This invention relates to unique and novel compositions based on chemically combining a sulfonated polymer and a tertiary amine terminated polylactone composition. The resulting amine neutralized sulfonated polymer compositions have a variety of uses including those as diverse as adhesive agents, thermoplastic elastomers, additive uses wherein these materials can be utilized to compatibilize two different polymers which are normally incompatible. These compositions can also be blended with fillers and/or oils when the sulfonated polymer is elastomeric. The materials display thermoplastic character.
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1. A blend compound which comprises a blend of:
(a) A sulfonated polymer which has about 10 to about 200 meq. of sulfonate groups per 100 grams of said sulfonated polymer, said sulfonate groups being neutralized with a polycaprolactone polymer having the formula: ##STR3## wherein R1 or R2 is an alkyl, cycloalkyl or aryl group, R3, R4 and R5 are a hydrogen or alkyl, cycloalkyl, or aryl groups, m equals 1 to 20 and n equals about 1 to about 500; and (b) acrylate or methacrylate polymer.
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This invention relates to unique and novel blend compounds of an elastomeric polymer and an acrylate or methacrylate polymer. These compounds can also be blended with fillers and/or oils when the sulfonated polymer is elastomeric. The materials display thermoplastic character.
Recently, a new class of thermoelastic sulfonated polymers has been described in a number of U.S. patents. These sulfonated polymers are derived from polymeric materials having olefinic unsaturation, especially elastomeric polymers such as Butyl and EPDM rubbers. U.S. Pat. No. 3,642,728, herein incorporated by reference, clearly teaches a method of selective sulfonation of olefinic unsaturation sites of an elastomeric polymer to form an acid form of a sulfonated elastomeric polymer. The olefinic sites of the elastomeric polymer are sulfonated by means of a complex of a sulfur trioxide donor and a Lewis base. The SO3 H groups of the sulfonated elastomer can be readily neutralized with a basic material to form an ionically cross-linked elastomer at room temperature. However, these ionically cross-linked elastomers may be processed like a conventional thermoplastic at elevated temperatures under a shear force in the presence of selected preferential plasticizers, which dissipate the ionic associations at the elevated temperatures, thereby creating a reprocessable elastomer.
The basic materials used as neutralizing agents are selected from organic amines or basic materials selected from Groups I, II, III, IV, V, VI-B and VIII, and mixtures thereof, of the Periodic Table of Elements.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,836,511, herein incorporated by reference, teaches an improved process for the sulfonation of the olefinic sites of the elastomeric polymer, wherein the improved sulfonating agent is selected from acetyl sulfate, propionyl sulfate and butyryl sulfate. The neutralizing agents employed to neutralize the acid form of the sulfonated elastomeric polymers are organic amines.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,870,841, herein incorporated by reference, teaches a method of plasticization of the polymeric backbone of a neutralized sulfonated plastic polymer by means of a polymer chain plasticizer which is a liquid compound having a boiling point of at least about 120° F. The polymer chain plasticizer is selected from a dialkyl phthalate, a process oil or an organic acid ester. Additionally, a domain plasticizer can be incorporated into the composition, wherein the domain plasticizer reversibly disrupts the association of the sulfonated groups at a temperature of forming.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,847,854, herein incorporated by reference, teaches a method of improving the processability of neutralized sulfonated elastomeric polymers by the addition of a preferential plasticizer which has at least one functional constituent which exhibits a bond moment whose absolute value is at least 0.6 Debyes, and must be a liquid at the desired processing temperature of the neutralized sulfonated elastomeric polymer.
Sulfonated polymers have been shown to display many of the characteristics of a covalently cross-linked elastomer or plastic despite the fact that these materials are only physically cross-linked. Such materials would be especially useful to employ in blend compositions, with a variety of other polymers such as polyvinyl chloride, polyurethanes, polystyrene, "Phenoxy A", polyethylene and similar compositions. However, sulfonated polymers are usually incompatible with such compositions except under unusual circumstances.
This invention is concerned with blend compositions of an acrylate or methacrylate polymer with a new class of polymers based on the chemical combination of sulfonated polymers and an amine-terminated polylactone. As such, these polymers can have many of the physical properties of the base sulfonated polymer (such as Sulfo EPDM) but also derive many of the desirable features of the polylactone (such as poly-ε-caprolactone). Generally, the sulfonated polymer and the lactone polymer are not truly molecularly compatible and; therefore, are phase separated. Due to the fact that the sulfonated polymer is chemically combined with a novel class of amine terminated lactones, (as described in a copending application) the resulting grafted polymer system displays some properties of both polymer phases.
