The invention relates to heterogeneous catalysts which are particularly easy to produce. Said heterogeneous catalysts are generated by immobilizing preformed monometallic or multimetallic metal oxide particles in situ on an oxidic or non-oxidic carrier, wherefore metal oxide colloids which are stabilized by hydroxide ions and immobilized on carriers contained in the suspension are generated from conventional, water-soluble metal salts by means of hydrolysis and condensation. The inventive method makes it possible to produce fuel cell catalysts, for example.
|
18. A supported catalyst comprising metal oxide particles, wherein the metal oxide particles have particle diameters of from 1 to 3 nanometers and are immobilized on supports, wherein the particles comprise oxides:
a) of at least three metals of which one metal can be a main group metal and the other metals are metals of transition groups iiib, IVb, Vb, VIb, VIIb, VIII, Ib or IIb of the PTE, or
b) of two metals of which:
i) one metal is Pt and the other metal is Sn or Ir, Ru, Fe or W or another metal of transition groups iiib, IVb, Vb, VIb, VIIb, VIII, Ib or IIb of the PTE, or ii) one metal is Ir and the other metal is a metal of transition groups iiib, IVb, Vb, VIb, VIIb, VIII, Ib or IIb of the PTE.
1. A process for preparing catalysts comprising monometal oxide particles or multimetal oxide particles, said particles having particle diameters of from 1 to 3 nm and being immobilized on a support, said process comprising the steps of:
a) hydrolyzing and condensing or cocondensing in a basic aqueous solution a metal salt or a mixture of a plurality of metal salts to yield a solution comprising water-soluble monometal oxide or multimetal oxide colloid stabilized by hydroxide ions, wherein the metal(s) of said metal salt or said plurality of metal salts is(are) selected from the group consisting of metals of transition groups iiib, IVb, Vb, VIb, VIIb, VIII, Ib or IIb of the Periodic Table of Elements, and
b) immobilizing the resulting water-soluble monometal oxide or multimetal oxide colloid stabilized by hydroxide ions in situ on a support which is additionally present in suspension in the solution.
2. The process as claimed in
5. The process as claimed in
6. The process as claimed in
7. The process as claimed in
8. The process as claimed in
9. The process as claimed in
10. The process as claimed in
11. The process as claimed in
12. The process as claimed in
13. The process as claimed in
14. The process as claimed in
16. The process as claimed in
17. A supported catalyst comprising metal oxide particles which are prepared by a process as claimed in
19. The supported catalyst as claimed in
21. The supported catalyst as claimed in
22. The supported catalyst as claimed in
24. The supported catalyst as claimed in
|
This application is a 371 of PCT/EP03/01826 filed on Feb. 25, 2003.
The present invention relates to heterogeneous catalysts which are particularly simple to prepare and are produced by in-situ immobilization of preformed monometallic or multimetallic metal oxide particles on an oxidic or nonoxidic support.
Nanosize transition metal colloids are of great interest in catalysis. Applications are found, for example, in organic synthesis and as electrocatalysts for fuel cells. Furthermore, they serve as building blocks in materials science [G. Schmid, Clusters and Colloids, VCH, Weinheim, 1994]. Numerous methods are available for preparing metal colloids. Apart from physical methods such as metal vaporization or photochemical or radiolytic reduction of suitable metal precursors, metal colloids are obtained mainly by reduction of customary metal salts such as PdCl2, Pd(OAc)2, H2IrCl6, H2PtCl6, PtCl4, RuCl3, CoCl2, NiCl2, FeCl2 or AuCl3, dissolved in water or organic solvents by means of a wide range of chemical reducing agents such as complex hydrides or lower alcohols. Apart from monometallic metal colloids, bimetallic colloids are also obtainable by means of reductive methods, but the metals used have to have a similar redox potential because otherwise bimetallic colloids are not formed. The development of electrochemical processes for preparing metal and bimetal colloids enables the use of chemical reducing agents to be dispensed with. Variation of the electrolysis parameters allows the size of the metal colloids to be influenced in a targeted way [M. T. Reetz, S. A. Quaiser, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 2956; Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 2728]. Finally, the metal oxide concept developed by Reetz et al. allows surfactant- and polymer-stabilized metal oxide colloids to be prepared by means of simple basic hydrolysis of water-soluble metal salts [M. T. Reetz, M. G. Koch, J. Am. Chem. Soc, 1999, 121, 7933; DE 198525478 A]. From the point of view of industrial relevance, a method which makes it possible for nanosize metal particles to be prepared in water as solvent and without costly reducing agents has thus been developed. A further advantage of the metal oxide concept is the large number of accessible mixed metal systems which cannot be prepared by means of reductive methods.
