The disclosure relates to a scintillator material for a radiation detector. In an embodiment, the scintillator material can include a crystalline alkaline-earth metal halide comprising at least one alkaline-earth metal selected from Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, said alkaline-earth metal halide being doped with at least one dopant that activates the scintillation thereof other than Sm2+, and co-doped with Sm2+, said alkaline-earth metal halide comprising at least one halogen selected from br, Cl, I.
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23. A scintillator material, comprising:
a crystalline alkaline-earth metal halide comprising at least one alkaline-earth metal including Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, or a combination thereof,
said alkaline-earth metal halide being doped with a dopant that activates scintillation of the scintillator and a co-dopant, wherein the co-dopant is Sm2+, wherein the dopant comprises Eu2+, Ce3+, Pr3+, Tl+, Yb2+, or a combination thereof and is different from the co-dopant; said alkaline-earth metal halide comprising a halogen including br, Cl, I, or a combination thereof.
1. A scintillator material, comprising:
a dopant that activates scintillation and has a first emission wavelength; and a co-dopant having a second emission wavelength greater than the first emission wavelength,
wherein:
the scintillator material is configured to emit at a first wavelength range and at a second wavelength range spaced apart from the first wavelength range, wherein the first wavelength range includes the first emission wavelength, and the second emission wavelength range includes the second emission wavelength;
a wavelength of maximum emission of the scintillator material is in the second wavelength range; and
self-absorption of the scintillator material is higher at the first wavelength range than self-absorption at the second wavelength range.
18. A scintillator material,
comprising a metal halide doped with a dopant that activates scintillation and a co-dopant,
wherein:
the dopant comprises a lanthanide and a first emission wavelength; and
the co-dopant comprises a lanthanide that is different from the dopant and a second emission wavelength greater than the first emission wavelength; and
wherein:
the scintillator material is configured to emit at a first wavelength range and at a second wavelength range spaced apart from the first wavelength range, wherein the first wavelength range includes the first emission wavelength, and the second emission wavelength range includes the second emission wavelength length;
a wavelength of maximum emission of the scintillator material is in the second wavelength range; and
self-absorption of the scintillator material is higher at the first wavelength range than self-absorption at the second wavelength range.
2. The scintillator material of
3. The scintillator material of
4. The scintillator material of
5. The scintillator material of
6. The scintillator material of
7. The scintillator material of
8. The scintillator material of
10. The scintillator material of
11. The scintillator material of
14. The scintillator material of
15. The scintillator material of
17. The radiation detector of
19. The scintillator material of
20. The scintillator material of
22. The scintillator material of
24. The scintillator material of
25. The scintillator material of
26. The scintillator material of
27. The scintillator material of
28. The scintillator material of
29. The scintillator material of
30. The scintillator material of
32. The scintillator material of
33. The scintillator material of
Sr(1−x−y)EuxSmyI2, wherein 0<x<0.2 and 0<y<0.1;
Sr(1−x−y)EuxSmyI2(1−u−v)br2uCl2v, wherein 0<x<0.2, 0<y<0.1, 0≤u<0.5, 0≤v<0.5, and (u+v)>0;
Sr(1−x−y)EuxSmyI(2+q)(1−u−v)br((2+q)*u)Cl((2+q)*v) wherein 0<x<0.2, 0<y<0.1, 0≤u<0.5, 0≤v<0.5, −0.05<q<0.05;
(Sr(1−z)Caz)(1−x−y)EuxSmyI2 wherein 0<x<0.2, 0<y<0.1, 0≤z≤1.0;
(Sr(1−z)Caz)(1−x−y)EuxSmyI2(1−u−v)br2uCl2v wherein 0<x<0.2, 0<y<0.1, 0≤u≤1.0, 0≤v≤1.0, 0≤(u+v)≤1.0, 0≤z≤1.0;