Since the polylactones, such as poly-ε-caprolactone, are widely known for their unique compatibility behavior, this invention permits the preparation of polylactone neutralized sulfonated polymers which are useful in a variety of polymer blends. In the case where Sulfo EPDM is the base sulfonated polymer, the combination with amine-terminated poly-ε-caprolactone provides a "graft" system which can behave as a tough and useful thermoplastic elastomer. Such compositions derive their physical properties, in part, from the ionic interactions, but mostly due to the crystalline caprolactone domains which act as physical cross-links. Such systems can also be modified through the addition of oils and fillers, as in the case for other sulfonated elastomers. The resulting materials can, under appropriate conditions, be melt processable.
This invention is based upon blend compositions of a thermoplastic or elastomeric polymer with an acrylate or methacrylate polymer based on chemically combining a sulfonated polymer and a tertiary amine terminated polylactone composition. The resulting amine neutralized sulfonated polymer compositions have a variety of uses including those as diverse as adhesive agents, thermo-plastic elastomers, additive uses wherein these materials can be utilized to compatibilize two different polymers which are normally incompatible. These compositions can also be blended with fillers and/or oils when the sulfonated polymer is elastomeric. The materials display thermoplastic character.
The neutralized sulfonated elastomeric polymers of this present invention are derived from elastomeric or thermoplastic polymers wherein the elastomeric polymers are derived from unsaturated polymers which include low unsaturated elastomeric polymers such as Butyl rubbers or EPDM terpolymers.
Alternatively, other unsaturated polymers are selected from the group consisting of partially hydrogenated polyisoprenes, partially hydrogenated polyisoprenes, partially hydrogenated polybutadienes, Neoprene, styrene-butadiene copolymers or isoprene-styrene random copolymers.
The expression "Butyl rubber" as employed in the specification and claims, is intended to include copolymers made from a polymerization reaction mixture having therein from 70 to 99.5% by weight of an isoolefin which has about 4 to 7 carbon atoms, e.g. isobutylene and about 0.5 to 30% by weight of a conjugated multiolefin having from about 4 to 14 carbon atoms, e.g. isoprene. The resulting copolymer contains 85 to 99.8% by weight of combined isoolefin and 0.2 to 15% of combined multiolefin.
Butyl rubber generally has a Staudinger molecular weight as measured by GPC of about 20,000 to about 500,000, preferably about 25,000 to about 400,000 especially about 100,000 to about 400,000 and a Wijs Iodine No. of about 0.5 to 50, preferably 1 to 15. The preparation of Butyl rubber is described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,356,128 which is incorporated herein by reference.
For the purposes of this invention, the Butyl rubber may have incorporated therein from about 0.2 to 10% of combined multiolefin; preferably about 0.5 to about 6%; more preferably, about 1 to about 4%, e.g. 2%.
Illustrative of such a Butyl rubber is Exxon Butyl 365 (Exxon Chemical Co.), having a mole percent unsaturation of about 2.0% and a Mooney viscosity (ML, 1+3. 212° F.) of about 40-50.
Low molecular weight Butyl rubbers, i.e. Butyl rubbers having a viscosity average molecular weight of about 5,000 to 85,000 and a mole percent unsaturation of about 1 to about 5% may be sulfonated to produce the polymers useful in this invention. Preferably, these polymers have a viscosity average molecular weight of about 25,000 to about 60,000.
The EPDM terpolymers are low unsaturated polymers having about 1 to about 10.0 wt.% olefinic unsaturation, more preferably about 2 to about 8, most preferably about 3 to 7 defined according to the definition as found in ASTM-D-1418-64 and is intended to mean terpolymers containing ethylene and propylene in the backbone and a diene in the side chain. Illustrative methods for producing these terpolymers are found in U.S. Pat. No. 3,280,082, and French Pat. No. 1,386,600, which are incorporated herein by reference. The preferred polymers contain about 40 to about 75 wt.% ethylene and about 1 to about 10 wt.% of a diene monomer, the balance of the polymer being propylene. Preferably, the polymer contains about 45 to about 70 wt.% ethylene, e.g. 50 wt.% and about 2.6 to about 8.0 wt.% diene monomer, e.g. 5.0 wt.%. The diene monomer is preferably a nonconjugated diene.
Illustrative of these nonconjugated diene monomers which may be used in the terpolymer (EPDM) are 1,4-hexadiene, dicyclopentadiene, 5-ethylidene-2-norbornene, 5-methylene-2-norbornene, 5-propenyl-2-norbornene, and methyl tetrahydroindene.
