co., Ltd.) under the standard IPC-TM-650.2.4.24 to measure their glass transfer temperature (Tg), as tabulated in Table 4.
TABLE 4
Composition
Properties
TAIC(g)
TEPIC(g)
FA (g)
Tg (° C.)
Example 8
50
0
19.48
143.17
Example 9
0
50
23
152
Preparation Examples of Reversible Crosslinking Reactant Composition
Compositions Including Only One Type of Furan-Group-Containing Oligomer
100.47 g of the oligomer having a structure represented by Formula (I-1) synthesized in Example 1 and 50 g of the bismaleimide compound BMI-1000 (commercially available from K.I. Chemical Industry, molecular weight:358.35) were reacted at 50° C.˜60° C. for 30 minutes to form varnish (reversible crosslinking reactant composition). The varnish was put in an oven and reacted at 170° C.˜190° C. to obtain cross-linked composition I.
271.2 g of the oligomer having a structure represented by Formula (I-2) synthesized in Example 4 and 50 g of the bismaleimide compound BMI-1000 (commercially available from K.I. Chemical Industry) were reacted at 50° C.˜60° C. for 30 minutes to form varnish (reversible crosslinking reactant composition). The varnish was put in an oven and reacted at 170° C.˜190° C. to obtain cross-linked composition II.
40.18 g of the oligomer having a structure represented by Formula (I-1) synthesized in Example 1 and 10 g of the bismaleimide compound BMI-1000 (commercially available from K.I. Chemical Industry) were reacted at 50° C.˜60° C. for 30 minutes to form varnish (reversible crosslinking reactant composition). The varnish was put in an oven and reacted at 170° C.˜190° C. to obtain cross-linked composition III.
108.4 g of the oligomer having a structure represented by Formula (I-2) synthesized in Example 4 and 10 g of the bismaleimide compound BMI-1000 (commercially available from K.I. Chemical Industry) were reacted at 50° C.˜60° C. for 30 minutes to form varnish (reversible crosslinking reactant composition). The varnish was put in an oven and reacted at 170° C.˜190° C. to obtain cross-linked composition IV.
50.24 g of the oligomer having a structure represented by Formula (I-1) synthesized in Example 1 and 50 g of the bismaleimide compound BMI-1000 (commercially available from K.I. Chemical Industry) were reacted at 50° C.˜60° C. for 30 minutes to form varnish (reversible crosslinking reactant composition). The varnish was put in an oven and reacted at 170° C.˜190° C. to obtain cross-linked composition V.
135.6 g of the oligomer having a structure represented by Formula (I-2) synthesized in Example 4 and 50 g of the bismaleimide compound BMI-1000 (commercially available from K.I. Chemical Industry) were reacted at 50° C.˜60° C. for 30 minutes to form varnish (reversible crosslinking reactant composition). The varnish was put in an oven and reacted at 170° C.˜190° C. to obtain cross-linked composition VI.
[Analysis of Properties and Result]
The cross-linked compositions I to VI prepared in Examples 10 to 15 were analyzed by reflection IR spectroscopy (Spectrum One-54415, PERLIN ELMER) to measure their IR spectra. In the IR spectra data, the original BMI-1000 character peak of 822 cm−1 disappeared after the reaction, and the signal intensity of the C—O—C character peak on the furan group of 1068 cm−1 was obviously lowered, which means that the cross-linked products were formed. In addition, the cross-linked compositions I to VI prepared in Examples 10 to 15 were analyzed by differential scanning calorimeter (Q10, TA Instrument Co., Ltd.) under the standard IPC-TM-650.2.4.24 to measure their glass transfer temperature (Tg), as tabulated in Table 5. The cross-linked compositions I to VI prepared in Examples 10 to 15 were respectively sampled as 5 mg and analyzed by differential scanning calorimeter (Q10, TA Instrument Co., Ltd.), in which each of the samples was heated to 350° C. at a heating rate of 5° C./min to measure the reversible crosslinking temperature (Tr) of the cross-linked compositions I to VI prepared in Examples 10 to 15, as tabulated in Table 5. As seen in the reversible crosslinking temperature (Tr) in Table 5, the cross-linked compositions in Examples could be stable at a high temperature of at least 160° C.
