The present invention relates to p21 derived peptides capable of inhibiting CDK/cyclin complexes, particularly cyclins A or E/CDK2, by modifying the interaction with their substrates. The peptides are derived from a c-terminal region of p21 and display selectivity for cyclin/CDK2 inhibition over cyclin/CDK4 inhibition. Variants of such peptides particularly involving certain alanine replacements are shown to be particularly potent.
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 09/726,470, filed Nov. 29, 2000, and claims priority to Great Britain application Serial No. 9928323.6 filed Nov. 30, 1999, the contents each of which are entirely incorporated by reference.
The present invention relates to substances and their therapeutic use, and in particular to specific regions of p21WAF1 that bind to G1 and S phase specific cyclins, preferably ones activating CDK2 and to substances and mimetics based on this region. The invention also relates to assay methods and means for identifying substances useful for interfering with protein-protein interactions involving cyclins, particularly CDK/cyclin interactions and preferably capable of inhibiting CDK2 activity.
p21WAF1 is an inhibitor of both the G1 cyclin dependent protein kinases (CDKs; which control the progression from G1 into S phase) (Harper et al., 1995) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA; an essential DNA-replication factor) (Florez-Rozas et al., 1994; Waga et al., 1994). Thus, inhibition of the function of either CDKs or PCNA provides, in theory, two distinct avenues for drug discovery based on the activity of p21WAF1. The PCNA binding function of p21WAF1 can be mimicked by a 20-amino acid peptide derived from the C-terminal domain of p21WAF1 and this peptide is sufficient partially to inhibit SV40 replication in vitro (Warbrick et al., 1995).
Despite its PCNA binding role, the primary function of the p21WAF1 protein as a growth suppressor appears to be inhibition of the G1 cyclin-CDK complexes (Chen et al., 1995; Harper et al., 1995; Luo et al., 1995; Nakanishi et al., 1995b). Luo et al. (1995) reported the N-terminal domain of p21 composed of residues 1-75, to act as a CDK-inhibitor in vitro, inhibiting cyclin E-CDK2.
WO 97/42222 (Cyclacel Ltd) discloses peptide fragments of p21WAF1 that interact with CDK4/cyclin D1. Thus it was observed that p21(16-35) and p21(46-65) bind to CDK4 and cyclin D1 respectively. Of these, only p21(16-35) was observed to inhibit CDK activity. p21(141-160) was observed to bind to CDK4 and cyclin D1 and to be a potent inhibitor of CDK4.
This data supported the known phenomenon of peptides including the sequence LFG as being the binding motif essential for the interaction of the p21 family with cyclins [Chen J et al.(1996), Lin J et al. and Russo A A et al.] and the further known properties of the amino-terminal half of p21 as being required for binding to CDK complex.
It should be borne in mind when considering the prior art discussed herein that unless otherwise explicitly stated the references to “motifs” is made with reference to papers that have made deductions and predictions based upon the activity of longer peptides usually consisting of at least 12 amino acids. Thus, the motifs are no more than conjecture based upon the a specific set of reactions. Such motifs provide no indication as to the actual length of peptide or modifications that could be made to retain and/or even enhance activity or specificity.
The sequence p21(141-160) (disclosed in WO97/42222 and Ball K. et al) in respect of cyclin D1/CDK4 inhibition was subjected to analysis in order to determine the minimum length of an inhibitory peptide upon which novel antiproliferative drugs could be designed. Observations of CDK4/cyclin D1 inhibitory activity led to the identification of an inhibitory motif comprising RRLIF (p21(155-159)) (SEQ ID No. 5), the bold residues being described as essential for activity and the underlined residue contributing towards inhibitory activity. Further observations in these disclosures include the retention of inhibitory activity against cyclin D1-CDK4 by the peptide KRRLIFSK (p21(154-161)) (SEQ ID No. 6) albeit at a concentration 1000 times greater than the parent sequence p21141-160 and that the substitution of aspartic acid at position 149 of p21141-160 by alanine surprisingly reduced the IC50 of the full length peptide from 100 nM to 46 nM. Thus, although identifying the RRLIF (SEQ ID No. 5) motif as being important to cyclinD1/CDK4 inhibition, Ball et al. is inconclusive as to the actual minimum length peptide required for enhanced activity. The effect of the Asp149 to Ala substitution has not proven reproducible.
In summary, WO97/42222 and Ball et al teach that there are sequences within the carboxy terminal region of p21 that are capable of interacting with CDK4/cyclin D in a manner that is inhibitory to CDK4 and further involves specific binding to cyclin D. Though the peptide p21(141-160) is described as being preferred, an 8-mer comprising p21(154-161) (KRRLIFSK) (SEQ ID No. 6) was inhibitory, but at higher concentrations. Finally, alanine replacement at position 149 within p21141-160 increased the inhibitory activity.
Thus, although the art indicates that this is an interesting region of p21 to investigate, no guidance is provided as to the identity of further fragments that would be preferably active against CDK4/cyclin D or any other CDK/cyclin enzymes.
Chen J et al. (Mol Cell Biol (1996) 16(9) 4673-4682) disclose a 12-mer corresponding to p2117-24 as being a cyclin binding domain of p21. They further identify a less avid cyclin binding region as p21150-161. Mutation and inhibition analysis demonstrated that the principal site of interaction with cyclin A was p2117-24, being a better inhibitor than p21150-161 consistent with its greater avidity for cyclins such that it can be detected by pull-down assay. Interaction of p21150-161 could only “be inferred from competition for binding and kinase inhibition assays. The importance of the p21150-161 in vivo was questioned due to the possibility of the relevant site being occupied by PCNA.
Adams D A et al. (Mol Cell Biol (1996) 16(12) 6623-6633) discloses N- and C-terminal regions of p21 that putatively bind to CDK2/cyclin. A 14-mer (p21149-162) is disclosed as inhibiting the binding of cyclin A to E2F1 and the binding of cyclins A and E to GST-p21. An amino acid sequence containing 8 amino acid residues (PVKRRLDL) (SEQ ID No. 7), derived from the transcription factor E2F1 was shown to bind to cyclin A/E-CDK2 complexes. An alanine scan of the 8-mer identified, on a qualitative level that certain modified forms of the peptide retained this activity. Noteworthy is that deletion or alanine replacement of either terminal amino acid reduced or abolished the ability to compete with GST-E2F1 for cyclin A binding.
In a further paper, Adams D A et al. (Mol Cell Biol (1999) 19(2) 1068-1080) investigated the existence of an E2F1-like motif within pRB as a means to explain its interaction with cyclin A/CDK2. A single 10-mer, pRB869-878 was the shortest pRB derived peptide investigated.
In a subsequent paper, Chen et al. (Proc. Natn. Acad. Sci. (1999) 96, 4325-4329) disclosed two E2F1 derived 8-mers as possessing the ability to interact with the cyclin A/CDK2 complex, being PVKRRLFG (SEQ ID No. 8) and PVKRRLDL (SEQ ID No. 7). These peptides were tested in whole cell assays using membrane translocation carrier peptides HIV-TAT or Penetratin®.