A typical EPDM is Vistalon 2504 (Exxon Chemical Co.), a terpolymer having a Mooney viscosity (ML, 1+8, 212° F.) of about 40 and having an ethylene content of about 50 wt.% and a 5-ethylidene-2-norbornene content of about 5.0 wt.%. The Mn as measured by GPC of Vistalon 2504 is about 47,000, the Mv as measured by GPC is about 145,000 and the Mw as measured by GPC is about 174,000.
Another EPDM terpolymer Vistalon 2504-20 is derived from Vistalon 2504 (Exxon Chemical Co.) by a controlled extrusion process, wherein the resultant Mooney viscosity at 212° F. is about 20. The Mn as measured by GPC of Vistalon 2504-20 is about 26,000, the Mv as measured by GPC is about 90,000 and the Mw as measured by GPC is about 125,000.
Nordel 1320 (DuPont) is another terpolymer having a Mooney viscosity at 212° F. of about 25 and having about 53 wt.% of ethylene, about 3.5 wt.% of 1,4-hexadiene, and about 43.5 wt.% of propylene.
The EPDM terpolymers of this invention have a number average molecular weight (Mn) as measured by GPC of about 10,000 to about 200,000, more particularly of about 15,000 to about 100,000, most preferably of about 20,000 to about 60,000. The Mooney viscosity (ML, 1+8, 212° F.) of the EPDM terpolymer is about 5 to about 60, more preferably about 10 to about 50, most preferably about 15 to about 40. The Mv as measured by GPC of the EPDM terpolymer is preferably below about 350,000 and more preferably below about 300,000. The Mw as measured by GPC of the EPDM terpolymer is preferably below about 500,000 and more preferably below about 350,000.
In carrying out the invention, the elastomeric polymer is dissolved in a nonreactive solvent such as a chlorinated aliphatic solvent, chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbon, an aromatic hydrocarbon, or an aliphatic hydrocarbon such as carbon tetrachloride, dichloroethane, chlorobenzene, benzene, toluene, xylene, cyclohexane, pentane, isopentane, hexane, isohexane or heptane. The preferred solvents are the lower boiling aliphatic hydrocarbons. A sulfonating agent is added to the solution of the elastomeric polymer and nonreactive solvent at a temperature of about -100°C to about 100°C for a period of time of about 1 to about 60 minutes, most preferably at room temperature for about 5 to about 45 minutes; and most preferably about 15 to about 30. Typical sulfonating agents are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,642,728 and 3,836,511, previously incorporated herein by reference. These sulfonating agents are selected from an acyl sulfate, a mixture of sulfuric acid and an acid anhydride or a complex of a sulfur trioxide donor and a Lewis base containing oxygen, sulfur, or phosphorous. Typical sulfur trioxide donors are SO3, chlorosulfonic acid, fluorosulfonic acid, sulfuric acid, oleum, etc. Typical Lewis bases are: dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydrothiophene or triethyl phosphate. The most preferred sulfonation agent for this invention is an acyl sulfate selected from the group consisting essentially of benzoyl, acetyl, propionyl or butyryl sulfate. The acyl sulfate can be formed in situ in the reaction medium or pregenerated before its addition to the reaction medium in a chlorinated aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon.
It should be pointed out that neither the sulfonating agent nor the manner of sulfonation is critical, provided that the sulfonating method does not degrade the polymer backbone. The reaction is quenched with an aliphatic alcohol such as methanol, ethanol or isopropanol, with an aromatic hydroxyl compound, such as phenol, a cycloaliphatic alcohol such as cyclohexanol or with water. The unneutralized sulfonated elastomeric polymer has about 10 to about 200 meq unneutralized sulfonate groups per 100 grams of sulfonated polymer, more preferably about 15 to about 100; and most preferably about 20 to about 80. The meq. of unneutralized sulfonate groups per 100 grams of polymer is determined by both titration of the polymeric sulfonic acid and Dietert Sulfur analysis. In the titration of the sulfonic acid, the polymer is dissolved in solvent consisting of 95 parts of toluene and 5 parts of methanol at a concentration level of 50 grams per liter of solvent. The unneutralized form is titrated with ethanolic sodium hydroxide to an Alizarin-Thymolphthalein endpoint.
The unneutralized sulfonated elastomeric polymer is gel free and hydrolytically stable. Gel is measured by stirring a given weight of polymer in a solvent comprised of 95 toluene-5-methanol at a concentration of 5 wt.%, for 24 hours, allowing the mixture to settle, withdrawing a weighed sample of the supernatant solution and evaporating to dryness.
Hydrolytically stable means that the acid function, in this case the sulfonic acid, will not be eliminated under neutral or slightly basic conditions to a neutral moiety which is incapable of being converted to highly ionic functionality.
