The invention relates to a method for burning fine-grain material, particularly for the manufacture of cement clinker from cement raw meal. The material is thermally treated in a multistage burning process with a pre-heating stage, a calcining stage with a high-degree of calcination, a sintering stage in a very short rotary kiln and a cooling stage. fuel is introduced both into the sintering stage in the short rotary kiln as well as into the calcinating stage. Hot exhaust air from the cooling stage is supplied both to the sintering stage as well as to the calcining stage as furnace air. The invention also relates to an apparatus for the manufacture of mineral products of the burning process such as cement clinker.
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1. In an apparatus for manufacturing calcined mineral products such as cement clinker from raw meal comprising a system including a raw meal preheater, a calciner, a rotary tubular kiln, and a clinker cooler in sequence, the improvement which comprises:
means for introducing a fossil fuel into said rotary kiln in an amount substantially less than the overall thermal energy supplied to said system, heat generator means acting on the contents of said kiln and producing no exhaust gases therein, and a bypass line connected to said rotary kiln to withdraw exhaust gases from said kiln created by the combustion of said fossil fuel.
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This is a division of application Ser. No. 063,102 filed Aug. 2, 1979, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,298,393.
1. Field of the Invention
The invention pertains to apparatus for the production of cement clinker.
2. The Prior Art
With the introduction of raw meal pre-heaters into the cement clinker burning process, rotary kilns which up to then had been long could be built shorter. With modern burning systems incorporating conventional cyclone pre-heaters, a ratio between the length of the rotary kiln to the inside rotary kiln diameter of approximately 15:1 through 17:1 has become general in practice. Efforts of the system manufacturers to further reduce the relative rotary kiln length have failed because of the safety requirements of the system users. Longer rotary kilns have tended to result in disruption-free operation, particularly with respect to interior cycles.
With the introduction of pre-calcination technology with secondary firings in the pre-heating system, a high degree of deacidificaton of the raw meal was achieved before entry into the rotary kiln. The advantages of lower heat introduction in the sintering zone of the rotary kiln, however, were only partially exploited. The kiln diameter was approximately reduced in relationship to the proportionate heat amounts supplied, on the one hand, to the pre-burner locations and, on the other hand, to the sintering zone of the rotary kiln. Until now, the standard ratio of kiln length to inside kiln diameter (15:1 through 17:1) mentioned above was approximately retained. As a result, specific rotary kiln lengths which were still large ensued, which resulted in high investment and operating costs. On the other hand, a reduction of the diameter of the rotary kiln, given the same throughput capacity and the same degree of oven charge, produced a shorter dwell period of the raw meal or, respectively, clinker in the rotary kiln. Therefore, until now, a further shortening of the rotary kiln was not considered.
The substances volatilizing in the rotary kiln often exhibit harmful components such as alkali compounds and sulfur which, upon their condensation from the rotary kiln exhaust gas, lead to caking in the lines conducting the gas. Moreover, these harmful components enter the raw meal pre-heating system together with the rotary kiln exhaust gas where they precipitate on the raw meal and are reintroduced into the rotary kiln with the pre-heated raw meal. A highly accumulating cycle of harmful substances can thus be formed in the burning process. In order to avoid this disadvantage, it is conventional to draw off a portion of the hot rotary kiln exhaust gases from the burning process via a bypass and to discard it. The significant heat content of the thermally highly valuable exhaust gas of the rotary kiln is however lost from the burning process by this technique. As a result, the entire burning process can become uneconomical. Particularly in very large cement manufacturing systems, it can no longer be justified in terms of heat efficiency to discard too much rotary kiln exhaust gas containing harmful substances without exploiting its heat content. By so doing the manufacturing costs of cement, given today's energy costs and those to be expected in future, become too high.
In the inventive method only a part of fuel as small as possible is burned in the rotary kiln. The exhaust gas resulting therefrom is as small as possible and is drawn off by a bypass in an amount ranging from 0 through 100% before its use for raw meal pre-heating and/or raw meal calcination.