Brown N R et al. (Nature Cell Biol. (1999) 1, 438-443) describe a crystal structure of the cyclin A3/phospho-CDK2 complex with an 11-mer derived from p107 including the RXLF SEQ ID No. 9) motif. Of the 11-mer, the region RRLFGE (SEQ ID No. 10), was found to be within the binding region of cyclin A forming interactions with M210, I213, W217, E220, L253 and Q254.
An aim of the present invention has been to identify further peptides derived from p21 that retain or improve upon the inhibitory activities described in the art, particularly with regard to substrate specificity and peptide chain length as described in detail below.
A first aspect of the present invention therefore relates to a p21 derived peptide of formula; DFYHSKRRLIF (SEQ ID No. 1) or such a peptide (i) bearing a further amino acid residue at either end; or, (ii) having up to 7 amino acid residues deleted from the N-terminal end; and variants thereof wherein at least one amino acid residue is replaced by an alternative natural or unnatural replacement amino acid residue, with the proviso that the motif XLXF (SEQ ID No. 11) is retained. The peptide of SEQ ID No. 1 corresponds to p21(149-159). In an embodiment of this aspect up to 5 amino acid residues are deleted from the N-terminal and the motif RXLXF (SEQ ID No. 12) is retained.
A second aspect of the present invention relates to a p21 derived peptide of formula;X1X2X3RX4LX5F (SEQ ID No. 2) wherein X1, X3, X4 and X5 are any amino acid and X2 is serine or alanine; and variants thereof.
In one aspect, the invention pertains to a peptide of formula I: N1DFYHSKRRLIFN2 (formula I) (SEQ ID No. 4), comprising the motif XLXF (SEQ ID No. 11) wherein N1 and N2 are independently a natural or non-natural amino acid or nothing; or the peptide of formula I having up to 8 amino acid residues deleted from the N-terminal end; and variants thereof wherein at least one amino acid residue is replaced by an alternative natural or non-natural replacement amino acid residue, with the proviso that the motif XLXF(SEQ ID No. 11) is retained, wherein X refers to any natural or unnatural amino acid.
In one embodiment, N1 and N2 are independently selected from nothing and the polar residues C, N, Q, S, T and Y.
In one embodiment, N1 is a natural or unnatural amino acid. In another embodiment, N1 is threonine.
In one embodiment, N2 is a natural or unnatural amino acid. In one embodiment, N1 is serine.
In another embodiment, up to 6 amino acid residues are deleted from the N-terminal end of the peptide of formula I.
In another embodiment, from 3-5 amino acid residues are deleted from the N-terminal end of the peptide of formula I.
In yet another embodiment 4 amino acid residues are deleted from the N-terminal end of the peptide of formula I.
In one embodiment, N2 is a natural or unnatural amino acid.
In another embodiment, N2 is serine.
In yet another embodiment, 7 or 8 amino acid residues are deleted from the N-terminal end of the peptide of formula I.
In another aspect, the invention pertains to a peptide of formula DFYHSKRRLIF (SEQ ID No. 1), comprising the motif XLXF (SEQ ID No. 11), or such a peptide (i) bearing a further amino acid residue at either end; and, (ii) having up to 7 amino acid residues deleted from the N-terminal end; and variants thereof wherein at least one amino acid residue is replaced by an alternative natural or unnatural replacement amino acid residue, with the proviso that the motif XLXF (SEQ ID No. 11) is retained, wherein the peptide of SEQ ID No. 1 is modified by at least one of; deletion, addition or substitution of one or more amino acid residues, or by substitution of one or more natural amino acid residues by the corresponding D-stereomer or by a non-natural amino acid residue, chemical derivatives of the peptides, cyclic peptides derived from the peptides or from the peptide derivatives dual peptides, multimers of the peptides and any of said peptides in the D-stereomer form, or the order of the final two residues at the C-terminal end are reversed.
In one embodiment, the serine residue corresponding to p21(153Ser), is replaced by an alanine residue.
In another embodiment, a peptide is selected from;
D F Y H S K R R L I F S,
(SEQ. ID NO: 13)
T D F Y H S K R R L I F,,
(SEQ ID NO: 14)
A F Y H S K R R L I F S,
(SEQ ID NO: 15)
D A Y H S K R R L I F S,
(SEQ ID NO: 16)
D F A H S K R R L I F S,,
(SEQ ID NO: 17)
D F Y A S K R R L I F S,
(SEQ ID NO: 18)
D F Y H A K R R L I F S,
(SEQ ID NO: 19)
D F Y H S A R R L I F S,
(SEQ ID NO: 20)
D F Y H S K R A L I F S,
(SEQ ID NO: 21)
D F Y H S K R R L A F S,
(SEQ ID NO: 22)
D F Y H S K R R L I F A,
(SEQ ID NO: 23)
F Y H S K R R L I F S,
(SEQ ID NO: 24)
Y H S K R R L I F S,
(SEQ ID NO: 25)
H S K R R L I F S,
(SEQ ID NO: 26)
D F Y H S K R R L I F,
(SEQ ID NO: 1)
F Y H S K R R L I F,
(SEQ ID NO: 27)
Y H S K R R L I F,
(SEQ ID NO: 28)
H S K R R L I F,
(SEQ ID NO: 29)
S K R R L I F,
(SEQ ID NO: 30)
K R R L I F,
(SEQ ID NO: 31)
H-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 32)
H-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 33)
H-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 34)
H-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 35)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 36)
H-
Asn-
Leu-
Phe-
Gly
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 37)
H-
Arg-
Asn-
Leu-
Phe-
Gly
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 38)
H-
Abu-
Arg-
Asn-
Leu-
Phe-
Gly
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 39)
H-
Ala-
Abu-
Arg-
Asn-
Leu-
Phe-
Gly
—NH2
and
(SEQ ID NO. 40)
H-
Ser-
Ala-
Abu-
Arg-
Asn-
Leu-
Phe-
Gly
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 41)
In still another aspect, the invention pertains to a peptide of formula II: X1X2X3RX4LX5F (formula II) (SEQ ID No. 2) wherein X1, X3, X4 and X5 may be any amino acid and X2 is serine or alanine; and variants thereof.
In one embodiment, X5 is selected from isoleucine and glycine.
In one embodiment, X1 and X4 are both basic amino acid residues and X3 is a basic or polar residue.
In one embodiment, X1 is histidine and X4 is arginine, and X3 is lysine or cysteine.