(Sr(1−z)Caz)(1−x−y)EuxSmyI(2+q)(1−u−v)br((2+q)*u)Cl((2+q)*v) wherein 0<x<0.2, 0<y<0.1, 0≤u≤1.0, 0≤v≤1.0, 0≤(u+v)≤1.0, 0.05<q<0.05, and 0≤z≤1.0;
(Eu(1−x)Ybx)(1−y)SmyI(2+q)(1−u−v)br((2+q)*u)Cl((2+q)*v), wherein 0≤x≤1.0, 0<y<0.1, 0≤u≤1.0, 0≤v≤1.0, 0≤(u+v)≤1.0, and 0.05<q<0.05;
AB(1−x−y)CxSmyI(3+q)(1−u−v)br((3+q)*u)Cl((3+q)*v), wherein 0<x<0.2, 0<y<0.1, 0≤u≤1.0, 0≤v≤1.0, 0≤(u+v)≤1.0, and 0.05<q<0.05;
A2B(1−x−y)CxSmyI(4+q)(1−u−v)br((4+q)*u)Cl((4+q)*v), wherein 0<x<0.2, 0<y<0.1, 0≤u≤1.0, 0≤v≤1.0, 0≤(u+v)≤1.0, and 0.1<q<0.1; and
AB2(1−x−y)C2xSm2yI(5+q)(1−u−v)br((5+q)*u)Cl((5+q)*v), wherein 0<x<0.2, 0<y<0.1, 0≤u≤1.0, 0≤v≤1.0, 0≤(u+v)≤1.0, and 0.1<q<0.1,
wherein A represents an element including Na, K, Cs, Rb, or any combination thereof; B represents an element including Ca, Mg, Ba, Sr, or any combination thereof; and C represents an element including Eu2+, Yb2+, or a combination thereof.
34. The scintillator material of
37. The scintillator material of
39. A radiation detector, comprising a scintillator including the scintillator material of
40. The radiation detector of
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The present application is a continuation-in-part of and claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 120 to International Application No. PCT/EP2019/050454, entitled “SCINTILLATOR MATERIAL COMPRISING A CRYSTALLINE ALKALINE-EARTH HALIDE DOPED WITH AN ACTIVATOR AND CO-DOPED WITH SM2+,” by Pieter DORENBOS, et al., filed Jan. 9, 2019, which claims priority to both French Patent Application No. 1850233, entitled “SCINTILLATOR MATERIAL COMPRISING A CRYSTALLINE ALKALINE-EARTH HALIDE DOPED WITH AN ACTIVATOR AND CO-DOPED WITH SM2+,” by Pieter DORENBOS, et al., filed Jan. 11, 2018 and French Patent Application No. 1850234, entitled “SCINTILLATOR MATERIAL COMPRISING A CRYSTALLINE CATION HALIDE DOPED BY EU2+ AND CO-DOPED WITH SM2+,” by Pieter DORENBOS, et al., filed Jan. 11, 2018, of which all three applications are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties.
The disclosure generally relates to the field of scintillators that may equip detectors for detecting ionizing radiation, such as X-rays and gamma rays and ionizing particles, and in particular, to a scintillator material including an activator and co-dopant, scintillators including the scintillator material, and detectors including the scintillators.
Ionizing radiation (which includes ionizing particles such as, in particular, protons, neutrons, electrons, muons, alpha particles, ions, and X-rays or gamma rays) are customarily detected using single-crystal scintillators that convert the incident radiation into light, which is then transformed into an electrical signal using a photodetector such as a photomultiplier. The scintillators used may in particular be made of a single crystal of thallium-doped sodium iodide (denoted hereinafter by NaI(Tl)), of sodium- or thallium-doped cesium iodide or of a praseodymium- or cerium-doped lanthanum halide.
The inorganic scintillators customarily used are crystalline, and very often monocrystalline. In order to efficiently detect the ionizing radiation, they are preferably of relatively large size, i.e. having a volume of greater than 1 cm3 in order to increase the probability of encounter between high-energy radiative photons and the scintillator material. However, it is also advisable for the scintillator to absorb the least possible amount of the light that it emits itself in order to guarantee the emission by the scintillator of a sufficient light intensity (phenomenon referred to as self-absorption), necessary for obtaining a good energy resolution. It may sometimes be difficult to have a large-volume scintillator that is not very self-absorbent. SrI2 doped with europium (Eu) has a high scintillation intensity, up to 120 000 photons/MeV, a good energy resolution (2.8% for 662 keV in gamma detection) and a decay time of 1.2 μs. However, the scintillation takes place at around 430 nm (blue colour), a wavelength at which the scintillator is highly self-absorbent, which greatly deteriorates the energy resolution of the detectors using it.
