Interpretation of a shot gather and a stack of seismic data. In one implementation, the shot gather is sorted into a first component shot gather, a second component shot gather and a third component shot gather. The first component shot gather is represented as a first subimage, the second component shot gather is represented as a second subimage, and the third component is represented as a third subimage. The first subimage is then merged with the second subimage and the third subimage to create a false color image. The shot gather of seismic traces may then be interpreted based on the false color image. The first component may by an x component, the second component may be a y component and the third component may be a z component. The first subimage may be a red or cyan subimage, the second subimage may be a green or yellow subimage and the third subimage may be a blue or magenta subimage.
|
3. A method for identifying a fault zone, comprising:
sorting a stack of seismic data into a stack of pp seismic data, a stack of ps radial seismic data and a stack of ps transverse seismic data;
representing the stack of pp seismic data as a first subimage, the stack of ps radial seismic data as a second subimage and the stack of ps transverse seismic data as a third subimage;
merging the first subimage with the second subimage and the third subimage to create a false color image characterized by hue, wherein a change in the hue is indicative of a change in energy from shear wave radial energy to shear wave transverse energy; and
identifying the fault zone based on the change in the hue.
2. A method for displaying a stack of seismic data, comprising:
sorting the stack of seismic data into a stack of pp seismic data, a stack of ps radial seismic data and a stack of ps transverse seismic data;
representing the stack of pp seismic data as a first subimage, the stack of ps radial seismic data as a second subimage and the stack of ps transverse seismic data as a third subimage;
merging the first subimage with the second subimage and the third subimage to create a false color image characterized by hue and saturation, wherein the hue and saturation are indicative of one or more seismic wave modes corresponding to one or more responses to changes in lithology of a geologic strata in a reservoir.
1. A method for displaying a shot gather of seismic traces, comprising:
sorting the shot gather into a first component shot gather, a second component shot gather and a third component shot gather;
representing the first component shot gather as a first subimage, the second component shot gather as a second subimage and the third component as a third subimage;
merging the first subimage with the second subimage and the third subimage to create a false color image characterized by hue, saturation and luminescence, wherein the hue is indicative of one or more modes of vibrations from which the shot gather is generated, the saturation is indicative of one or more amplitudes of vibrations from which the shot gather is generated and the luminescence is indicative of the polarity of the vibrations.
4. The method of
5. The method of
6. The method of
7. The method of
8. The method of
9. The method of
12. The method of
13. The method of
14. The method of
15. The method of
17. The method of
18. The method of
19. The method of
20. The method of
21. The method of
|
The following descriptions and examples are not admitted to be prior art by virtue of their inclusion within this section.
In a seismic survey, a source may be actuated to generate seismic energy, and the resultant seismic wavefield may be sampled by an array of seismic receivers disposed at a distance from the seismic source. Each receiver may be configured to acquire seismic data, which are normally in the form of a record or trace representing the value of some characteristic of the seismic wavefield against time. The acquired seismic data are a representation of the seismic wavefield at the receiver location. Information about the earth's sub-surface can be obtained from the acquired seismic data.
One well-known type of a seismic receiver is the seismic geophone. A geophone contains one or more sensors mounted in a casing. A geophone may be a single component geophone, which contains one sensor that records the component of the seismic wavefield parallel to a pre-determined direction. Information about the vertical component of the seismic wavefield may be obtained using a single component geophone oriented such that the sensing direction of the geophone is substantially vertical. Alternatively, a geophone may be a three-component geophone which includes three sensors oriented to record the components of the seismic wavefield in three orthogonal directions, which are typically denoted as x, y and z components.
Three-component seismic data are commonly displayed on three separate plots. Consequently, it is often difficult to jointly interpret all three components at the same time. However, joint interpretation of two components may be possible using hodogram displays, where the seismic data are windowed in time and offset, and both components are plotted in one display. The resulting ellipses may be analyzed for the length and orientation of their half axes to obtain information about the wave mode of the seismic data. This method, however, often results in substantial degradation of the temporal and spatial resolution of the result, due to its requirement of windowing the data.