In another aspect the invention pertains to a peptide of formula: X1X2X3RX4LX5F (SEQ ID No. 2) wherein X1, X3, X4 and X5 may be any amino acid and X2 is serine or alanine; and variants thereof, wherein the peptide is modified by at least one of a deletion, addition or substitution of one or more amino acid residues, or by substitution of one or more natural amino acid residues by the corresponding D-stereomer or by a non-natural amino acid residue, chemical derivatives of the peptides, cyclic peptides derived from the peptides or from the peptide derivatives, dual peptides, multimers of the peptides and any of said peptides in the D-stereomer form, or the order of the final two residues at the C-terminal end are reversed.
In yet another aspect, the invention pertains to a peptide of formula: X1X2X3RX4LX5F (SEQ ID No. 2) wherein X1, X3, X4 and X5 may be any amino acid and X2 is serine or alanine; and variants thereof, wherein: (a) X1 is deleted or is any amino acid, (b) X2 is serine or alanine or a straight or branched chain amino acid, (c) X3 is a basic amino acid or straight chain aliphatic amino acid, (d) R is unchanged or conservatively substituted (by basic amino acids), (e) X4 is any amino acid that is capable of providing at least one site for participating in hydrogen bonding, (f) L is unchanged or conservatively substituted, (g) X5 is any amino acid, or (h) F is unchanged or substituted by any aromatic amino acid.
In another aspect, the invention pertains to a peptide of formula: X1X2X3RX4LX5F (SEQ ID No. 463), wherein (a) X1 is histidine, deleted or replaced by a natural or unnatural amino acid residue such as alanine, 3-pyridylalanine (Pya), 2-thienylalanine (Thi), homoserine (Hse), phenylalanine, or diaminobutyric acid (Dab), (b) X2 is alanine or an alternative natural or unnatural amino acid residue having a smaller or slightly larger aromatic or aliphatic side chain, such as glycine, aminobutyric acid (Abu), norvaline (Nva), t-butylglycine(Bug), valine, isoleucine, phenylglycine (Phg) or phenylalanine, (c) X3 is lysine or either a basic residue such as arginine or an uncharged natural or unnatural amino acid residue, such as norleucine (Nle), aminobutyric acid (Abu) or leucine, (d) arginine is replaced by either a basic residue such as lysine or an uncharged natural or unnatural amino acid residue, such as citrulline (Cit), homoserine, histidine, norleucine (Nle) or glutamine, (e) X4 is arginine or a natural or unnatural amino acid residue, such as asparagine, proline, serine, aminoisobutyric acid (Aib) or sarcosine (Sar), or an amino acid residue capable of forming a cyclic linkage such as lysine or ornithine, (f) leucine is replaced with a natural or unnatural amino acid residue having a slightly larger aromatic or aliphatic side chain, such as norleucine, norvaline, cyclohexylalanine (Cha), phenylalanine or 1-naphthylalanine (1 Nal), (g) X5 is isoleucine or an alternative natural or unnatural amino acid residue having a slightly larger aromatic or aliphatic side chain, such as norleucine, norvaline, cyclohexylalanine (Cha), phenylalanine or 1-naphthylalanine (1Nal), (h) phenylalanine is replaced with a natural or unnatural amino acid such as leucine, cyclohexylalanine (Cha), homophenylalanine (Hof), tyrosine, para-fluorophenylalanine (pFPhe), meta-fluorophenylalanine (mFPhe), trptophan, 1-naphthylalanine (1Nal), 2-naphthylalanine (2Nal), biphenylalanine (Bip) or (Tic), (i) X5 and the terminal phenylalanine residue are reversed, or (j) the peptide is in cyclic form by the formation of a linkage between the side chain of X4 and the C-terminus residue.
In one embodiment, X2 is alanine.
In one embodiment, X5 is isoleucine.
In another embodiment, a peptpide is selected from the group consisting of:
H S K R R L I F,
(SEQ ID NO. 29)
H A K R R L I F,
(SEQ ID NO. 42)
H S K R R L F G,
(SEQ ID NO. 43)
H A K R R L F G,
(SEQ ID NO. 44)
K A C R R L F G,
(SEQ ID NO. 45)
K A C R R L I F,
(SEQ ID NO. 46)
X1
X2
X3
R
X4
L
X5
F
(SEQ ID NO. 464)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 36)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 47)
H-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 48)
H-
Pya-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 49)
H-
Thi-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 50)
H-
Hse-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 51)
H-
Phe-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 52)
H-
Dab-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 53)
H-
His-
Gly-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 54)
H-
His-
Abu-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 55)
H-
His-
Nva-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 56)
H-
His-
Bug-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 57)
H-
His-
Val-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 58)
H-
His-
Ile-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 59)
H-
His-
Phg-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 60)
H-
His-
Phe-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 61)
H-
His-
Ala-
Ala-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 62)
H-
His-
Ala-
Nle-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 63)
H-
His-
Ala-
Abu-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 64)
H-
His-
Ala-
Leu-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 65)
H-
His-
Ala-
Arg-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 66)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Ala-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 67)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Cit-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 68)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Hse-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 69)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
His-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO 70)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Nle-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 71)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Gln-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 72)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Lys-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 73)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Ala-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 74)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Asn-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 75)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Pro-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 76)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Ser-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 77)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Aib-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 78)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Sar-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 79)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Cit-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 80)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Ala-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 81)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 82)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Ile-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 83)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Val-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 84)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Nle-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 85)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Nva-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 86)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Cha-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 87)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Phe-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 88)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
1Nap-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 89)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ala-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 90)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Leu-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 91)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Val-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 92)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Nle-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 93)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Nva-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 94)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Cha-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 95)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Phe-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 96)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
1Nap-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 97)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 98)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Leu
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 99)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Cha
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 100)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Hof
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 101)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Tyr
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 102)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
pFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 103)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
mFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 104)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Trp
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 105)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
1Nap
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 106)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
2Nap
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 107)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Lys
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 108)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Tic
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 109)
H-
His
Ala
Lys
Arg
Arg
Leu
Ile
L-Pse
OH
(SEQ ID NO. 110)
H-
His
Ala
Lys
Arg
Arg
Leu
Ile
D-Pse
OH
(SEQ ID NO. 111)
H-
His
Ser
Lys
Arg
Arg
Leu
Ile
L-Pse
OH
(SEQ ID NO. 112)
H-
His
Ser
Lys
Arg
Arg
Leu
Ile
D-Pse
OH
(SEQ ID NO. 113)
H-
His
Ala
Lys
Arg
Arg
Leu
Ile
L-Psa
OH
(SEQ ID NO. 114)
H-
His
Ala
Lys
Arg
Arg
Leu
Ile
D-Psa
OH
(SEQ ID NO. 115)
H-
His
Ser
Lys
Arg
Arg
Leu
Ile
L-Psa
OH
(SEQ ID NO. 116)
H-
His
Ser
Lys
Arg
Arg
Leu
Ile
D-Psa
OH
(SEQ ID NO. 117)
H-
His
Ala
Lys
Arg
Arg
Leu
Ile
Dhp
OH
(SEQ ID NO. 118)
H-
His
Ser
Lys
Arg
Arg
Leu
Ile
Dhp
OH
(SEQ ID NO. 119)
H-
His
Ala
Lys
Arg
Arg
Leu
Ile
Pheol
(SEQ ID NO. 120)
H-
His
Ser
Lys
Arg
Arg
Leu
Ile
Pheol
(SEQ ID NO. 121)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Abu-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
pFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 122)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
pFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 123)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Cit-
Leu-
Ile-
pFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 124)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ala-
pFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 125)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Abu-
Arg-
Ser-
Leu-
Ile-
pFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 126)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Gln-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
pFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 127)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
pFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 128)
H-
Gly-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
pFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 129)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
hArg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
pFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 130)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Ser-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
pFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 131)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Hse-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
pFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 132)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Lys-
Leu-
Ile-
pFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 133)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Orn-
Leu-
Ile-
pFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 134)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Gln-
Leu-
Ile-
pFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 135)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Hse-
Leu-
Ile-
pFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 136)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Thr-
Leu-
Ile-
pFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 137)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Nva-
Leu-
Ile-
pFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 138)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Phg-
Ile-
pFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 139)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Met-
Ile-
pFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 140)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Ala-
Ile-
pFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 141)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Hof-
Ile-
pFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 142)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
hLeu-
Ile-
pFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 143)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
aIle-
Ile-
pFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 144)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Gly-
pFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 145)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
βAla
pFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 146)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Phg-
pFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 147)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Aib-
pFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 148)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Sar-
pFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 149)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Pro-
pFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 150)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Bug-
pFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 151)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ser-
pFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 152)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Asp-
pFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 153)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Asn-
pFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 154)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
pFPhe-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 155)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
diClPhe
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 156)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
pClPhe-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 157)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
mClPhe
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 158)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
oClPhe-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 159)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
pIPhe-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 160)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
TyrMe-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 161)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Thi-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 162)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Pya-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 163)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
diClPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 164)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
pClPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 165)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
mClPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 166)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
oClPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 167)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phg
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 168)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
TyrMe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 169)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Thi
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 170)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Pya
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 171)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Inc
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 172)
and the cyclic peptides:
5,8-cyclo-[H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Lys-Leu-Phe-Gly]
(SEQ ID NO. 173)
5,8-cyclo-[H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Orn-Leu-Phe-Gly]
(SEQ ID NO. 174)
In another aspect, the invention pertains to a peptide of the formula III or IV; H′X2K′R1R2L′X5F (formula III) (SEQ ID No. 175) or H′X2K′R1R2L′FX5 (formula IV) (SEQ ID No. 176) or a variant thereof, wherein:
In one embodiment, X2 is alanine.
In one embodiment, X5 isoleucine.
In another embodiment, the invention pertains to a peptide of the formula IV H′X2K′R1R2L′F′X5 (SEQ ID No. 472).
In another embodiment, the peptide is in a cyclic form by virtue of a linkage between the C-terminal residue and the residue 3 upstream to it.
In another embodiment, X2 is Ala and X5 is Ile.
In yet another embodiment, F′ is para-fluoro-Phe and H′ is Ala or nothing.
In another embodiment, K′ is Abu; R1 is Gln; R2 is Cit or Ser; and X5 is Ala.
In still another embodiment, a peptide is selected from the group consisting of:
H-
his-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 36)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 47)
H-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 48)
H-
Thi-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 50)
H-
Hse-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 51)
H-
Phe-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 52)
H-
Dab-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 53)
H-
His-
Abu-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 55)
H-
His-
Val-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 58)
H-
His-
Ala-
Arg-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 66)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Ile-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 83)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Leu-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 91)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
pFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 103)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
2Nap
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 107)
H-
His
Ala
Lys
Arg
Arg
Leu
Ile
D-Psa
OH
(SEQ ID NO. 115)
H-
His
Ser
Lys
Arg
Arg
Leu
Ile
Dhp
OH
(SEQ ID NO. 119)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Abu-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
pFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 122)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
pFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 123)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Cit-
Leu-
Ile-
pFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 124)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ala-
pFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 125)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Abu-
Arg-
Ser-
Leu-
Ile-
pFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 126)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Gln-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
pFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 127)
H-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
pFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 177)
In another aspect, the invention pertains to an assay for identifying candidate substances capable of binding to a cyclin associated with a G1 control CDK enzyme and/or inhibition of said enzyme, comprising; (a) bringing into contact i) a p21 derived peptide as defined in claim 1, ii) said cyclin or portion thereof or cyclin groove, iii) said CDK or portion thereof and iv) said candidate substance, under conditions wherein, in the absence of the candidate substance being an inhibitor of the cyclin/CDK interaction, the p21 derived peptide would bind to said cyclin or portion thereof or cyclin groove, and (b) monitoring any change in the expected binding of the p21 derived peptide and the cyclin or portion thereof or cyclin groove.
In yet another aspect, the invention pertains to an assay for the identification of compounds that interact with a cyclin or a cyclin when complexed with the physiologically relevant CDK, comprising; (a) incubating a candidate compound and peptide of formula I: X1X2X3RX4LX5F (formula II) (SEQ ID No. 2) wherein X1, X3, X4 and X5 may be any amino acid and X2 is serine or alanine; and variants thereof or a peptide of the formula III or IV: H′X′2K′R1R2L′X′5F′ (formula III) (SEQ ID No. 471) or H′X′2K′R1R2L° F′X′5 (formula IV) (SEQ ID No. 472) or a variant thereof, wherein H′ is His, nothing, D-His, Ala, Thi, Hse, Phe, or Dab; X′2 is Ala, Ser, Abu, Val; K′ is Lys, Arg, or Abu; R1 is Arg, Lys, or Gln; and R2 is Arg, forms a cyclic peptide with the C-terminal residue, Ser, or Cit; L′ is Leu or Ile; X′5 is Ile, Leu, Gly, or Ala; F′ is Phe, para-fluoroPhe, meta-fluoroPhe, L-Psa, 2-Nap,Dhp, or D-Psa and a cyclin or cyclin/CDK complex; (b) detecting binding of either the candidate compound or the peptide of formula II or III with cyclin.
In another aspect, the invention pertains to an assay for candidate compounds that interact with a cyclin by virtue of forming associations with at least two of the amino acids corresponding to the cyclin A amino acids L253, I206 and R211.
In yet another aspect of the invention, the candidate compound additionally forms associations with at least one of the amino acids corresponding to the cyclin A amino acids E223, E224, D284, D283, L253, I206 and R211.
In one embodiment, the candidate additionally forms associations with at least one of the amino acids corresponding to the cyclin A amino acids W217, V219, V221, S408, E411, Y225, I213, L214, G257, R250, Q254, T207 and L214.
In still another aspect, the candidate compound additionally forms associations with at least one of the amino acids corresponding to the cyclin A amino acids G222, Y225, I281, E223, E220, V279, A212, V215, L218, Q406, S408, M210, L253, L218, I239, V256 and M200.