Rare-earth element halides such as LaBr3:Ce or LaCl3:Ce or silicates Lu2SiO5:Ce and (Lu,Y)2SiO5:Ce are scintillators with a high light intensity that absorb their own light very little. However, they contain radioactive isotopes which interfere with the precise measurement of the ionizing radiation.
SrI2:Sm2+ has less self-absorption than SrI2:Eu2+. However SrI2:Sm2+ has a low scintillation intensity.
It has now been found that it was possible to retain a good scintillation intensity of a crystalline alkaline-earth metal halide by retaining the dopant other than Sm2+ that activates the scintillation thereof, but by very greatly reducing the problem of self-absorption owing to the shifting of the maximum of the emission wavelength of the scintillation to a range (greater than 670 nm) in which this absorption is virtually zero, by co-doping the material with samarium (Sm2+). A phenomenon of resonant energy transfer from the ions of the dopant to the co-dopant could explain this behavior. Co-doping with Sm2+ shifts the scintillation light emission peak to 770 nm. At this wavelength, the self-absorption of the light emitted by the scintillator is very low and even virtually zero. These scintillators are furthermore devoid of intrinsic radioactivity considered as noise for the external radiation source scintillation measurements.
Embodiments are illustrated by way of example and are not limited by the accompanying figures.
Skilled artisans appreciate that elements in the figures are illustrated for simplicity and clarity and have not necessarily been drawn to scale. For example, the dimensions of some of the elements in the figures can be exaggerated relative to other elements to help improve understanding of embodiments of the invention. The use of the same reference symbols in different drawings indicates similar or identical items.
The following description in combination with the figures is provided to assist in understanding the teachings disclosed herein. The following discussion will focus on specific implementations and embodiments of the teachings. This focus is provided to assist in describing the teachings and should not be interpreted as a limitation on the scope or applicability of the teachings.
As used herein, the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” “including,” “has,” “having,” or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion. For example, a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of features is not necessarily limited only to those features but can include other features not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus. Further, unless expressly stated to the contrary, “or” refers to an inclusive-or and not to an exclusive-or. For example, a condition A or B is satisfied by any one of the following: A is true (or present) and B is false (or not present), A is false (or not present) and B is true (or present), and both A and B are true (or present).
The use of “a” or “an” is employed to describe elements and components described herein. This is done merely for convenience and to give a general sense of the scope of the invention. This description should be read to include one or at least one and the singular also includes the plural, or vice versa, unless it is clear that it is meant otherwise.
Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. The materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting. To the extent not described herein, many details regarding specific materials and processing acts are conventional and can be found in textbooks and other sources within the scintillation and radiation detection arts.
The scintillator material according to the disclosure is an object capable of being placed in an ionizing radiation detector. This scintillator material has a volume of greater than 1 cm3 in order to increase the probability of encounter between high-energy radiative photons and itself. For the same reason, its thickness is preferably at least 1.8 mm in all directions, and generally at least 2.0 mm in all directions. This material is generally at least 1.8 mm and even at least 2.0 mm in two mutually orthogonal directions, and at least 4 mm and even at least 8 mm in a direction orthogonal to the first two directions. The material according to the invention is transparent or translucent with respect to the light that it emits itself. In particular, its optical absorption coefficient is less than 50% for the wavelength at which its scintillation emission is maximum. The material is transparent for its own emitted light at least 2 mm depth and generally at least 4 mm depth. A monocrystalline nature of the scintillator material according to the invention is favorable for the good transparency thereof.
The scintillator material according to the invention can be used in an ionizing radiation detector. This material receives the ionizing radiation, which makes it emit a scintillation light, which is detected by a suitable photodetector coupled to the scintillator material. Of course, it is advisable to use a photodetector sensitive to the scintillation wavelengths. Within the context the present invention, the photodetector is preferably sensitive in the wavelength range of greater than 670 nm, in particular at 770 nm. The photodetector may in particular comprise an avalanche photodiode or an SiPMR (silicon photomultiplier, red-sensitive) or a red-extended PMT (photomultiplier tube).