Described here are implementations of various technologies for interpreting a shot gather of seismic traces. In one implementation, the shot gather is sorted into a first component shot gather, a second component shot gather and a third component shot gather. The first component shot gather is represented as a first subimage, the second component shot gather is represented as a second subimage, and the third component is represented as a third subimage. The first subimage is then merged with the second subimage and the third subimage to create a false color image. The shot gather of seismic traces may then be interpreted based on the false color image. The first component may by an x component, the second component may be a y component and the third component may be a z component. The first subimage may be a red or cyan subimage, the second subimage may be a green or yellow subimage and the third subimage may be a blue or magenta subimage.
Described here are also implementations of various technologies for interpreting a stack of seismic data. In one implementation, the stack of seismic data is sorted into a stack of PP seismic data, a stack of PS radial seismic data and a stack of PS transverse seismic data. The stack of PP seismic data is represented as a first subimage, the stack of PS radial seismic data is represented as a second subimage, and the stack of PS transverse seismic data is represented as a third subimage. The first subimage is merged with the second subimage and the third subimage to create a false color image. The stack of seismic data is interpreted based on the false color image. The first subimage may be a red or cyan subimage, the second subimage may be a green or yellow subimage and the third subimage may be a blue or magenta subimage.
The claimed subject matter is not limited to implementations that solve any or all of the noted disadvantages. Further, the summary section is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the detailed description section. The summary section is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used to limit the scope of the claimed subject matter.
It is to be noted that the appended drawings illustrate only typical embodiments of this invention and are therefore not to be considered limiting of its scope, for the invention may admit to other equally effective embodiments.
Acoustic energy emitted by the seismic source 100 may predominantly be a pressure-wave (or P-wave). When the acoustic energy undergoes reflection an interface 150, 160, it may also undergo a partial mode conversion to a shear wave (S-wave). As a result, the seismic wavefield acquired at the receivers 120, 130 and 140 may therefore contain both pressure waves and shear waves.
Events arising from arrival of pressure waves are generally referred to as PP events, since they involve acoustic energy that is emitted as a pressure wave, reflected as a pressure wave by the geologic interfaces and recorded as a pressure wave. Events arising from arrival of shear waves are generally referred to as PS events, since they involve acoustic energy that is emitted as a pressure wave but underwent a mode conversion to a shear wave upon reflection and is therefore recorded on the receiver as a shear wave. PP events occur more prominently in vertical components of the acquired seismic data, whereas PS events appear more prominently in the horizontal components of the acquired seismic data. Where partial mode conversion occurs, the seismic energy reflected as a pressure wave gives rise to a PP event in the acquired seismic data and the seismic energy reflected as a shear wave (due to mode conversion) gives rise to a corresponding PS event in the acquired seismic data.
At step 230, each shot gather is represented as a magnitude map, which represents the shot gather in two dimensional color plot, where the color saturation represents the instantaneous amplitude of each trace. The axis of the plot may be offset and time. In one implementation, the x-component shot gather is represented as a red subimage of the magnitude map, the y-component shot gather is represented as a green subimage of the magnitude map and the z-component shot gather is represented as a blue subimage of the magnitude map.
At step 240, all three subimages are merged to form a false color image, which may be defined as a color image composed of red, green and blue subimages, where the colors used in the image are not representative of natural colors of red, green and blue. The subimages may be merged by any merging technique, such as those used in digital photography or satellite image processing. In one implementation, the false color image is a joint photographic experts group (JPEG) image. In another implementation, the false color image is a tag image file format (TIFF) image.