In one embodiment, the cyclin is selected from cyclin A, cyclin E or cyclin D.
In another embodiment, the cyclin is cyclin A.
In one embodiment, the assay comprises use of a three dimensional model of a cyclin and a candidate compound.
In another embodiment, at least one of the assay components is bound to a solid phase.
In still another embodiment, the p21 derived peptide is labeled such as to emit a signal when bound to said cyclin.
In another embodiment, the cyclin is labeled such as to emit a signal when bound to the p21 derived peptide.
In one embodiment, one of the assay components is labeled with a fluorescence emitter and the signal is detected using fluorescence polarization techniques.
In another aspect, the invention pertains to a method of using a cyclin in a drug screening assay comprising: (a)selecting a candidate compound by performing rational drug design with a three-dimensional model of said cyclin, wherein said selecting is performed in conjunction with computer modeling; (b)contacting the candidate compound with the cyclin; and (c)detecting the binding affinity of the candidate compound for the cyclin groove; wherein a potential drug is selected on the basis of its having a greater affinity for the cyclin groove than that of a peptide of formula II: X1X2X3RX4LX5F (formula II) (SEQ ID No. 2) wherein X1, X3, X4 and X5 may be any amino acid and X2 is serine or alanine; and variants thereof or a peptide of formula III or IV: H′X′2K′R1R2L′X′5F′ (formula III) (SEQ ID No. 471) or H′X′2K′R1R2L′F′X′5 (formula IV) (SEQ ID No. 472) or a variant thereof, wherein H′ is His, nothing, D-His, Ala, Thi, Hse, Phe, or Dab; X′2 is Ala, Ser, Abu, Val; K′ is Lys, Arg, or Abu; R1 is Arg, Lys, or Gln; and R2 is Arg, forms a cyclic peptide with the C-terminal residue, Ser, or Cit; L′ is Leu or Ile; X′5 is Ile, Leu, Gly, or Ala; F′ is Phe, para-fluoroPhe, meta-fluoroPhe, L-Psa, 2-Nap, Dhp, or D-Psa.
In another aspect, the invention pertains to a method of using a cyclin in a drug screening assay comprising: (a) selecting a candidate compound by performing rational drug design with a three-dimensional model of said cyclin, wherein said selecting is performed in conjunction with computer modeling; (b) contacting the candidate compound with the cyclin; and (c) detecting whether said the candidate compound forms associations with at least the amino acids corresponding to the cyclin A amino acids L253, I206 and R211.
In one embodiment, the method further comprises detection of whether the candidate compound additionally forms associations with at least one of the amino acids corresponding to the cyclin A amino acids E223, E224, D284, D283, L253, I206 and R211.
In another embodiment, the method further comprises detection of whether the candidate compound additionally forms associations with at least one of the amino acids corresponding to the cyclin A amino acids W217, V219, V221, S408, E411, Y225, I213, L214, G257, R250, Q254, T207 and L214.
In another embodiment, the method further comprises detection of whether the candidate compound additionally forms associations with at least one of the amino acids corresponding to the cyclin A amino acids G222, Y225, I281, E223, E220, V279, A212, V215, L218, Q406, S408, M210, L253, L218, I239, V256 and M200.
In another aspect, the invention pertains to an assay for identifying candidate substances capable of inhibiting CDK in a cell, comprising;
(a) contacting a cell comprising a cyclin or portion thereof or cyclin groove, and a CDK or portion thereof, with a candidate substance under conditions where, in the absence of the candidate substance, the cyclin or portion thereof or cyclin groove and CDK or portion thereof would interact, and (b) monitoring any change in the activity of the CDK or portion thereof, wherein inhibition of CDK activity is indicated by one or more of: G0 and/o G1/S cell cycle arrest; cell cycle-related apoptosis; suppression of E2F transcription factor activity; hypophosphorylation of cellular pRb; and in vitro anti-proliferative effects.
In still another aspect, the invention pertains to use of a peptide in the preparation of a medicament for use in (a) inhibition of CDK2 or (b) in the treatment of proliferative disorders such as cancers and leukaemias where inhibition of CDK2 would be beneficial.
Although the peptides of the first aspect and in some embodiments of the second aspect, include the described CDK4-inhibitory motif RRLIF (SEQ ID NO: 5), the peptides of the present invention have been shown to display preferential selectivity for CDK2 over CDK4 in contrast to those described in Ball et al.(supra) who concluded that such p21 carboxy-terminal peptides “do not have high specific activity for CDK2 inhibition, they are potent inhibitors of CDK4 activity”. Thus, Ball et al. do not focus upon this region for further development for preferential CDK2 inhibitors, indeed p21141-160 was shown by these authors to be 40 times more active against cyclinD1/CDK4 than cyclinE/CDK2. Thus, further surprising advantages of the above peptides relate to their specificity particularly for G1 control CDK's, such as CDK2/cyclinE and CDK2/cyclin A, as opposed to mitotic control enzymes including CDK's such as CDK1/cyclin B or A and protein kinase Cα (PKCα).
Further evidence of the unexpected observation that these peptides display activity against CDK4 and CDK2 is that Ball et al. described how N-terminal truncation of p21141-160 reduced CDK4/cyclin D1 inhibitory activity. The disclosure therein of RRLIF (SEQ ID No. 5) as being the CDK4-inhibitory motif was made on a theoretical basis rather than a demonstration that a peptide of that size would retain inhibitory activity. Furthermore, of the prior art disclosures discussed above, only two 8-mer peptides have been shown to be active against cyclin A/CDK2, these being the E2F1 derived peptides PVKRRLFG (SEQ ID No. 8) and PVKRRLDL (SEQ ID No. 7). Thus, the present invention has demonstrated, in contrast to the information available in the art, that shorter, in some cases more specific and/or potent inhibitors of cyclin-CDK, especially cyclin E/CDK2 and cyclin A/CDK2 interaction may derived from within the sequence p21141-160.
In one embodiment of the first aspect of the invention, the peptide may include a further amino acid residue at either the N- or C-terminus. The further residue is preferably selected from the polar residues C, N, Q, S, T and Y, and is preferably threonine when added to the N-terminus and serine, when added to the C-terminus. These last recited preferred embodiments correspond to the sequences 148-159 and 149-160 of p21 respectively. In an alternative embodiment, up to 7 amino acid residues may be deleted from the N-terminal end of formula I. Such truncation may therefore give rise to peptides corresponding to p21(150-159), p21(151-159), p21(152-159), p21(153-159), p21(154-159) p21(155-159) and p21(156-159) or wherein an additional serine residue is added to the C-terminal end to p21(150-160), p21(151-160), p21(152-160), p21(153-160), p21(154-160), p21(155-160) and p21(156-160). Preferably, from 2 to 7 residues are deleted, most preferably seven are deleted. In each of these preferred embodiments it is preferable that, when present the serine residue corresponding to p21(153) is replaced by an alanine residue.