In the inventive method, a high degree of calcination of the raw meal is carried out outside of the rotary kiln in the calcinating stage so that the heat energy to be supplied to the rotary kiln is as small as possible. This smallest possible amount of heat energy to be supplied to the rotary kiln is produced by burning the smallest possible amount of fossil fuel in the rotary kiln. As a result, the smallest possible amount of combustion gases arise in the rotary kiln. By so doing, the rotary kiln can be built relatively short without a negative influence on the heat transfer between gas and material. Investment costs are thus saved; on the other hand, due to the reduction of the amount of rotary kiln exhaust gas, the concentration of the volatilized harmful substances such as alkali compounds and sulfur in the exhaust gas increases. For this reason alone, as well as because of the reduced amount of exhaust gas, whose heat content is likewise reduced, the partial or complete removal and rejection of this rotary kiln exhaust gas via a bypass can be economically justified.
The heat efficiency of the inventive method results from, and the removal of the rotary kiln exhaust gas from the burning process is above all profitable when, a greater percentage of the entire amount of rotary kiln exhaust gas is drawn off via a bypass as this amount of rotary kiln exhaust gas is made smaller. At the same time, the dimensions of the rotary kiln can be reduced all the more since less fossil fuel is burned in the rotary kiln.
To further increase the heat efficiency of the inventive method, and further reduce the amount of rotary kiln exhaust gas, at least one part of the fossil fuel burned in the rotary kiln can be replaced by means of heat generators which cause no exhaust gas in the rotary kiln. By so doing, the concentration of harmful substances in the rotary kiln exhaust gas increases even further and the heat losses due to the rejection of this exhaust gas become even smaller. This method will be particularly profitable if a significant part of the total amount of rotary kiln exhaust gas, approximately between 50 through 100%, is drawn off via a bypass and is removed from the burning process. Since the amount of exhaust gas from the rotary kiln has been even further reduced, the dimensions of the rotary kiln can be made even smaller.
The heat generators causing no exhaust gas in the rotary kiln can consist, for example, of electrical heating elements such as resistance or induction heaters, transmitters of high-energy rich beams such as beams of accelerated electrons for irradiation of the material, solar energy heaters or the like.
An improved burning system for the manufacture of mineral burning products, such as cement clinker from raw material, has a raw meal pre-heater, a calcinator which produces a high-degree of calcination of the raw meal, a rotary kiln and a clinker cooler. The ratio of the length of the rotary kiln to its inside diameter is smaller than 14:1 and preferably lies in a range of 7:1 through 11:1. A bypass line for the removal of rotary kiln exhaust gas is connected at the material intake end of the kiln to the rotary kiln exhaust gas channel leading to the calcinator or, respectively, raw meal pre-heater. This inventive burning system, thus, has a bypass line for the removal of rotary kiln exhaust gas. A rotary kiln with a relatively very small specific kiln length may thus be used. The use of the bypass line is all the more economically justifiable the shorter the rotary kiln is and the less fossil fuel is burned in the rotary kiln. It is precisely the intensive thermal and chemical preparation of the material for sintering and clinkering in the rotary kiln which allows the "working length" of the rotary kiln to be significantly shortened, insofar as this length is required for the preparation for the sintering and, thus, to significantly shorten the over-all rotary kiln. Said preparation being attainable with the assistance of a high-degree of pre-calcination.
Thus, surprisingly, it is possible to reduce the specific kiln length by approximately one-half with respect to the value standard up to now in a rotary kiln which is designed for modern dry processes for burning intensely pre-calcinated material into products of the burning process such as cement clinker. Expressed in numbers, the ratio of kiln length to the inside kiln diameter in such a rotary kiln is reduced from the previous approximately 16:1 to 8:1. A few advantages of the inventive burning system with short rotary kiln with respect to a system with traditional rotary kiln are the following:
Less kiln raw material, less kiln brick lining subject to wear, less surface radiating heat, therefor lower heat losses, lower weight, therefor also the need of lower driving power, and heat expansion is no longer such a problem. With less heat expansion, more favorable conditions exist for kiln seatings and seals.
In all, lower investment and operating costs of the burning system thereby ensue along with the advantage that, as a result of keeping the amount of exhaust gas as small as possible, a partial or complete removal of this exhaust gas from the burning process can now be economically justified.