Compared to metallic colloids, comparatively little about the preparation and properties of nanosize metal oxides is known from the literature. Apart from the above-mentioned water-soluble metal oxide colloids [M. T. Reetz, M. G. Koch, J. Am. Chem. Soc, 1999, 121, 7933; DE 198525478 A], the preparation of MnO2 by radiolysis of KMnO4 has been described [C. Lume-Pereira, et al., J. Phys. Chem. 1985, 89, 5772]. Furthermore, polymer-stabilized RuO2 colloids prepared from RuO4 or KRuO4 are known [K. Kalyanasundaram, M. Grätzel, Angew. Chem. 1979, 91, 759; P. A. Christensen, et al., J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1984, 80, 1451]. IrO2 colloids are prepared by hydrolysis of H2IrCl6 in the presence of a stabilizing polymer [A. Harriman, et al., New J. Chem. 1987, 11, 757; M. Hara, C. C. Waraksa, J. T. Lean, B. A. Lewis, T. E. Mallouk, J. Phys. Chem. A 2000, 104, 5275; M. Hara, T. E. Mallouk, Chem. Commun. 2000, 1903].
Catalyst systems comprising more than one active component are frequently superior in terms of performance to the corresponding monometallic systems. Increasing attention is therefore also being paid to the targeted preparation of bimetallic and multimetallic systems in colloid chemistry. For example, mixed palladium-nickel colloids prepared by reduction using glycol and having a molar Pd/Ni ratio of 4/1 displayed the highest activity in the reduction of various nitroaromatics [P. Lu; N. Toshima Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 2000, 73, 751-758]. The same effect is observed in the case of mixed platinum-rhodium colloids [K. Siepen, H. Bönnemann, W. Brijoux, J. Rothe, J. Hormes, J. Appl. Organom. Chem., 2000, 14, 549-556]. In this case, too, the mixed colloids (Pt/Rh=1/9) displayed the highest activity in the reduction of butyronitrile.
The positive influence of immobilization of the metal colloids is made clear, for example, by metal colloids immobilized on carbon black or SiO2. In the hydrogenation of 1,5-cyclooctadiene, butyronitrile, cyclohexene and crotonic acid, the heterogenized colloid catalysts display a higher activity than corresponding commercial heterogeneous catalysts [a) H. Bönnemann, G. Braun, W. Brijoux, R. Brinkmann, A. Schulze-Tilling, K. Seevogel, K. Siepen, J. Organomet. Chem. 1996, 520, 143-162; b) H. Bönnemann, W. Brijoux, R. Brinkmann, R. Fretzen, T. Jouβen, R. Köppler, B. Korall, P. Neiteler, J. Richter, J. Mol. Catal. 1994, 86, 129-177].
Surfactant-stabilized platinum-ruthenium colloids have also been prepared for use as polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEM-FC) catalysts [U. A. Paulus, U. Endruschat, G. J. Feldmeyer, T. J. Schmidt, H. Bönnemann, R. J. Behm, J. of Catalysis, 2000, 195, 383]. For this purpose, platinum acetylacetonate and ruthenium acetylacetonate were reduced by means of trimethylaluminum in dry toluene under argon. The colloids were made water-insoluble by addition of nonionic polyoxyethylenealkyl surfactants and, in a third step, immobilized on Vulcan XC72. However, the need to work under inert gas and the many steps necessary in this process are disadvantageous. In addition, it has to be assumed that aluminum continues to be present in the catalyst material, which sometimes has an adverse effect on the actual catalysis.