The disclosure relates to a scintillator material comprising a crystalline alkaline-earth metal halide which comprises at least one alkaline-earth metal selected from Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, said alkaline-earth metal halide being doped with at least one dopant that activates the scintillation thereof other than samarium (Sm2+) (that may be simply referred to as “dopant” in the present application), and co-doped with Sm2+. Generally, the scintillator material consists of the doped and co-doped crystalline alkaline-earth metal halide.
The crystalline alkaline-earth metal halide may comprise at least two alkaline-earth metals selected from Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba. Sr is a preferred alkaline-earth metal. The alkaline-earth metal halide comprises at least one halogen selected from Br, Cl, I. Preferably, at least 60 mol % and more preferably at least 80 mol % of the halogen atoms of the alkaline-earth metal halide are selected from Br, Cl, I. The alkaline-earth metal halide may comprise at least two halogens (in particular I and Cl or I and Br), or even three halogens selected from Br, Cl, I. The alkaline-earth metal halide may not comprise F. Preferably, the alkaline-earth metal halide is doped with at least one dopant that activates the scintillation thereof selected from europium (Eu2+), cerium (Ce3+), praseodymium (Pr3+), thallium (Tl+), ytterbium (Yb2+). Europium (Eu2+) is a preferred activator dopant.
In the context of the present disclosure, the scintillator material may have a formula in which the ratio between cations and anions departs from stoichiometry, in the form of anion or cation vacancies in the crystal lattice.
The alkaline-earth metal halide comprises halides of cations. These cations are the alkaline-earth metal (which covers the possibility of having a mixture of several alkaline-earth metals), the cation of the dopant (such as Eu2+), the cation of the co-dopant Sm2+, the optional alkali metal (which covers the possibility of having a mixture of several alkali metals). The anions are halogens. When it is said that a cation Z is present in a proportion of x mol % in the alkaline-earth metal halide, x is equal to 100 times the ratio of the number of moles of Z divided by the sum of the number of moles of all the cations, including Z. In particular, at least one dopant is generally present in the alkaline-earth metal halide in a proportion of more than 0.2 mol %. Generally, the sum of the percentages of all the dopants present in the alkaline-earth metal halide represents more than 0.2 mol %. Generally, at least one dopant may be present in the alkaline-earth metal halide in a proportion of less than 20 mol % and more generally of less than 10 mol %. Generally, the sum of the percentages of all the dopants present in the alkaline-earth metal halide represents less than 20 mol % and more generally less than 10 mol %. In particular, Eu2+ may be present in the alkaline-earth metal halide as dopant. In particular, Eu2+ may be the only dopant present. Eu2+ may be present in the alkaline-earth metal halide in particular in a proportion of more than 0.2 mol % and generally of less than 20 mol % and more generally of less than 10 mol %. In particular, Sm2+ is generally present in the alkaline-earth metal halide in a proportion of more than 0.01 mol % and generally of more than 0.1 mol %. Generally, Sm2+ may be present in the alkaline-earth metal halide in a proportion of less than 10 mol %, in particular of less than 2 mol %.
In particular, the material according to the disclosure may be such that the alkaline-earth metal halide comprises strontium iodide. In particular in this case, in particular, the material may comprise Eu2+ as dopant that activates the scintillation thereof.
The alkaline-earth metal halide may comprise strontium iodide, Eu2+ being present as scintillation activator dopant in the alkaline-earth metal halide generally in a proportion of more than 0.2 mol % and generally of less than 20 mol % and more generally of less than 10 mol %, Sm2+ being present in the alkaline-earth metal halide generally in a proportion of more than 0.01 mol % and generally of more than 0.1 mol % and generally of less than 10 mol % and more generally of less than 2 mol %.
The alkaline-earth metal halide may not comprise an alkali metal. However, it may comprise at least one alkali metal, in which case it is in the form of halide. At least one alkali metal is preferably selected from: Li, Na, Rb or Cs.
The material according to the disclosure may in particular be of “matrix” type doped with a dopant and co-doped with the co-dopant (Sm2+), the dopant and the co-dopant being those already described above and present in the amounts described above, the matrix possibly being selected from the following list:
In particular, the scintillator material according to the disclosure may be one of those from the following list:
In the ten formulae above, generally x>0.002 and generally x<0.1. In the ten formulae above, generally y>0.0001 and generally y>0.001. In the ten formulae above, generally y<0.02. In these formulae the symbol “≤” signifies “less than or equal to” and the symbol “<” signifies “strictly less than”. Note, by way of example, that y<0.02 is equivalent to saying that Sm2+ is at less than 2 mol % in the halide.