FIG. 1 illustrates a burning system for cement clinker manufacture with a short rotary kiln and bypass for rotary kiln exhaust gas,
FIG. 2 illustrates an embodiment of the burning system that is different from that of FIG. 1,
FIG. 3 illustrates the short rotary kiln of the burning system of FIG. 1 in a longitudinal section and in enlarged representation, and
FIG. 4 illustrates a short rotary kiln designed differently from that of FIG. 3.
Not by way of limitation, but by way of disclosing the best mode of practising our invention and by way of enabling one of ordinary skill in the art to practise my invention, there are disclosed in FIGS. 1-4 alternate embodiments of our invention.
The burning system of FIG. 1 exhibits a rotary kiln 10 to which a raw meal pre-heater 11 and a calcinator 12 are preconnected and to which a clinker cooler 13 is post-connected. Cement raw meal 14 flows from the top toward the bottom through the pre-heater 11 and calcinator 12 in a combined counterflow/direct flow to the hot exhaust gases leaving the rotary kiln 10 and/or to the hot exhaust air of the cooler 13. These exhaust gases are drawn off by means of the induced-draught blower 15. The raw meal pre-heater 11 consists of cyclone heat exchangers 16, 17, 18. To induce the intense or high-degree of calcination of the cement raw meal before the meal enters into the rotary kiln 10, fuel B1 is supplied between the cyclone heat exchangers 18 and 19 and fuel B2 is supplied between the heat exchangers 19 and 20 as seen in the direction of flow of the cement raw meal. In the first burning stage or fuel burning point B1, approximately 30% of the calcining work is carried out, approximately 70% in the second burning stage B2. Preferably the two burning stages utilize various types of inferior fuels. In the lower burning stage, fuel B2 of every type is burned in a gas atmosphere that is formed from the cooler exhaust air supplied via the tertiary air line 21 and, under certain conditions, of rotary kiln exhaust gas. The fuel B2 and gas from line 21, upon intimate mixing with the raw meal pre-heated in the raw meal pr-heater burns in such manner that the heat or combustion is directly communicated to the raw meal and is employed to produce the desired intense or high-degree of calcining. A bypass line 22 for the removal of rotary kiln exhaust gas containing harmful substances is arranged in the rotary kiln exhaust gas channel to the calcinator 12 or, respectively, raw meal preheater 11. The highly calcined cement raw meal enters into the rotary kiln 10 through line 23.
As shown in FIG. 3, the rotary kiln 10 has a ratio of the length L to the inside diameter D of approximately 8:1 and therefore has an unusually small specific kiln length.
A burning location or point 24a in which fossil fuel B3 is burned is located at the discharge end of the rotary kiln 10 and is supplied via a primary air line 24. An additional supply of fuel B4 particularly in lumpy form can be provided at a fuel burning point near the material intake end of the rotary kiln 10 via line 25. The solid fuel is preferably composed of unground coal pieces which quasi-swim on the raw meal and burn in the raw meal almost without flame, whereby the efficiency of the heat transfer is very high. The finished, burned cement clinker is cooled in the clinker cooler 13. The cooled material leaves cooler 13 via line 26. Fresh air streams into the cooler through line 27; a part of the cooler exhaust air is drawn off via line 28.
Since the inventive short rotary kiln 10 has a comparatively small specific kiln length, it can be seated on only two seating locations 29 and 30. The drive of the rotary kiln is indicated with 31.
The rotary kiln 10a of FIG. 4 has a greater interior diameter in the area of its material introduction or, respectively, in its sintering preparation zone than in the remaining rotary kiln longitudinal area. In the area with expanded diameter, the interior walls of the rotary kiln exhibit ceramic lifting installations 31a for lifting and scattering the material to be sintered, whereby the heat transfer between rotary kiln exhaust gas and material is intensified. Moreover, the dwell time of the material in the rotary kiln is increased with a simultaneous reduction of the gas velocity due to the fact that the sintering preparation zone is expanded in cross section. As a result, the heat transfer between gas and material is likewise improved.
In the burning system of FIG. 2, parts coinciding with FIG. 1 are provided with the same reference numerals. A mixing chamber 33 in which hot rotary kiln exhaust gas of approximately 1300°C is very quickly cooled to approximately 400° through 600°C by admixture of cold air supplied via blower 34 and/or addition of water and/or raw meal is arranged above the kiln intake head 32 of the rotary kiln 10.