TABLE 5
Composition
(a) furan-group-containing
(b)bismaleimide
oligomer (g)
(g)
(a)/(b)
Properties
Formula (I-1)
Formula (I-2)
BMI-1000
molar ratio
Tg (° C.)
Tr (° C.)
Example 10
100.47
50
1/1
168
230
Example 11
271.2
50
1/1
154
230
Example 12
40.18
10
2/1
175
220
Example 13
108.4
10
2/1
168
230
Example 14
50.24
50
1/2
145
180
Example 15
135.6
50
1/2
132
161
Compositions Including a Plurality Types of Furan-Group-Containing Oligomers/Compounds
54.24 g of the oligomer having a structure represented by Formula (I-1) synthesized in Example 1, 135.6 g of the oligomer having a structure represented by Formula (I-2) synthesized in Example 4, and 50 g of the bismaleimide compound BMI-1000 (commercially available from K.I. Chemical Industry) were reacted at 50° C.˜60° C. for 30 minutes to form varnish (reversible crosslinking reactant composition). The varnish was put in an oven and reacted at 170° C.˜190° C. to obtain cross-linked composition VII.
54.24 g of the oligomer having a structure represented by Formula (I-1) synthesized in Example 1, 42.38 g of the compound having a structure represented by Formula (III-1) synthesized in Example 8, and 50 g of the bismaleimide compound BMI-1000 (commercially available from K.I. Chemical Industry) were reacted at 50° C.˜60° C. for 30 minutes to form varnish (reversible crosslinking reactant composition). The varnish was put in an oven and reacted at 170° C.˜190° C. to obtain cross-linked composition VIII.
135.6 g of the oligomer having a structure represented by Formula (I-2) synthesized in Example 4, 42.38 g of the compound having a structure represented by Formula (III-1) synthesized in Example 8, and 50 g of the bismaleimide compound BMI-1000 (commercially available from K.I. Chemical Industry) were reacted at 50° C.˜60° C. for 30 minutes to form varnish (reversible crosslinking reactant composition). The varnish was put in an oven and reacted at 170° C.˜190° C. to obtain cross-linked composition IX.
33.5 g of the oligomer having a structure represented by Formula (I-1) synthesized in Example 1, 90.4 g of the oligomer having a structure represented by Formula (I-2) synthesized in Example 4, 28.3 g of the compound having a structure represented by Formula (III-1) synthesized in Example 8, and 50 g of the bismaleimide compound BMI-1000 (commercially available from K.I. Chemical Industry) were reacted at 50° C.˜60° C. for 30 minutes to form varnish (reversible crosslinking reactant composition). The varnish was put in an oven and reacted at 170° C.˜190° C. to obtain cross-linked composition X.
[Analysis of Properties and Result]
The cross-linked compositions VII to X prepared in Examples 16 to 19 were analyzed by reflection IR spectroscopy (Spectrum One-54415, PERLIN ELMER) to measure their IR spectra. In the IR spectra data, the original C═C character peak on BMI-1000 of 822 cm−1 disappeared after the reaction, and the signal intensity of the C—O—C character peak on the furan group of 1068 cm−1 was obviously lowered, which means that the cross-linked products were formed. In addition, the cross-linked compositions VII to X prepared in Examples 16 to 19 were analyzed by differential scanning calorimeter (Q10, TA Instrument Co., Ltd.) under the standard IPC-TM-650.2.4.24 to measure their glass transfer temperature (Tg), as tabulated in Table 6. The cross-linked compositions VII to X prepared in Examples 16 to 19 were respectively sampled as 5 mg and analyzed by differential scanning calorimeter (Q10, TA Instrument Co., Ltd.), in which each of the samples was heated to 350° C. at a heating rate of 5° C./min to measure the reversible crosslinking temperature (Tr) of the cross-linked compositions VII to X prepared in Examples 16 to 19, as tabulated in Table 6. As seen in the reversible crosslinking temperature (Tr) of Table 6, the cross-linked compositions in Examples could be stable at a high temperature of at least 160° C.
TABLE 6
Composition
(a) furan-group-containing
oligomer (g)
(b)bismaleimide
Formula
Formula
Formula
(g)
(a)/(b)
Properties
(I-1)
(I-2)
(III-1)
BMI-1000
molar ratio
Tg (° C.)