Considering the second aspect of the invention, peptides and variants of the formula X1X2X3RX4LX5F (SEQ ID No. 465) include peptides where one or more of:
More particularly, X2 is preferably alanine as this provides a significant increase in the efficacy of the peptide and X5 is preferably a non-polar amino acid residue, more preferably isoleucine or glycine, most preferably isoleucine. Of the remaining groups, X1, X3 and X4, X1 and X4 are both preferably basic amino acid residue, X1 is more preferably histidine and X4 more preferably arginine. X3 may be a basic or polar residue, preferably lysine or cysteine. A preferred peptide in accordance with the second aspect is that of SEQ ID No.3;
HX2KRRLX5F (SEQ ID No. 3)
wherein X2 and X5 have the same meanings and preferences as above. When X2 is serine and X5 isoleucine the peptide corresponds to the sequence 152-159 of p21 and may hereinafter be referred to as p21(152-159). A further aspect of the invention therefore relates to a peptide HX2KRRLX5F (SEQ ID No. 3) and variants thereof, especially, wherein at least one amino acid residue is replaced by an alternative natural or unnatural replacement amino acid residue.
As used herein the term “variant” is used to include the peptides of SEQ ID Nos 1, 2 and 3 being modified by at least one of; deletion, addition or substitution of one or more amino acid residues, or by substitution of one or more natural amino acid residues by the corresponding D-stereomer or by a non-natural amino acid residue, chemical derivatives of the peptides, cyclic peptides derived from the peptides or from the peptide derivatives, dual peptides, multimers of the peptides and any of said peptides in the D-stereoisomer form or the order of the final two residues at the C-terminus residues are reversed; provided that such variants retain the activity of the parent peptide. As used hereinafter, the term “substitution” is used as to mean “replacement” i.e. substitution of an amino acid residue means its replacement e.g. with a different natural or non-natural amino acid residue.
Preferably, the variants involve the replacement of an amino acid residue by one or more, preferably one, of those selected from the residues of alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, and valine.
Such variants may arise from homologous substitution i.e. like-for-like substitution such as basic for basic, acidic for acidic, polar for polar etc. Non-homologous substitution may also occur i.e. from one class of residue to another or alternatively involving the inclusion of unnatural amino acids such as ornithine, diaminobutyric acid, norleucine, pyriylalanine, thienylalanine, naphthylalanine and phenylglycine.
As used herein, amino acids are classified according to the following classes;
The variants may also arise from replacement of an amino acid residue by an unnatural amino acid residue that may be homologous or non-homologous with that it is replacing. Such unnatural amino acid residues may be selected from;-alpha* and alpha-disubstituted* amino acids, N-alkyl amino acids*, lactic acid*, halide derivatives of natural amino acids such as trifluorotyrosine*, p-Cl-phenylalanine*, p-Br-phenylalanine*, p-I-phenylalanine*, L-allyl-glycine*, β-alanine*, L-α-amino butyric acid*, L-γ-amino butyric acid*, L-α-amino isobutyric acid*, L-ε-amino caproic acid#, 7-amino heptanoic acid*, L-methionine sulfone#•, L-norleucine*, L-norvaline*, p-nitro-L-phenylalanine*, L-hydroxyproline#, L-thioproline*, methyl derivatives of phenylalanine (Phe) such as 4-methyl-Phe*, pentamethyl-Phe*, L-Phe (4-amino)#, L-Tyr (methyl)*, L-Phe (4-isopropyl)*, L-Tic (1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxyl acid)*, L-diaminopropionic acid # and L-Phe (4-benzyl)*. The notation * has been utilised for the purpose of the discussion above, to indicate the hydrophobic nature of the derivative whereas # has been utilised to indicate the hydrophilic nature of the derivative, #* indicates amphipathic characteristics. The structures and accepted three letter codes of some of these and other unnatural amino acids are given in the Examples section.
With particular reference to the first aspect of the invention (SEQ ID No. 1), a variant peptide may involve the replacement of an amino acid residue by an alanine residue. In the first aspect of the present invention, such substitution preferably takes place at any of positions 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 158 or 160 which all display a greater selectivity for CDK2/cyclin E inhibition than CDK4/cyclin D1 inhibition as described below. Most preferably, such alanine replacement occurs at position 153 where in addition to an increase in selectivity, the observed IC50 is at least two orders of magnitude greater that for the corresponding parent peptide (p21149-160). In respect of the second aspect of the invention, it is also preferable that amino acid replacement is by an alanine residue, most preferably at the 153 position (X2). Furthermore, in respect of this aspect of the invention, the variant may include the deletion of the N-terminal asparagine residue resulting in the peptide corresponding to p21(150-159). According the first aspect, a preferable peptide is one including a serine residue at the C-terminus such as the peptide D F Y H A K R R L I F S (SEQ ID No. 19)
As discussed above, variants also include inversion of the two C-terminal amino acid residues and cyclic peptides, both of which are preferred independently as well as when taken together or in combination with any other variant. When such a variant is applied to the second or third aspects of the invention, it is to the exclusion of the peptide PVKRRLFG (SEQ ID No. 8), unless in cyclic form.
With regard to cyclic peptides, these are preferably formed by linkage between the C-terminal amino acid residue and any upstream amino acid residue, preferably 3 amino acid residues upstream to it. Those skilled in the art will be aware as to the nature of such cyclic linkages. In some instances the participating amino acids may require modification in order to facilitate such linkage. In the context of the present invention, cyclic peptides are most conveniently prepared using variants wherein the two C-terminal amino acids are reversed, I and F when considering the first aspect of the invention, X5 and the terminal phenylalanine residue in the second aspect etc. resulting in a linkage between I or X5 and an upstream residue. In such circumstances the terminal amino acid residue (I or X5) is preferably modified to be glycine, the upstream amino acid residue preferably being modified to be lysine or ornithine.