In the cases described, the stabilizer is only a necessary auxiliary reagent. It would therefore be desirable, from ecological and economic points of view, to be able to dispense with the stabilizer entirely in the preparation of heterogeneous catalysts prepared from preformed metal colloids.
An alternative approach to the preparation of heterogeneous catalysts is provided by the known methods which are used, in particular, in industry, e.g. absorption, precipitation and ion exchange of metal ions on support materials. Here, the active component is generated in a plurality of stages by reduction, pyrolysis, calcination, etc., only after application of the respective metal ions to the support [a) A. B. Stiles, T. A. Koch, Catalyst Manufacture, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1995; b) M. Che, O. Clause, C. Marcilly in Handbook of Heterogeneous Catalysis, vol. 1, (ed.: G. Ertl, H. Knözinger, J. Weitkamp), VCH, Weinheim, 1997].
To prepare the commercial platinum-ruthenium/Vulcan XC72 catalysts for low-temperature fuel cells, use is made mainly of a process developed by Watanabe. Here, platinum sulfite complexes are oxidatively decomposed and a ruthenium salt is simultaneously absorbed. A disadvantage is that the synthesis requires strict adherence to particular pH values. Only in the last stage are the 3-4 nm platinum-ruthenium particles generated by reduction with hydrogen [M. Watanabe, M. Uchida, S. Motoo, J. Electroanal. Chem. 1987, 229, 395].
A further example is provided by fuel cell catalysts comprising up to four metals from the group consisting of Pt, Rh, Ru, Pd, Ir. However, the multimetallic catalysts are prepared via complicated two-stage absorption and reduction process [S. Hitomi JP 2001118582 A2, and DE 10047935 A1].
The use of platinum colloids as precursors for the active component of a fuel cell catalyst has also been described [Petrow et al. FR 2309045 A2, and U.S. Pat. No. 4,044,193 A]. Here, H6Pt(SO3)4, a platinum salt which is obtained beforehand as a white solid from H2PtCl6 by ligand exchange and subsequent treatment with an ion exchanger is used as a source of platinum colloids. Disadvantages of this process are the use of the H6Pt(SO3)4 salt which firstly has to be prepared by a complicated method, the high costs to be expected from the use of numerous chemicals [ion exchange resin, sodium carbonate, sodium sulfite) and the multistage process which finally leads to a finished catalyst. In addition, only a catalyst comprising platinum as active component is obtainable by means of this process.
The use of citrate as reducing agent for preparing platinum colloids as precursors for a fuel cell catalyst has also been described [Y. Suguru, S. Terazono, E. Yanagsawa, JP 2001093531 A2]. The platinum colloids stabilized by means of dodecylbenzenesulfonate after reduction are deposited on Vulcan XC72R conductive carbon black which has been activated beforehand by treatment with 60% strength nitric acid. A disadvantage of this process is the necessity of using a stabilizer and a reducing agent. In addition, the active component is deposited on the still to be activated support only in a second step.
A comparatively quick route to a finished catalyst layer for a polymer membrane electrolyte fuel cell (PEM-FC) is provided by an alternative process [Hitomi, JP 200111858 A]. Here, a spreadable paste is firstly produced from Vulcan XC72 and the Nafion polymer. This is used to prepare a 13 μm thick film into which [Pt(NH3)4]Cl2 is introduced by adsorption over a period of 24 hours. This composite is finally treated with hydrogen at 180° C. in order to reduce the platinum and to generate the active particles on the support. This process is carried out twice and excess [Pt(NH3)4]Cl2 is washed out of the film using 1 M hydrochloric acid. Disadvantages of this process are, in this case too, the necessarily multistage process with intermediate drying steps and the reduction process occurring at 180° C.
The abovementioned examples of the preparation of heterogeneous catalysts show the general disadvantages which have not yet been solved:
It is therefore an object of the invention to avoid these disadvantages.