(Tr ° C. )
Example 16
54.24
135.6
50
1/1
185
200
Example 17
54.24
42.38
50
1/1
169
250
Example 18
135.6
42.38
50
1/1
251
300
Example 19
33.5
90.4
28.3
50
1/1
237
290
[Reversible Reaction Test and Result]
The cross-linked compositions I to X prepared in Examples 10 to 19 were crushed. The cross-linked compositions were heated to about 250° C.˜300° C. to crack the crosslinking bondings and reverse back to varnish state, and then cooled to 60° C.˜80° C. to further harden to bulks. The bulks were analyzed by reflection IR spectroscopy (Spectrum One-54415, PERLIN ELMER) to measure their IR spectra. In the IR spectra data, the original C═C character peak on BMI-1000 of 822 cm−1 reappeared, and the signal intensity of the C—O—C character peak on the furan group of 1068 cm−1 was obviously enhanced, which means that the crosslinking bondings of the cross-linked compositions were cracked, thereby recovering back to the compositions of furan group-containing oligomer and/or compound and BMI-1000.
[Discussion of Analysis Results]
For the reversible crosslinking reactant compositions in Examples, the two maleimide groups of the bismaleimide compound could react with the furan groups of two furan group-containing oligomer or compound through the 1,2-addition reaction. When the steric structure achieved a specific temperature, the bondings formed from the 1,2-addition reaction would be cracked, thereby breaking the bridge between the furan group-containing oligomer/compound and the bismaleimide compound for recovering back to original reactants. The above properties are beneficial to recycle and reuse the compositions. According to the result of the Examples, the reversible crosslinking reactant compositions of the disclosure had a stable structure, high thermal resistance, and high reversible temperature, which were beneficial for use in high-temperature processes. For example, the composition serving as the insulation resin material for PCB should be intact during the reflow process, such that the reversible temperature of the composition was preferably higher than or equal to 250° C.
54.24 g of the oligomer having a structure represented by Formula (I-3) synthesized in Example 7, and 35 g of the bismaleimide compound BMI-1000 (commercially available from K.I. Chemical Industry) were reacted at 50° C.˜60° C. for 30 minutes to form varnish (reversible crosslinking reactant composition). The varnish was put in an oven and reacted at 170° C.˜190° C. to obtain cross-linked composition XI.
54.24 g of the oligomer having a structure represented by Formula (I-3) synthesized in Example 7, and 85 g of the bismaleimide compound BMI-1000 (commercially available from K.I. Chemical Industry) were reacted at 50° C.˜60° C. for 30 minutes to form varnish (reversible crosslinking reactant composition). The varnish was put in an oven and reacted at 170° C.˜190° C. to obtain cross-linked composition XII.
In addition, the cross-linked compositions XI to XII prepared in Examples 20 to 21 were analyzed by differential scanning calorimeter (Q10, TA Instrument Co., Ltd.) under the standard IPC-TM-650.2.4.24 to measure their glass transfer temperature (Tg), as tabulated in Table 7.
TABLE 7
Composition
(a) furan-group-
containing oligomer
(b) bismaleimide
(a)/(b)
Properties
(g)
(g)
molar
Tg
Tr
Formula (I-3)
BMI-1000
ratio
(° C.)
(° C.)
Example
54.24
35
1/1
180
171
20
Example
54.24
85
1/2.4
191
187
21
[Synthesis and Analysis of Composite Material]
33.5 g of the oligomer having a structure represented by Formula (I-1) synthesized in Example 1, 90.4 g of the oligomer having a structure represented by Formula (I-2) synthesized in Example 4, 28.3 g of the compound having a structure represented by Formula (III-1) synthesized in Example 8, and 50 g of the bismaleimide compound BMI-1000 (commercially available from K.I. Chemical Industry) were added to 75 g of dimethylacetamide (DMAc), and reacted at 50° C.˜60° C. for 30 minutes to form varnish (reversible crosslinking reactant composition). A glass fiber cloth was impregnated in the varnish, and then backed at 140° C.˜170° C. to prepare a prepreg. The prepregs were laminated with copper foil to form copper clad laminate.