The false color image may be characterized by hue, saturation and luminescence. The hue may be interpreted to correspond to the mode or orientation of the vibration, the saturation may be interpreted to correspond to the amplitude of the vibration and the luminescence may be interpreted to correspond to the polarity of the vibration (step 245). The mode of a three dimensional seismic wave may be determined by the plane in which the vibration oscillates. Compressional modes or pressure waves are distinguished from shear modes or shear waves. Pressure wave modes are characterized by the compressional motion of individual oscillators vibrating in the direction of the wave propagation. Shear wave modes are characterized by the transverse motion of individual oscillators, where the plane of vibration may be in any direction. The orientation of the shear wave mode is the plane defined by the combination of the X and Y components of the measured data.
As such, at step 250, the hue and saturation may be used to identify noise in the signals. For example, ground roll and other surface wave noise may be characterized by a combination of vertical (blue) and in-line horizontal (red) energy. Cross-line scattered noise may be characterized by a combination of vertical (blue) and cross-line horizontal (green) energy. In one implementation, if the hue of the event under investigation deviates from blue, then the event may be determined as noise. The saturation may be used to quantify the magnitude of the noise in connection with determining a signal-to-noise ratio. At step 260, the hue and saturation that correspond to the identified noise may be used create a set of filters to improve the signal to noise ratio during seismic data processing.
At step 340, the hue and saturation may be used to perform stratigraphic interpretation. In one implementation, the hue and saturation are used to identify various strata in a reservoir. Hue and saturation may be interpreted to correspond to different seismic wave modes, which correspond to different responses to changes in lithology of the geologic strata in the reservoir and overburden. Shear wave modes respond almost exclusively to rock matrix, because shear waves do not propagate in pore fluids. Pressure wave modes respond to the combination of rock matrix and pore fluid properties. PS wave responses may be interpreted as corresponding to rock matrix. PP wave responses may be interpreted as corresponding to pore fluid.
In another implementation, the hue and saturation are used to identify a reservoir delineation. As previously mentioned, the hue and saturation may be interpreted to correspond to different seismic wave modes. PP wave modes are known to suffer from substantial attenuation when gas is present in the formation, whereas PS wave modes pass through gas-charged areas mainly undisturbed. Using the properties of PS waves, the hue may be used to delineate a reservoir that would otherwise be hidden behind gas in PP wave mode data. The saturation may be used to determine the strength of PS impedance contrast, which measures the amount of change in the elastic parameters of the rock matrix. The combination of PP and PS data may be used to discriminate gas charged elastic layers from gas-free zones using PP data to map areas suspected to contain gas and PS data to confirm that the rock matrix stays the same. If the PS data show a change, then the PS data would be interpreted for lithology change instead of gas charge.
The hue and saturation may also be used to perform structural interpretation. In one implementation, the hue and saturation are used to identify a fault zone. In the vicinity of faults, a zone of the rock structure may be destroyed, and such zone may commonly be referred to as mylonite. Pressure waves respond to this change in rock structure by dimming the reflector intensity, since the impedance contrast along the strata is blurred by the fault. On the other hand, shear waves are highly sensitive to rock matrix changes. Due to this high sensitivity, shear waves detect the mylonite zone as a separate elastic feature. When shear waves detect the mylonite zone, the shear wave radial energy changes to the shear wave transverse energy, as shown in
In another implementation, the hue and saturation are used to identify anisotropy in a reservoir. The strong dependence of shear wave propagation on the rock properties leads to a strong dependence of the shear wave velocity from the rock matrix elastic properties. If the structure of a rock matrix has a preferred orientation, then the propagation of the shear waves may also reflect this orientation, which is a phenomenon known as anisotropy. Anisotropy is generally indicative of the preferred directions of fluid flow in a reservoir, and is thus an important factor for the planning of the fluid extraction process during production. Anisotropy may be detected if the arrival times of the radial and transverse PS modes are different. As such, anisotropy may be detected in a false color image by the varying arrival times in the radial and transverse motions. The hue may be used to discriminate between radial and transverse modes and the saturation may be used to determine the phase and magnitude of the wave modes.