The cooled rotary kiln exhaust gas is drawn off via the bypass line 22. Preferably, approximately 20 through 100% of the total amount of rotary kiln exhaust gas is drawn off via the bypass. This percentage of the amount of exhaust gas is all the greater the smaller the total amount of rotary kiln exhaust gas is. The 20% through 100% of the exhaust gases drawn off via the bypass line 22 is cooled from about 1300°C to 400°C through 600°C by the addition of cold air.
The remaining amount of rotary kiln exhaust gas is conducted into the lowest cyclone 20 of the cyclone heat exchanger system via the ascending line 35 of the calcinator 12 and/or via a line 36. The stream of material 37 leaving the cyclone 19 is divided into two streams by a distribution element which is not illustrated. One partial stream of the material is conducted into the ascending line 35 of the calcinator 12 designed as a burning segment. The other partial stream of the material is introduced into the exhaust gas line 36. The rotary kiln exhaust gas in line 36 is cooled by the partial stream of the material to such a degree that this rotary kiln exhaust gas as well as the exhaust gas in the calcining device 12 exhibit an approximately identical temperature of approximately 800° through 900°C upon their mixing in cyclone 20. In this manner, no kiln exhaust gas containing harmful matter arrives in the descending line 35 of the calcinator 12 designed as a burning segment.
The distribution of the amount of rotary kiln exhaust gas not drawn off by the bypass line 22 to the exhaust gas line 36 and/or to the ascending line 35 of the calcinator 12 can be accomplished by means of regulating elements 38, 39 or, respectively, 41 in lines 36, 21 or, respectively, 22.
The burning location 24a or, respectively, the burning locations 24a and 25a of the rotary kiln 10 which produce exhaust gases in the rotary kiln 10 are at least partially replaced in the sample embodiment of FIG. 2 by means of heat generators arranged on or, respectively, in the rotary kiln. These heat generators cause no exhaust gases in the rotary kiln and are symbolically illustrated by means of many small arrows with the designation B5. A numerical example follows.
Of the heat energy to be supplied to the total burning process, 65% must be supplied to the pre-heater 11 and the calcinator 12 and the remaining 35% must be supplied to the rotary kiln 10. Up to now, this 35% heat requirement in the rotary kiln 10 was provided by means of the single burning location 24a. In order to reduce the amount of rotary kiln exhaust gas and, thus, also the heat loss that arises due to the removal of rotary kiln exhaust gases containing harmful substances via the bypass 22, the amount of the fossil fuel B3 can be inventively reduced to such a degree that it provides only 15% of the heat requirement in the rotary kiln instead of 35%; the heat generators B4 and B5 produce no exhaust gases in the rotary kiln 10 and each provides the remaining heat requirement of, for example, respectively 10%, so that the total 35% heat energy is then generated in the rotary kiln.
The heat generators B5 are, for example, electric heating elements such as resistance or induction heaters which are built into the fireproof lining of the rotary kiln and keep the interior wall temperature at, for example, 1200°C The rotary kiln 10 is advantageously equipped with a heat insulation 40. Upon the reduction of the fuel B3 for the burning location 24a, a transmitter B6 of high-energy rich beams can be arranged in its area, which beams then replace the missing heat requirement of the rotary kiln by means of radiation chemical treatment of the material. Such a transmitter 25a can also be arranged at the material intake side of the rotary kiln.
The amount of fossil fuel B3 supplied to the rotary kiln 10 should not be completely reduced to zero. A certain amount of exhaust gas in the kiln 10 is necessary. The volatilizing harmful components such as alkali compounds and sulfur condense on the dust particles suspended in the exhaust gas in the rotary kiln 10.
It will be understood that the invention is also employable in burning systems in which the gas and material are conducted in the pre-heater and calcinator in two or more series parallel to one another.
Although various modifications might be suggested by those skilled in the art, it should be understood that we wish to embody within the scope of the patent warranted hereon all such modifications as reasonably and properly come within the scope of our contribution to the art.
Herchenbach, Horst, Brachthauser, Kunibert
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