100 wt % of Epoxy resin 828 (BE-188, commercially available from Chang Chun Chemical Co., Ltd.), 5 phr of dicyandiamide (commercially available from Echo Chemical Co., Ltd), and 500 ppm of 2-methylimidazole (2-MI, commercially available from Echo Chemical Co., Ltd.) were added to methyl ethyl ketone (MEK, commercially available from Echo Chemical Co., Ltd) to prepare a varnish with a solid content of 70%. A glass fiber cloth was impregnated in the varnish, and then backed at 170° C. to prepare a prepreg. The prepregs were laminated with copper foil to form copper clad laminate. The lamination process was performed at a temperature of 170° C.˜190° C. for 1 hours to 2 hours under a pressure of 350 psi-450 psi. The prepared copper clad laminate was FR-4 plate for general PCB.
[Analysis of Properties and Result]
The copper clad laminates in Examples 22 and Comparative Example were analyzed by differential scanning calorimeter (Q10, TA Instrument Co., Ltd.) under the standard IPC-TM-650.2.4.24 to measure their glass transfer temperature (Tg), as tabulated in Table 7. The copper clad laminates in Examples 22 and Comparative Example were analyzed by thermomechanical analyzer (Q400, TA Instrument Co., Ltd.) under the standard IPC-TM-650.2.4.24 to measure their coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), as tabulated in Table 7. The copper clad laminates in Examples 22 and Comparative Example were analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis (Q500, TA Instrument Co., Ltd.) under the standard IPC-TM-650 2.3.40 to measure their degradation temperature (Td), as tabulated in Table 7. The copper clad laminates in Examples 22 and Comparative Example were respectively sampled as 5 mg and analyzed by differential scanning calorimeter (Q10, TA Instrument Co., Ltd.), in which each of the samples was heated to 350° C. at a heating rate of 5° C./min to measure the reversible crosslinking temperature (Tr) of the copper clad laminates in Examples 22 and Comparative Example, as tabulated in Table 7. The copper clad laminates in Examples 22 and Comparative Example were analyzed by resonant cavity type microwave dielectrometer (AET company, Japan) under the standard JIS-compliant 1641 to measure their dielectric constant (Dk) and dissipation factor (Df), as tabulated in Table 7. As shown in Table 7, the copper clad laminates in Example 22 and Comparative Example had similar dielectric constant and similar dissipation factor. Compared to Comparative Example, the copper clad laminate in Example 22 had a reversible crosslinking temperature of 300° C. The resin in the copper clad laminate in Example 22 can be reversible cross-linked by heating to about 300° C., thereby forming the furan-group-containing oligomer and/or compound and the bismaleimide compound for being recycled.
TABLE 6
XY-CTE
Tg (° C.)
(ppm/° C.)
Td (° C.)
Tr (° C.)
Dk
Df
Example 22
180~212
16~20
360
300
3.75
0.012
Comparative
140
30
350
none
4.2
0.015
Example
[Reversible Reaction Test and Result]
The copper clad laminate in Example 22 was etched to remove the copper foils, and then put into a solution of about 250° C. to 300° C. to dissolve and recycle the composition. The recycled resin composition was collected and analyzed by reflection IR spectroscopy (Spectrum One-54415, PERLIN ELMER) to measure its IR spectrum. In the IR spectrum data, the C═C character peak on BMI-1000 of 822 cm−1 reappeared, and the signal intensity of the C—O—C character peak on the furan group of 1068 cm−1 was obviously enhanced, which means that the crosslinking bondings of the resin compositions were cracked, thereby recovering back to the original furan group-containing oligomer or compound and BMI-1000. In addition, the recycled resin composition was cured again, and the cured resin composition had the same Tg as that of the cured original resin composition (Example 18). It further proves that the composite material in Example 19 can be recycled to be reused.
[Discussion of Analysis Results]
The composites prepared by methods of Examples included reversible crosslinking reactant compositions, thereby increasing the recycling ratio of the composites. For example, utilizing the compositions with a reversible crosslinking temperature higher than or equal to 250° C. may improve the recycling ratio of PCB, therefore reducing the CO2 emission amounts. In addition, the recycled compositions can be repeatedly used as the insulation resin during fabricating PCB or sub-quality raw material for achieving the circular economy.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made to the disclosed methods and materials. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only, with the true scope of the disclosure being indicated by the following claims and their equivalents.
Chiou, Kuo-Chan, Chuang, Kuei-Yi, Tseng, Feng-Po
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