An unexpected simple way of avoiding these disadvantages is the in-situ immobilization according to the invention of metal oxide colloids formed by basic hydrolysis on an oxidic or nonoxidic support. Here, in contrast to the known methods of preparating metal or metal oxide colloids, the use of a stabilizer is dispensed with. In this way, a heterogeneous catalyst which comprises, as active component, metal oxide particles comprising one, two or more different, homogeneously mixed metal oxides is obtained in a single process step after appropriate purification and drying. The particles have an average diameter of 0.5-5 nm, usually 1-3 nm, and are uniformly distributed over the support. This observation is all the more surprising since it was not to be assumed that it would be possible to immobilize colloids stabilized by negatively charged hydroxide ions in a basic solution on a support.
This process makes it possible to obtain, inter alia, supported multimetal oxide catalysts comprising oxides of at least three different metals among which one can be a main group metal, in particular Sn, and also catalysts comprising the oxides of two metals of which one metal can be Pt and the second can be Sn or Ir, Ru, Fe or W or another transition metal or one metal is Ir and the second metal is another transition metal. The catalysts which can be obtained by the inventive process include the combinations comprising at least three transition metals which are of interest for fuel cell applications and in which the oxides of Pt and Ir are in each case present, and the arbitrary combinations of at least three oxides of metals selected from the group consisting of Pt, Ir, Ru, Os, W, Mo, Pd and Sn, e.g. the combinations Pt/Ru/Mo, Pt/Ru/Os, Pt/Ru/Sn, Pt/Ru/Os/Ir.
Suitable transition metals are the metals of transition groups IIIb, IVb, Vb, VIIb, VIIb, VIII, Ib or IIb of the PTE.
Conversion of the metal oxides into the appropriate reduced form of the metals on the support can be effected either during the later catalysis process or beforehand by treatment with, for example, hydrogen, hypophosphite, formate or alcohols (e.g. methanol, ethanol, etc.), with-out appreciable particle growth or alteration of the stoichiometry being observed. When electrically conductive carbon blacks are used as supports, reduction of the metal oxide particles by electrochemical means is also possible. A further advantage of the method is the insensitivity of the catalyst toward atmospheric oxygen when carbon is used as support. In contrast to, for example, platinum(0) on Vulcan XC72, no spontaneous combustion of the support is observed since the metal is present in immobilized form as metal oxide.
That the process is actually an in-situ immobilization following the synthesis of the metal oxide colloids is evidenced by a clear solution without a precipitate being obtained after an appropriately short reaction time in the absence of a suitable support and a transmission electron micrograph of the solution showing metal oxide particles having a size of 1-2 nm. This corresponds to the size found for the active component on the support material in a transmission electron micrograph. At an excessively long reaction time, undesirable agglomeration and precipitation of the metal oxide is observed in the absence of a support material.
This novel process (also referred to by us as “instant process”) thus differs from known processes in which dissolved metal salts are firstly applied to a support by impregnation, precipitation or ion exchange and the active component is only generated in its final form and size on the supports in one or more subsequent steps. The novel process is also particularly simple.
The novel method of in-situ immobilization of colloidal metal oxides has, inter alia, the following advantages:
According to the invention, the aqueous solution or suspension of a transition metal salt, or a mixture of two or more metal salts MmXn, is added to the aqueous solution of a base and a suitable support. The basic suspension of the metal salts and the support is intimately mixed by stirring at elevated temperature until the metal oxide colloids are completely immobilized. This leads firstly to hydrolysis of the metal salts and to condensation or cocondensation to form colloidal monometal oxides or colloidal mixed metal oxides which are temporarily stabilized electrostatically by means of hydroxide ions present.
M1Xn+M2Xn+M3Xn+M4Xn+. . . +H2O+base→[M1M2M3M4Oy][OH−]
The colloidal particles are gradually immobilized on the support from the solution during the reaction, without undesirable agglomeration or size growth of the particles occurring.
[M1M2M3M4Oy][OH−]+support→M1M2M3M4Oy/support
Possible precursors for preparing monometal and multimetal oxides are customary salts of the metals of transition groups IIIb, IVb, Vb, VIIb, VIIb, VIII, Ib and IIb of the Periodic Table; the same can be achieved using one or more of these salts in combination with the salt of a metal from the main groups of the Periodic Table, in particular salts of tin.