The scintillator material according to the disclosure may comprise or be strontium iodide comprising Eu2+ as dopant that activates its scintillation and co-doped with Sm2+.
The scintillator material according to the disclosure may comprise or be strontium iodide and be doped with Yb2+ as scintillation activator and co-doped with Sm2+. The scintillator material according to the disclosure may be polycrystalline but is preferably monocrystalline. A single crystal may be obtained by a single-crystal growth process well known to a person skilled in the art such as the Czochralski technique or Bridgman technique or Bagdasarov technique (horizontal Bridgman technique) or Kyropoulos technique or else the “vertical gradient freeze” technique (crystallization by thermal gradient control) or the technique referred to as EFG (edge feeding growth) or else the technique referred to as continuous feeding which covers the use of multiple crucibles, in particular the growth of crystals in a double crucible, one of the crucibles being in the other. The disclosure also relates to a process for manufacturing the material according to the disclosure, comprising the crystalline growth thereof according to the Czochralski or Bridgman or Bagdasarov or Kyropoulos technique or the technique of crystallization by thermal gradient control or the EFG technique. The disclosure relates also to ionizing radiation detector comprising the scintillator material according to the disclosure. In particular, the detector preferably comprises a photodetector sensitive to a wavelength greater than 670 nm, in particular sensitive at 770 nm.
Many different aspects and embodiments are possible. Some of those aspects and embodiments are described below. After reading this specification, skilled artisans will appreciate that those aspects and embodiments are only illustrative and do not limit the scope of the present invention. Embodiments may be in accordance with any one or more of the embodiments as listed below.
A scintillator material, comprising:
a dopant that activates scintillation and has a first emission wavelength; and
a co-dopant having a second emission wavelength greater than the first emission wavelength,
wherein:
the scintillator material is configured to emit at a first wavelength range and at a second wavelength range spaced apart from the first wavelength range, wherein the first wavelength range includes the first emission wavelength, and the second emission wavelength range includes the second emission wavelength;
a wavelength of maximum emission of the scintillator material is in the second wavelength range; and
self-absorption of the scintillator material is higher at the first wavelength range than self-absorption at the second wavelength range.
The scintillator material of embodiment 1, wherein the second wavelength range is greater than 670 nm.
The scintillator material of embodiment 1, wherein the wavelength of maximum emission is greater than 700 nm.
The scintillator material of embodiment 1, wherein the scintillator material comprises a metal halide.
The scintillator material of embodiment 4, wherein the metal halide comprises an alkaline earth metal, an alkali metal, or any combination thereof.
The scintillator material of embodiment 4, wherein the metal halide comprises an alkaline earth metal including Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, or a combination thereof.
The scintillator material of embodiment 6, wherein the metal halide further comprises an alkali metal including Li, Na, Rb, Cs, or a combination thereof.
The scintillator material of embodiment 4, wherein the metal halide comprises a halogen including Cl, Br, I, or any combination thereof.
The scintillator material of embodiment 1, wherein the dopant comprises a lanthanide.
The scintillator material of claim 1, wherein the dopant comprises Eu2+, Ce3+, Pr3+, Tl+, Yb2+, or any combination thereof.
The scintillator material of embodiment 1, wherein the co-dopant is capable of being excited by an excited dopant.
The scintillator material of embodiment 1, wherein the co-dopant comprises a lanthanide.
The scintillator material of embodiment 12, wherein the co-dopant comprises Sm3+.
The scintillator material of embodiment 1, wherein the dopant is present in the scintillator material in a proportion greater than 0.2 mol % and less than 20 mol %.
The scintillator material of embodiment 1, wherein the co-dopant is present in the scintillator material in a proportion greater than 0.01 mol % and less than 10 mol %.
A radiation detector, comprising a scintillator including the scintillator material of embodiment 1.
The radiation detector of embodiment 16, further comprising a photodetector sensitive to a wavelength in the second emission wavelength range.