Thus, in accordance with the first aspect of the invention, the peptide may be selected from:
D F Y H A K R R L I F S,
(SEQ ID No. 19)
T D F Y H S K R R L I F,
(SEQ ID No. 14)
A F Y H S K R R L I F S,
(SEQ ID No. 15)
D A Y H S K R R L I F S,
(SEQ ID No. 16)
D F A H S K R R L I F S,
(SEQ ID No. 17)
D F Y A S K R R L I F S,
(SEQ ID No. 18)
D F Y H A K R R L I F S,
(SEQ ID No. 19)
D F Y H S A R R L I F S,
(SEQ ID No. 20)
D F Y H S K R A L I F S,
(SEQ ID No. 21)
D F Y H S K R R L A F S,
(SEQ ID No. 22)
D F Y H S K R R L I F A,
(SEQ ID No. 23)
F Y H S K R R L I F S,
(SEQ ID No. 24)
Y H S K R R L I F S,
(SEQ ID No. 25)
H S K R R L I F S,
(SEQ ID No. 26)
D F Y H S K R R L I F,
(SEQ ID No. 1)
F Y H S K R R L I F,
(SEQ ID No. 27)
Y H S K R R L I F,
(SEQ ID No. 28)
H S K R R L I F,
(SEQ ID No. 29)
S K R R L I F,
(SEQ ID No. 30)
K R R L I F,
(SEQ ID No. 31)
H-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 32)
H-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 33)
H-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 34)
H-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 35)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 36)
H-
Asn-
Leu-
Phe-
Gly
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 37)
H-
Arg-
Asn-
Leu-
Phe-
Gly
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 38)
H-
Abu-
Arg-
Asn-
Leu-
Phe-
Gly
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 39)
H-
Ala-
Abu-
Arg-
Asn-
Leu-
Phe-
Gly
—NH2
and
(SEQ ID NO. 40)
H-
Ser-
Ala-
Abu-
Arg-
Asn-
Leu-
Phe-
Gly
—NH2
(SEQ ID NO. 41)
Considering X1X2X3RX4LX5F (SEQ ID No. 2), preferred peptides and variants thereof may include any one of or optionally at least one or more of the following;
In accordance with the second embodiment of the invention, the peptide may be selected from;
H S K R R L I F,
(SEQ ID No. 29)
H A K R R L I F,
(SEQ ID No. 42)
H S K R R L F G,
(SEQ ID No. 43)
H A K R R L F G,
(SEQ ID No. 44)
K A C R R L F G,
(SEQ ID No. 45)
K A C R R L I F,
(SEQ ID No. 46)
X1
X2
X3
R
X4
L
X5
F
(SEQ ID No. 2)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 36)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 47)
H-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 48)
H-
Pya-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 49)
H-
Thi-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 50)
H-
Hse-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 51)
H-
Phe-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 52)
H-
Dab-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 53)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 36)
H-
His-
Gly-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 54)
H-
His-
Abu-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 55)
H-
His-
Nva-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 56)
H-
His-
Bug-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 57)
H-
His-
Val-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 58)
H-
His-
Ile-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 59)
H-
His-
Phg-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 60)
H-
His-
Phe-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 61)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 36)
H-
His-
Ala-
Ala-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 62)
H-
His-
Ala-
Nle-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 63)
H-
His-
Ala-
Abu-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 64)
H-
His-
Ala-
Leu-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 65)
H-
His-
Ala-
Arg-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 66)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 36)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Ala-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 67)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Cit-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 68)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Hse-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 69
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
His-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 70)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Nle-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 71)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Gln-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 72)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Lys-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 73)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 36)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Ala-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 74)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Asn-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 75)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Pro-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 76)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Ser-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 77)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Aib-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 78)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Sar-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 79)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Cit-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 80)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 36)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Ala-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 81)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
leu
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 82)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Ile-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 83)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Val-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 84)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Nle-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 85)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Nva-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 86)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Cha-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 87)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Phe-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 88)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
1Nap-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 89)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 36)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ala-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 90)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Leu-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 91)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Val-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 92)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Nle-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 93)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Nva-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 94)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Cha-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 95)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Phe-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 96)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
1Nap-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 97)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 98)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 36)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Leu
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 99)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Cha
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 100)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Hof
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 101)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Tyr
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 102)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
pFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 103)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
mFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 104)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Trp
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 105)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
1Nap
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 106)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
2Nap
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 107)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Lys
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 108)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Tic
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 109)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 36)
H-
His
Ala
Lys
Arg
Arg
Leu
Ile
L-Pse
OH
(SEQ ID No. 110)
H-
His
Ala
Lys
Arg
Arg
Leu
Ile
D-Pse
OH
(SEQ ID No. 111)
H-
His
Ser
Lys
Arg
Arg
Leu
Ile
L-Pse
OH
(SEQ ID No. 112)
H-
His
Ser
Lys
Arg
Arg
Leu
Ile
D-Pse
OH
(SEQ ID No. 113)
H-
His
Ala
Lys
Arg
Arg
Leu
Ile
L-Psa
OH
(SEQ ID No. 114)
H-
His
Ala
Lys
Arg
Arg
Leu
Ile
D-Psa
OH
(SEQ ID No. 115)
H-
His
Ser
Lys
Arg
Arg
Leu
Ile
L-Psa
OH
(SEQ ID No. 116)
H-
His
Ser
Lys
Arg
Arg
Leu
Ile
D-Psa
OH
(SEQ ID No. 117)
H-
His
Ala
Lys
Arg
Arg
Leu
Ile
Dhp
OH
(SEQ ID No. 118)
H-
His
Ser
Lys
Arg
Arg
Leu
Ile
Dhp
OH
(SEQ ID No. 119)
H-
His
Ala
Lys
Arg
Arg
Leu
Ile
Pheol
(SEQ ID No. 120)
H-
His
Ser
Lys
Arg
Arg
Leu
Ile
Pheol
(SEQ ID No. 121)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 36)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Abu-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
pFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 122)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
pFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 123)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Cit-
Leu-
Ile-
pFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 124)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ala-
pFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 125)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Abu-
Arg-
Ser-
Leu-
Ile-
pFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 126)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Gln-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
pFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 127)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
pFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 128)
H-
Gly-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
pFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 129)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
hArg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
pFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 130)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Ser-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
pFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 131)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Hse-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
pFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 132)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Lys-
Leu-
Ile-
pFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 133)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Orn-
Leu-
Ile-
pFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 134)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Gln-
Leu-
Ile-
pFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 135)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Hse-
Leu-
Ile-
pFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 136)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Thr-
Leu-
Ile-
pFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 137)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Nva-
Leu-
Ile-
pFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 138)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Phg-
Ile-
pFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 139)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Met-
Ile-
pFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 140)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Ala-
Ile-
pFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 141)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Hof-
Ile-
pFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 142)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
hLeu-
Ile-
pFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 143)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
aIle-
Ile-
pFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 144)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Gly-
pFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 145)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
βAla
pFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 146)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Phg-
pFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 147)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Aib-
pFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 148)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Sar-
pFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 149)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Pro-
pFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 150)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Bug-
pFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 151)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ser-
pFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 152)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Asp-
pFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 153)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Asn-
pFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 154)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
pFPhe-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 155)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
diClPhe
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 156)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
pClPhe-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 157)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
mClPhe
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 158)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
oClPhe-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 159)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
plPhe-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 160)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
TyrMe-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 161)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Thi-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 162)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Pya-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 163)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
diClPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 164)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
pClPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 165)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
mClPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 166)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
oClPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 167)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phg
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 168)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
TyrMe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 169)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Thi
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 170)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Pya
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 171)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Inc
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 172)
and the cyclic peptides;
5,8-cyclo-[H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Lys-Leu-Phe-Gly]
(SEQ ID No. 173)
5,8-cyclo-[H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Orn-Leu-Phe-Gly]
(SEQ ID No. 174)
In another preferred embodiment, the invention relates to a peptide selected from the following:
H
Ala
Ala
Abu
Arg
Ser
Leu
Ile
pFPhe
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 126)
H
Ala
Ala
Abu
Arg
Ser
Leu
Ile
Gly
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 290)
H
Ala
Ala
Abu
Arg
Ser
Leu
mClPhe
pFPhe
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 291)
H
Ala
Ala
Abu
Arg
Ser
Leu
mClPhe
Gly
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 292)
With particular reference to SEQ ID No. 3, a variant peptide may additionally involve the replacement of an amino acid residue by an alanine residue, the deletion of X1 or the reversal of X5 and the terminal phenylalanine residue. These options are also applicable to the peptide SEQ ID No 3 which may therefore, by way of example result in the peptides X2KRRLX5F (SEQ ID No. 181) and HX2KRRLFX5 (SEQ ID No. 182). Most preferably, the peptide is H A K R R L I F (SEQ ID No. 42). Further variants those discussed below.