Bases used are carbonates, hydrogencarbonates, hydroxides, phosphates or hydrogenphosphates of the alkali metals and alkaline earth metals, e.g. LiOH, NaOH, KOH, LiHCO3, NaHCO3, KHCO3, CsHCO3, Li2CO3, Na2CO3, K2CO3, Cs2CO3, Mg(OH)2, MgCO3, CaCO3, Li3PO4, Na2HPO4, Na3PO4 or K3PO4. Preference is given to using Li2CO3, Na2CO3, K2CO3, CsCO3 or MgCO3.
The reaction temperature used for the reaction is in the range from 20 to 100° C., preferably from 50° C. to 90° C.
The particle size of the nanostructured metal oxide colloids is in the range from 0.5 nm to 5 nm, preferably from 1 to 3 nm. The stoichiometric composition of the desired bimetal oxide and multimetal oxide colloids can be controlled in a simple fashion via the amounts of metal salts employed to start with.
The colloidal metal oxides obtained and the corresponding catalysts can be characterized by means of numerous physical methods including TEM, HRTEM/EDX, SEM/EDX, XRD/DFA, XPS, UV spectroscopy and cyclovoltammetry in the case of particles immobilized on electrically conductive carbon blacks.
Numerous oxidic and nonoxidic solids such as Al2O3, TiO2, SiO2, CaCO3, MgO, La2O3, carbon black or activated carbon can be used as supports for the water-soluble metal oxide colloids for the purpose of preparing heterogeneous catalysts.
The metal, bimetal or multimetal oxide colloids described here are employed as catalysts or precursors of catalysts for organic chemical reactions such as hydrogenations, oxidations or C—C and other coupling reactions. Use as electrocatalysts in fuel cells is likewise possible and is of particular importance in view of the low production costs.
Immobilization of Preformed Hydroxide-Stabilized Platinum Dioxide Colloids
2 ml of a saturated lithium carbonate solution and 6 ml of UHQ water were placed in a 20 ml GC vessel. While stirring, 1 ml of a 0.1 M hexachloroplatinic acid stock solution was added. Finally, the solution was made up to 10 ml with 2 ml of UHQ water and the vessel was closed. The solution was stirred at 60° C. for 10 hours. The progress of the hydrolysis and condensation was followed UV-spectroscopically by means of the decrease in the H2PtCl6 absorption at 260 nm until the UV spectrum showed no change in the plasmon band. As soon as no further change occurred in the spectrum, a sample was taken for TEM. 78 mg of Vulcan XC72 carbon black were subsequently added in order to immobilize the resulting platinum dioxide colloids stabilized by hydroxide ions. After 20 hours, immobilization on the support was complete. The suspension was worked up by sedimenting it in a centrifuge at 5000 rpm for 10 minutes. The solid was washed three times with acetone/water (1/1) and centrifuged.
Yield:
85.5 mg
SEM/EDX:
8.27% by weight of Pt
TEM (colloid):
2.0 ± 0.5 nm
TEM (catalyst):
1–2 nm
Immobilization of Preformed Hydroxide-Stabilized Platinum-Ruthenium Oxide Colloids
4 ml of a saturated lithium carbonate solution and 4 ml of UHQ water were placed in a 20 ml GC vessel. Firstly 0.05 mmol of hexachloroplatinic acid dissolved in 1 ml of UHQ water and subsequently 0.05 mmol of ruthenium trichloride dissolved in 1 ml of water were added thereto. The solution then had a pH of about 9-10. The GC vessel was closed by means of a septum and the metal salt solution was stirred at 60° C. for 10 hours. The progress of the reaction was followed by UV spectroscopy by means of the decrease in the H2PtCl6 absorption at 260 nm until the UV spectrum showed no change in the plasmon band. As soon as no further change occurred in the spectrum, a sample was taken for TEM (
Yield:
38.1 mg
SEM/EDX:
2.58% by weight of Pt;
1.97% by weight of Ru
TEM (PtRuOx colloid):
1.4 ± 0.3 nm
TEM (PtRuOx catalyst):
1.8 ± 0.4 nm
General Procedures for the Preparation of the Supported Catalysts
GP1 Cleaning of the Glass Apparatus Used
The glass flasks used were freed of any traces of metal by means of aqua regia before use. To remove any ground joint grease residues, the flasks were subsequently cleaned out using a scourer under hot water and for the same purpose rinsed with methyl tert-butyl ether.