A scintillator material,
comprising a metal halide doped with a dopant that activates scintillation and a co-dopant,
wherein:
wherein:
the scintillator material is configured to emit at a first wavelength range and at a second wavelength range spaced apart from the first wavelength range, wherein the first wavelength range includes the first emission wavelength, and the second emission wavelength range includes the second emission wavelength length;
a wavelength of maximum emission of the scintillator material is in the second wavelength range; and
self-absorption of the scintillator material is higher at the first wavelength range than self-absorption at the second wavelength range.
The scintillator material of embodiment 18, wherein the metal halide comprises an alkaline earth metal including Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, or a combination thereof.
The scintillator material of claim 18, wherein the dopant comprises Eu2+, Ce3+, Pr3+, Tl+, Yb2+, or any combination thereof.
The scintillator material of claim 20, wherein the co-dopant comprises Sm3+.
The scintillator material of embodiment 18, wherein the second wavelength range is greater than 670 nm.
A scintillator material, comprising:
a crystalline alkaline-earth metal halide comprising at least one alkaline-earth metal including Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, or a combination thereof,
said alkaline-earth metal halide being doped with a dopant that activates scintillation of the scintillator and a co-dopant comprising Sm2+, wherein the dopant is different from the co-dopant;
said alkaline-earth metal halide comprising a halogen including Br, Cl, I, or a combination thereof.
The scintillator material of embodiment 23, wherein the alkaline-earth metal halide comprises at least two halogens.
The scintillator material of embodiment 23, wherein the dopant comprises Eu2+, Ce3+, Pr3+, Tl+, Yb2+, or a combination thereof.
The scintillator material of embodiment 23, wherein the dopant is present in the alkaline-earth metal halide in a proportion of more than 0.2 mol % and less than 20 mol %.
The scintillator material of embodiment 23, wherein the dopant includes Eu2+ present in the alkaline-earth metal halide in a proportion of more than 0.2 mol % and less than 10 mol %.
The scintillator material of embodiment 23, wherein Sm2+ is present in the alkaline-earth metal halide in a proportion of more than 0.01 mol % and less than 10 mol %.
The scintillator material of embodiment 23, wherein Sm2+ is present in the alkaline-earth metal halide in a proportion of at least 0.05 mol % and less than 2 mol %.
The scintillator material of embodiment 23, wherein the alkaline-earth metal halide comprises strontium iodide.
The scintillator material of embodiment 30, wherein the dopant comprises Eu2+.
The scintillator material of embodiment 23, wherein the alkaline-earth metal halide comprises strontium ionide, Eu2+ being the dopant present in the alkaline-earth metal halide in a proportion of more than 0.2 mol % and less than 10 mol %, Sm2+ being present in the alkaline-earth metal halide in a proportion of more than at least 0.05 mol % and at most 1 mol %.
The scintillator material of embodiment 23, represented by a formula selected from the group consisting of:
The scintillator material of embodiment 23, comprising an optical absorption coefficient of less than 50% at a maximum scintillation emission wavelength.
The scintillator material of embodiment 23, comprising a volume of greater than 1 cm3.
The scintillator material of embodiment 23, comprising a thickness of at least 1.8 mm.
The scintillator material of embodiment 23, wherein the scintillator material is transparent to scintillation light emitted at a depth of at least 2 mm in the scintillator material.
The scintillator material of embodiment 23, wherein the scintillator material is monocrystalline.
A radiation detector, comprising a scintillator including the scintillator material of embodiment 23.
The radiation detector of embodiment 39, comprising a photodetector sensitive to a wavelength of greater than 670 nm.
Single crystals of SrI2:Eu2+,Sm2+ were produced by vertical Bridgman crystal growth in a sealed quartz ampoule. To do this, a mixture of powders of SrI2, EuI2, SmI2 in the desired proportions was placed in the ampoule. This mixture was then heated until the melting thereof, at around 700° C. The samples contained 5 mol % of Eu2+ and, depending on the sample, 0 or 0.05 or 0.2 or 0.5 mol % of Sm2+. Ingots were prepared then cleaved in order to make a flat coupling surface with the photodetector. Due to the hygroscopic nature of the samples, these were handled in a glove box under a dry nitrogen atmosphere, containing less than 1 ppm of water. The percentages are given in mol %.