While the foregoing is directed to embodiments of the present invention, other and further embodiments of the invention may be devised without departing from the basic scope thereof, and the scope thereof is determined by the claims that follow. Although the subject matter has been described in language specific to structural features and/or methodological acts, it is to be understood that the subject matter defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described above. Rather, the specific features and acts described above are disclosed as example forms of implementing the claims.
Patent | Priority | Assignee | Title |
11009617, | Feb 20 2019 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Method for fast calculation of seismic attributes using artificial intelligence |
8509027, | Nov 26 2008 | WesternGeco L.L.C. | Continuous adaptive surface wave analysis for three-dimensional seismic data |
8615362, | Oct 10 2008 | WesternGeco L.L.C. | Near-surface geomorphological characterization based on remote sensing data |
8760966, | Oct 08 2009 | WesternGeco L.L.C. | Joint interpretation of Rayleigh waves and remote sensing for near-surface geology |
8902699, | Mar 30 2010 | PGS Geophysical AS | Method for separating up and down propagating pressure and vertical velocity fields from pressure and three-axial motion sensors in towed streamers |
9015014, | May 24 2007 | WesternGeco L.L.C.; WESTERNGECO L L C | Near surface layer modeling |
9964654, | Mar 28 2012 | Schlumberger Technology Corporation | Seismic attribute color model transform |
D585138, | Mar 20 2008 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Shade guide capsule |
D587809, | Mar 20 2008 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Shade guide capsule |
Patent | Priority | Assignee | Title |
3961306, | Oct 28 1971 | Seiscom Delta Inc. | Method of forming color graphic displays from input data |
4817061, | Jul 20 1984 | Amoco Corporation | Seismic surveying technique for the detection of azimuthal variations in the earth's subsurface |
4843599, | Sep 28 1987 | Amoco Corporation; AMOCO CORPORATION, A CORP OF INDIANA | Method for continuous color mapping of seismic data |
4970699, | Feb 13 1989 | Amoco Corporation; AMOCO CORPORATION, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS, A CORP OF IN | Method for color mapping geophysical data |
5930730, | Dec 12 1994 | CORE LABORATORIES GLOBAL N V | Method and apparatus for seismic signal processing and exploration |
6571177, | Sep 18 2000 | ConocoPhillips Company | Color displays of multiple slices of 3-D seismic data |
20030214537, | |||
20050114034, |
Executed on | Assignor | Assignee | Conveyance | Frame | Reel | Doc |
Dec 29 2005 | LAAKE, ANDREAS W | WESTERNGECO, L L C | ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS | 017451 | /0555 | |
Jan 06 2006 | Westerngeco, L.L.C. | (assignment on the face of the patent) | / |
Date | Maintenance Fee Events |
Oct 14 2010 | M1551: Payment of Maintenance Fee, 4th Year, Large Entity. |
Oct 15 2014 | M1552: Payment of Maintenance Fee, 8th Year, Large Entity. |
Dec 31 2018 | REM: Maintenance Fee Reminder Mailed. |
Jun 17 2019 | EXP: Patent Expired for Failure to Pay Maintenance Fees. |
Date | Maintenance Schedule |
May 15 2010 | 4 years fee payment window open |
Nov 15 2010 | 6 months grace period start (w surcharge) |
May 15 2011 | patent expiry (for year 4) |
May 15 2013 | 2 years to revive unintentionally abandoned end. (for year 4) |
May 15 2014 | 8 years fee payment window open |
Nov 15 2014 | 6 months grace period start (w surcharge) |
May 15 2015 | patent expiry (for year 8) |
May 15 2017 | 2 years to revive unintentionally abandoned end. (for year 8) |
May 15 2018 | 12 years fee payment window open |
Nov 15 2018 | 6 months grace period start (w surcharge) |
May 15 2019 | patent expiry (for year 12) |
May 15 2021 | 2 years to revive unintentionally abandoned end. (for year 12) |