GP2 Instant Process
In a two-neck flask which had been cleaned as described in GP1 or a 20 ml GC vessel, 3 equivalents of lithium carbonate were dissolved in ⅗ of the volume of UHQ water necessary for a 10 mM batch. The amount of carbon black necessary for 20% by weight loading was added to the solution. The desired amount of noble metal salt dissolved in ⅕ of the volume of UHQ water was added dropwise to this suspension. The remaining amount was used to transfer the residue of the metal salt into the reaction vessel, so that a 10 mM solution, based on the total noble metal content, was obtained. The pH of the suspension should have been in the range from 9 to 10. The suspension was stirred at 60° C. The progress of the reaction was followed by means of UV spectroscopy. The samples were firstly centrifuged at 14 000 rpm. At the beginning, the supernatant was diluted 1/100 and the 0.1 mM solution was measured. As soon as no absorption or an unchanged absorption in the UV spectrum was observed, the reaction was complete. The suspension was centrifuged and the solid was washed three times with water/methanol (1/1) and centrifuged again. Finally, the laden carbon black was dried by means of freeze drying.
In-Situ Immobilization of Hydroxide-Stabilized Metal Oxide Colloids
Procedure: as Described in GP2
TABLE 1
Platinum dioxide/Vulcan catalysts prepared
wmetal
Platinum
Li2CO3
Carbon
Yield
[% by
dTEM
Cat.
V [ml]
[mmol]
[mmol]
black [mg]
t [h]
[mg]
weight]
[nm]
EC13
50
0.5
1.5
400
6
387.0
13.17
1.2 ± 0.3
EC14
100
0.9
3.0
800
10
945.0
15.12
1.6 ± 0.4
EC15
100
1.1
3.0
800
22
1035.0
17.57
1.3 ± 0.3
Double Direct Application of Platinum to Vulcan XC72 Carbon Black Support EC23
In a 50 ml two-necked flask which had been cleaned as described in GP1, 20 mg of the catalyst EC15 (17.57% by weight of platinum, 3.6 mg of Pt) were suspended in 18 ml of UHQ water. 1 ml of a saturated lithium carbonate solution was added thereto. Finally, 4.0 mg of platinum as hexachloroplatinic acid (9.3 mg of 43% by weight Pt in H2PtCl6 according to EA) dissolved in 1 ml of UHQ water were added. The suspension then had a pH of 10.3. The suspension was then stirred at 60° C. for 24 hours. The reaction solution was purified by means of two dialyses against 200 ml of water and finally freeze dried.
Yield:
20.3 mg
SEM/EDX:
32.4% by weight of platinum
TEM (EC23):
1.4 ± 0.3 nm
Application of the Platinum Dioxide Colloids to Various Carbon Black Supports
Preparation as Described in GP2
TABLE 2
Immobilization of platinum dioxide colloids on various
conductive carbon blacks
Weight
of carbon
Target
black used
wPt
dTEM
Cat.
Support
loading
[mg]
[% by weight]
[nm]
EC24
EB111 carbon
20% by
78.0
14.09
1.4 ± 0.3
black
weight
EC25
EB111 carbon
30% by
45.5
15.06
1.6 ± 0.4
black
weight
EC26
N220 carbon
20% by
78.0
17.59
1.8 ± 0.4
black
weight
EC27
EB171 carbon
20% by
78.0
18.69
1.6 ± 0.4
black
weight
EC28
N234 carbon
20% by
78.0
18.98
1.6 ± 0.3
black
weight
EC29
N234graph
20% by
78.0
21.71
1.7 ± 0.3
carbon black
weight
EC30
Printex XE2
20% by
78.0
17.78
1.3 ± 0.3
carbon black
weight
Bimetallic, Trimetallic and Tetrametallic Systems by the Instant Method
Procedure: as Described in GP11
TABLE 3
Bimetallic, trimetallic and tetrametallic metal
oxide/Vulcan catalysts prepared
Vulcan
carbon
wmetal
V
Metal
Li2CO3
black
Yield
[% by
dTEM
Cat.