The scintillation intensity was recorded in the glove box using a mCs gamma source at 662 keV. Use was made, as photodetector, of a windowless Photonix APD avalanche photodiode (type 630-70-72-510), under a voltage of 1600 V and cooled to 250K. The output signal was amplified with “shaping time” conditions of 6 μs by an ORTEC 672 spectroscopic amplifier. In order to maximize the light collection, the samples were enveloped in Teflon powder then compressed (according to the technique described by J. T. M. de Haas and P. Dorenbos, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 55, 1086 (2008)), except for the cleaved face intended for coupling with the photodiode.
The light intensities of crystals around 2 mm in diameter and in height subjected to gamma radiation at 662 keV are given in table 1. Note that for such small dimensions, the self-absorption is negligible and the results therefore indeed express the intensity of the scintillation phenomenon. In this table, the compositions are described as comprising a matrix doped with an Eu2+ dopant (absent for comparative example 5) and co-doped with an Sm2+ co-dopant (absent for comparative example 1).
TABLE 1
Light
Eu2+ emission
Sm2+ emission
[Eu2+]
[Sm2+]
intensity
wavelength
wavelength
Ex. no.
Matrix
(mol %)
(mol %)
(ph/MeV)
(nm)
(nm)
1
SrI2
5
0
40500
431
(comp)
2
5
0.05
39500
431
750
3
5
0.2
33000
431
750
4
5
0.5
42000
431
750
5
SrI2
0
1
6000
750
(comp)
The photoluminescence excitation and emission spectrum were recorded by use of a Newport 66921 Xe UV lamp in combination with a Horiba Gemini-180 double-grating monochromator. The emission light from the crystals was detected by a Hamamatsu C9100-13 EM-CCD camera. The excitation spectrum was corrected to take into account the spectrum of the UV lamp, with no other correction for the emission spectrum. The light emission spectrum as a function of the content of Sm2+ can be seen in
Single crystals were produced as for the preceding examples except that the compositions were those indicated in table 2. The compositions are described as comprising a matrix doped with an Eu2+ dopant (absent for comparative example 7) and co-doped with an Sm2+ co-dopant.
TABLE 2
[Eu2+]
[Sm2+]
Light
Energy
Eu2+ emission
Sm2+ emission
dopant
co-dopant
intensity
resolution
wavelength
wavelength
Ex. no.
Matrix
(mol %)
(mol %)
(ph/MeV)
(%)
(nm)
(nm)
6
CsBa2I5
4
1
52000
4.5
422
758
7
CsBa2I5
0
0.5
20500
14.8
422
758
(comp)
8
CsBa2I5
2
1
45800
3.2
422
758
9
CsSrI3
2
1
19100
9.7
454
839
The light emission spectrum relative to the sample from example 8 can be seen in
The good energy resolution properties of the sample from example 8 are illustrated by
The light emission spectrum relative to the sample from example 9 can be seen in
Note that not all of the activities described above in the general description or the examples are required, that a portion of a specific activity may not be required, and that one or more further activities may be performed in addition to those described. Still further, the order in which activities are listed is not necessarily the order in which they are performed.
Benefits, other advantages, and solutions to problems have been described above with regard to specific embodiments. However, the benefits, advantages, solutions to problems, and any feature(s) that may cause any benefit, advantage, or solution to occur or become more pronounced are not to be construed as a critical, required, or essential feature of any or all the claims.
The specification and illustrations of the embodiments described herein are intended to provide a general understanding of the structure of the various embodiments. The specification and illustrations are not intended to serve as an exhaustive and comprehensive description of all of the elements and features of apparatus and systems that use the structures or methods described herein. Separate embodiments may also be provided in combination in a single embodiment, and conversely, various features that are, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment, may also be provided separately or in any subcombination. Further, reference to values stated in ranges includes each and every value within that range. Many other embodiments may be apparent to skilled artisans only after reading this specification. Other embodiments may be used and derived from the disclosure, such that a structural substitution, logical substitution, or another change may be made without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Accordingly, the disclosure is to be regarded as illustrative rather than restrictive.
Dorenbos, Pieter, Krämer, Karl, Alekhin, Mikhail
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