Neutralization of the unneutralized sulfonated elastomeric polymer is done by the addition of a solution of a polycaprolactone polymer to the unneutralized sulfonated elastomeric polymer typically dissolved in the mixture of the aliphatic alcohol and nonreactive solvent. The polycaprolactone polymer is dissolved in a solvent system consisting of toluene, optionally containing an aliphatic alcohol. These polycaprolactone polymers are formed by the reaction of ε-caprolactone with an organic diamine in the presence of a catalyst as described in a copending application. The anhydrous ε-caprolactone and the organic diamine in the presence of the catalyst are reacted together in a reaction vessel in the absence of a solvent at a temperature of about 50° to about 200°C, more preferably about 75° to about 180° and most preferably about 90° to about 100°C for a sufficient period of time to effect polymerization.
The reaction of the ε-caprolactone with the diamine can be generally depicted by the equation ##STR1## wherein n=1 to 500, m=1 to 20, R1 or R2 are selected from the group consisting of alkyl and cycloalkyl groups having about 1 to about 20 carbon atoms, more preferably about 1 to about 12 carbon atoms, and aryl groups, and R3 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl and cycloalkyl groups having about 1 to about 20 carbon atoms, more preferably about 1 to about 12, and aryl groups and R4 and R5 are hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl or aryl groups. Typical, but nonlimiting, examples of useful diamines are: ##STR2##
Catalysts useful in the promotion of the above-identified reaction are selected from the group consisting of stannous octanoate stannous hexanoate, stannous oxalate, tetrabutyl titanate, a variety of metal organic based catalysts, acid catalysts and amine catalysts, as described on page 266, and forwarded in a book chapter authored by R. D. Lundberg and E. F. Cox, entitled Kinetics and Mechanisms of Polymerization: Ring Opening Polymerization; edited by Frisch and Rugen, published by Marcell Dekker in 1969, wherein stannous octanoate is an especially preferred catalyst. The catalyst is added to the reaction mixture at a concentration level of about 100 to about 10,000 parts of catalyst per 1 million parts of ε-caprolactone.
The resultant polycaprolactone polymer has an Mn as measured by GPC of about 200 to about 50,000 more preferably about 500 to about 40,000, and most preferably about 700 to about 30,000 and a melting point from below room temperature to about 55°C, more preferably about 20° C. to about 52°C, and most preferably about 20°C to about 50°C
The metal sulfonate-containing polymers at the higher sulfonate levels possess extremely high melt viscosities and are thereby difficult to process. The addition of ionic group plasticizers markedly reduces melt viscosity and frequently enhances physical properties.
To the neutralized sulfonated polymer is added, in either solution or to the crumb of the unneutralized form of the sulfonated polymer, a preferential plasticizer selected from the group consisting of carboxylic acids having about 5 to about 30 carbon atoms, more preferably about 8 to about 22 carbon atoms, or basic salts of these carboxylic acids, wherein the metal ion of the basic salt is selected from the group consisting of aluminum, ammonium, lead or Groups I-A, II-A, I-B and II-B of the Periodic Table of Elements, and mixtures thereof. The carboxylic acids are selected from the group consisting of lauric, myristic, palmitic or stearic acids and mixtures thereof; e.g. zinc stearate, magnesium stearate, or zinc laurate.
The preferential plasticizer is incorporated into the neutralized sulfonated polymer at less than about 60 parts by weight per 100 parts of the sulfonated polymer more preferably at about 5 to about 40, and most preferably at about 7 to about 25. Alternatively, other preferential plasticizers are selected from ureas, thioureas, amines, amides, ammonium and amine salts of carboxylic acids and mixtures thereof. The preferred plasticizers are selected from fatty acid or metallic salts of fatty acid and mixtures thereof. The resultant neutralized sulfonated polymer with preferential plasticizer is isolated from the solution by conventional steam stripping and filtration.
The ingredients incorporated into the blend compositions of the present invention, in conjunction with the type of elastomeric polymer, the degree of sulfonation, and the metal counterion of the neutralized sulfonated polymer and the plasticizer give materials processable by extrusion or injection molding processes into elastomeric articles having the desirable physical and rheological properties. These combined physical properties and rheological processability characteristics were not previously obtainable in the aforementioned U.S. patents and applications previously incorporated herein by reference.