[ml]
[mmol]
[mmol]
[mg]
[mg]
weight]
[nm]
EC31
20
0.10 Pt
0.6
119
81.0
8.15 Pt
1.3 ±
0.10 Ru
5.08 Ru
0.3
EC32
50
0.25 Pt
1.5
296
358.0
11.29 Pt
1.6 ±
0.15 Ir
6.56 Ir
0.4
EC33
20
0.10 Pt
0.6
15
118.0
6.19 Pt
1.2 ±
0.10 Os
6.89 Os
0.3
EC34
100
0.68 Pt
1.5
800
824.0
13.22 Pt
1.6 ±
0.34 Ru
3.84 Ru
0.5
0.34 Mo
1.92 Mo
EC35
30
0.07 Pt
0.6
130
138.0
4.07 Pt
1.3 ±
0.07 Ru
1.91 Ru
0.3
0.07 Os
0.33 Os
EC42
60
0.15 Pt
0.7
160
229.0
18.90 Pt
1-2
0.06 Ru
5.57 Ru
0.02 Os
1.62 Os
EC41
60
0.11 Pt
0.8
160
213.0
13.38 Pt
1-2
0.10 Ru
9.14 Ru
0.03 Os
1.45 Os
0.01 Ir
1.02 Ir
EC43
30
0.06 Pt
0.2
80
57.0
6.29 Pt
1-2
0.06 Sn
2.02 Sn
Reduction of the Directly Supported Platinum Dioxide Colloids
As Suspension
In a 100 ml nitrogen flask, 50 mg of the catalyst EC14 were suspended in 20 ml of UHQ water. The flask was evacuated and flushed with argon three times. It was subsequently evacuated and filled with hydrogen three more times. The suspension was then stirred for 24 hours under a hydrogen atmosphere. After the reduction was complete, the water was removed by means of freeze-drying.
TEM (EC14red): 2.3±0.6 nm
Dry Reduction
50 mg of the catalyst EC15 were placed in a baked Schlenk flask filled with argon. The vessel was closed and evacuated and filled with argon three times. It was subsequently evacuated and filled with hydrogen three more times. The catalyst was left in the hydrogen atmosphere for 24 hours. The flask was then flushed with argon again and the catalyst was analyzed by means of TEM.
TEM (EC14red): 2.4±0.7 nm
Lopez, Marco, Reetz, Manfred T.
Patent | Priority | Assignee | Title |
7648938, | Dec 15 2003 | NIPPON SHEET GLASS COMPANY, LIMITED; NIPPON SHEET GLASS CO , LTD | Metal nanocolloidal liquid, method for producing metal support and metal support |
8007691, | Jun 13 2006 | Hitachi Maxell, Ltd | Fine particle of perovskite oxide, particle having deposited perovskite oxide, catalyst material, catalyst material for oxygen reduction, catalyst material for fuel cell, and electrode for fuel cell |
8030242, | Nov 14 2005 | Institut Francais du Petrole | Process for synthesizing anisotropic metallic nanoparticles using two different reducing agents |
8663866, | Mar 13 2006 | THE CHEMOURS COMPANY FC, LLC | Stable proton exchange membranes and membrane electrode assemblies |
8722569, | Mar 13 2006 | THE CHEMOURS COMPANY FC, LLC | Peroxide decomposition catalyst particles |
8912114, | Sep 18 2008 | Northeastern University | Platinum alloy electrocatalyst with enhanced resistance to anion poisoning for low and medium temperature fuel cells |
9126192, | Jun 21 2004 | Johnson Matthey Hydrogen Technologies Limited | Platinum group metal oxide sols |
9728800, | Mar 13 2006 | THE CHEMOURS COMPANY FC, LLC | Stable proton exchange membranes and membrane electrode assemblies |
Patent | Priority | Assignee | Title |
2739944, | |||
3087234, | |||
3127356, | |||
4044193, | Jun 16 1971 | WALTER JUDA AND OR WALTER JUDA ASSOCIATES | Finely particulated colloidal platinum compound and sol for producing the same, and method of preparation of fuel cell electrodes and the like employing the same |
4948707, | Feb 16 1988 | International Business Machines Corporation | Conditioning a non-conductive substrate for subsequent selective deposition of a metal thereon |
5147841, | Nov 23 1990 | The United States of America as represented by the United States | Method for the preparation of metal colloids in inverse micelles and product preferred by the method |