The polymer compositions prepared according to this invention cover a variety of new systems and applications. For example, Sulfo EPDM neutralized with tertiary amine terminated poly-ε-caprolactone can possess a variety of properties depending on sulfonic acid content and poly-ε-caprolactone (or PCL) molecular weight. Thus, a high molecular weight PCL (for example, a number average molecular weight of 10,000) coupled with Sulfo EPDM of 30 milliequivalents per 100 grams sulfonic acid content would require about 300 grams of PCL per 100 grams of Sulfo EPDM to effect neutralization. Such a composition, therefore, would be about 75 percent PCL. On the otherhand, the use of a PCL polymer of 1,000 molecular weight would result in a neutralized graft ionomer of about 23 percent PCL. The physical properties of these two compositions will obviously vary substantially, depending on the compositions.
The application to which these novel polymers can be put to use is varied. The PCL/Sulfo EPDM grafts are useful as thermoplastic elastomers, potential adhesives and an approach to compatibilize normally incompatible polymers such as acrylate or methacrylate polymers.
Other types of polymer sulfonic acids suitable in this invention include sulfonated polybutadiene, sulfonated polyisoprene, sulfonated Butyl, sulfonated SBR, sulfonated polypentenomer, etc. Of special interest are polymers with terminal unsaturation such as polyisobutylene. Typically, this polymer is terminated with an olefin group which can be sulfonated to provide a long chain polyisobutylene of from 500 to 25,000 in molecular weight. Sulfonation of this functionality provides a polymer with a sulfonic acid group at just one end, and which can then be neutralized to provide a polyisobutylene/PCL block copolymer composed of just two blocks.
The neutralized sulfonated polymers are useful in forming blend compounds having improved impact characteristics with acrylate and methacrylate polymers like methylacrylate, ethylacrylate, butylacrylate, methylmethacrylate, ethylmethacrylate or butylmethacrylate.
Unless otherwise specified, all measurements are in parts by weight per 100 parts of sulfonated polymer.
3.5 g (1 meq.) of a sulfonated EPDM (based on EPDM of 50 percent ethylene, 45 percent propylene and 5 percent ENB, sulfonated with acetyl sulfate in situ, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,221,712 and related cases, isolated in methanol as the acid form, and dried in a vacuum oven at ∼35°C) containing 29.0 meq. of sulfur per 100 g of polymer, as determined by elemental analysis, was dissolved in 66.5 g toluene overnight to give a 5.0 weight percent solution.
2.1 g (1 meq.) of an N,N-dimethyl-1,3-propane diamine terminated polycaprolactone MW 2,100 %N=1.314±0.005 percent prepared as described in a copending application (Case No. C-1185), was dissolved in 18.9 g of toluene to give a 10.0 weight percent solution. This solution was then added to the highly viscous EPDM polymer sulfonic acid solution prepared above.
Films were cast from the solution of neutralized polymer acid onto Teflon coated aluminum foil. The solvent was removed by evaporation at ambient conditions. The resultant films were a slightly hazy yellow and showed no visible signs of phase separation. The resulting films appeared to be tough and flexible with no evidence of incompatibility.
Thermal mechanical analysis conducted on the polymer sample revealed a major transition at about -65°C (EPDM Tg) and a second transition at about 38°C, identified as the crystalline melting point for the polycaprolactone phase.
On a two roll mill at 130°C, the following blend compositions as illustrated in Table II were made by fluxing the neutralized sulfonated polymer with a methylmethacrylate polymer.
| TABLE I |
| ______________________________________ |
| 2-0 2-1 2-2 2-3 |
| ______________________________________ |
| Neutralized sulfonated |
| elastomer polymer of |
| Example I 100 50 25 75 |
| Polymethylmethacrylate |
| (Dupont-Elvacite-2009) 50 75 25 |
| Mill Temperature °C. |
| 130 130 130 |
| Pressed film at 325° F. |
| good good good |
| Solubility in Toluene soluble soluble |
| soluble |
| Tensile at break |
| 1256 1510 5705 833 |
| Elongation 590 |
| ______________________________________ |
| Patent | Priority | Assignee | Title |
| 4647603, | Nov 02 1983 | Exxon Research and Engineering Company | Controlled gelation of hydrocarbon solutions containing interpolymer complexes |
| Patent | Priority | Assignee | Title |
| 4144223, | Oct 18 1976 | SMITH & NEPHEW ROLYAN INC | Blends of trans-1,4-polymers and poly(epsilon-caprolactone) |
| Executed on | Assignor | Assignee | Conveyance | Frame | Reel | Doc |
| Dec 11 1981 | AGARWAL, PAWAN K | Exxon Research and Engineering Company | ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST | 004049 | /0789 | |
| Dec 21 1981 | Exxon Research and Engineering Co. | (assignment on the face of the patent) | / |
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