5620584, | Mar 14 1994 | UMICORE AG & CO KG | Electrochemical reduction of metal salts as a method of preparing highly dispersed metal colloids and substrate fixed metal clusters by electrochemical reduction of metal salts |
5641723, | Apr 10 1991 | Studiengesellschaft Kohle mbH | Process for the preparation of highly active doped metal supported catalysts |
5900386, | Dec 08 1994 | UMICORE AG & CO KG | Shell catalysts, processes for their preparation and their use |
5925463, | Mar 14 1994 | UMICORE AG & CO KG | Electrochemical reduction of metal salts as a method of preparing highly dispersed metal colloids and substrate fixed clusters by electrochemical reduction of metal salts |
5939220, | Oct 25 1996 | Johnson Matthey Fuel Cells Limited | Catalyst |
6090746, | Dec 08 1994 | UMICORE AG & CO KG | Process for producing tenside-stabilized colloids of mono- and bimetals of the group VIII and Ib of the periodic system in the form of precursors for catalysts which are isolable and water soluble at high concentration |
6165636, | Apr 14 1998 | PEMEAS GmbH | Composition of a selective oxidation catalyst for use in fuel cells |
6224739, | Jul 30 1996 | Studiengesellschaft Kohle mbH | Process for preparing solvent-stabilized metal colloids and substrate-immobilized metal clusters |
6325910, | Aug 04 1994 | Atotech Deutschland GmbH | Palladium colloid solution and its utilization |
6326098, | Apr 23 1998 | N. E. Chemcat Corporation | Electrocatalyst, and electrodes, membrane-electrode assembly and solid polymer electrolyte fuel cells, using said electrocatalyst |
6686308, | Dec 03 2001 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Supported nanoparticle catalyst |
6689505, | Aug 27 1999 | UMICORE AG & CO KG | Electrocatalyst for fuel cells |
6706795, | Feb 26 1998 | Yissum Research Development Company of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem | Methods for the preparation of nanosized material particles |
EP880188, | |||
EP1036784, | |||
EP1079452, | |||
FR2309045, | |||
JP1227361, | |||
JP1266848, | |||
JP2001093531, | |||
JP2001118582, | |||
JP2003089523, | |||
JP3022361, | |||
JP59075560, | |||
JP63203546, |
Executed on | Assignor | Assignee | Conveyance | Frame | Reel | Doc |
Feb 25 2003 | Studiengesellschaft Kohle mbH | (assignment on the face of the patent) | / | |||
Aug 18 2004 | LOPEZ, MARCO | Studiengesellschaft Kohle mbH | ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS | 016343 | /0112 | |
Aug 27 2004 | REETZ, MANFRED T | Studiengesellschaft Kohle mbH | ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS | 016343 | /0112 |
Date | Maintenance Fee Events |
Feb 21 2011 | REM: Maintenance Fee Reminder Mailed. |
Jul 17 2011 | EXP: Patent Expired for Failure to Pay Maintenance Fees. |
Date | Maintenance Schedule |
Jul 17 2010 | 4 years fee payment window open |
Jan 17 2011 | 6 months grace period start (w surcharge) |
Jul 17 2011 | patent expiry (for year 4) |
Jul 17 2013 | 2 years to revive unintentionally abandoned end. (for year 4) |
Jul 17 2014 | 8 years fee payment window open |
Jan 17 2015 | 6 months grace period start (w surcharge) |
Jul 17 2015 | patent expiry (for year 8) |
Jul 17 2017 | 2 years to revive unintentionally abandoned end. (for year 8) |
Jul 17 2018 | 12 years fee payment window open |
Jan 17 2019 | 6 months grace period start (w surcharge) |
Jul 17 2019 | patent expiry (for year 12) |
Jul 17 2021 | 2 years to revive unintentionally abandoned end. (for year 12) |