More preferably with respect to H X2 K R R L X5F (SEQ ID No. 469) preferred peptides and variants thereof may include any one of or optionally at least one or more of the following;
Especially preferred are peptides wherein X2 is Ala and X5 is Ile, incorporating more than one of the above variations particularly where Phe is replaced by para-fluoro-Phe and His is replaced by Ala or is deleted. Of such peptides, especially preferred are those that include further modifications where:
Thus, preferred peptides in accordance with the preferred sequence H A K R R L I F (SEQ ID No. 42) include;
His152
H-
his-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 183)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 47)
H-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 48)
H-
Thi-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 50)
H-
Hse-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 51)
H-
Phe-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 52)
H-
Dab-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 53)
Ala153
H-
His-
Abu-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 55)
H-
His-
Val-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 58)
Lys154
H-
His-
Ala-
Arg-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 66)
Leu157
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Ile-
Ile-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 83)
Ile158
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Leu-
Phe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 91)
Phe159
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
pFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 103)
H-
His-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
2Nap
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 107)
H-
His
Ala
Lys
Arg
Arg
Leu
Ile
D-Psa
OH
(SEQ ID No. 115)
H-
His
Ser
Lys
Arg
Arg
Leu
Ile
Dhp
OH
(SEQ ID No. 119)
Multiples
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Abu-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
pFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 122)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
pFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 123)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Cit-
Leu-
Ile-
pFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 124)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ala-
pFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 125)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Abu-
Arg-
Ser-
Leu-
Ile-
pFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 126)
H-
Ala-
Ala-
Lys-
Gln-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
pFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 127)
H-
Ala-
Lys-
Arg-
Arg-
Leu-
Ile-
pFPhe
—NH2
(SEQ ID No. 177)
The three letter notations appearing above are in accordance with IUPAC convention. The structure of various unnatural amino acid derivatives are provided in the introduction to the Examples, further expansion on nomenclature being given above.
The peptides of the present invention may be subjected to a further modification that is beneficial in the context of the present invention being conversion of the free carboxyl group of the carboxy terminal amino acid residue, to a carboxamide group. By way of example, when the peptide is of SEQ ID No.1 the carboxy terminal phenylalanine residue may have its carboxyl group converted into a carboxamide group. This modification is believed to enhance the stability of the peptide. Thus, the C-terminal amino acid residue may be in the form —C(O)—NRR′, wherein R and R′ are each independently selected from hydrogen, C1-6 alkyl, C1-6 alkylene or C1-6 alkynyl (collectively referred to “alk”), aryl such as benzyl or alkaryl, each optionally substituted by heteroatoms such as O, S or N. Preferably at least one of R or R′ is hydrogen, most preferably, they are both hydrogen. Thus, the present invention therefore encompasses the peptides wherein the C-terminal amino acid residue is in the carboxyl or carboxamide form.
In one preferred embodiment, the invention relates to peptides of formula V
RX6X7X8X9 (formula V)(SEQ ID No. 293)
wherein
More preferably, the invention relates to peptides of formula V (SEQ ID No. 293) or variants thereof wherein the peptide is modified by at least one of a deletion, addition or substitution of one or more amino acid residues, or by substitution of one or more natural amino acid residues by the corresponding D-stereomer or by a non-natural amino acid residue, chemical derivatives of the peptides, cyclic peptides derived from the peptides or from the peptide derivatives, dual peptides, multimers of the peptides and any of said peptides in the D-stereomer form, or the order of the final two residues at the C-terminal end are reversed.
Even more preferably still, the invention relates to peptides of formula V (SEQ ID No. 293), or variants thereof, wherein: (a) R is unchanged or conservatively substituted (by a basic amino acid), (b) X6 is substituted by any amino acid capable of providing at least one site for participating in hydrogen bonding, (c) X7 is unchanged or conservatively substituted, (d) X8 is unchanged or conservatively substituted, (e) X9 is unchanged or substituted by any aromatic amino acid.
In another preferred embodiment, the invention relates to peptides of formula V (SEQ ID No. 293), or variants thereof, wherein:
In one preferred embodiment, the invention relates to peptides of formula V
RX6X7X8X9 (formula V) (SEQ ID No. 293)
wherein
More preferably, the invention relates to peptides of formula V or variants thereof wherein the peptide is modified by at least one of a deletion, addition or substitution of one or more amino acid residues, or by substitution of one or more natural amino acid residues by the corresponding D-stereomer or by a non-natural amino acid residue, chemical derivatives of the peptides, cyclic peptides derived from the peptides or from the peptide derivatives, dual peptides, multimers of the peptides and any of said peptides in the D-stereomer form, or the order of the final two residues at the C-terminal end are reversed.
Even more preferably still, the invention relates to peptides of formula V, or variants thereof, wherein: (a) R is unchanged or conservatively substituted (by a basic amino acid), (b) X6 is substituted by any amino acid capable of providing at least one site for participating in hydrogen bonding, (c) X7 is unchanged or conservatively substituted, (d) X8 is unchanged or conservatively substituted, (e) X9 is unchanged or substituted by any aromatic amino acid.
In another preferred embodiment, the invention relates to peptides of formula V (SEQ ID No. 293), or variants thereof, wherein:
In one particularly preferred embodiment, the invention relates to peptides of formula V (SEQ ID No. 293), or variants thereof, wherein the N-terminal is acylated.
In another particularly preferred embodiment, the invention relates to peptides of formula V, or variants thereof, wherein R is substituted by citrulline.
Even more preferably, the invention relates to peptides of formula V (SEQ ID No. 293), or variants thereof, which are selected from the following:
H-
Arg
Arg
Leu
Asn
Phe
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 294)
H-
Arg
Arg
Leu
Asn
pFF
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 295)
H-
Arg
Arg
Leu
Asn
mClF
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 296)
H-
Arg
Arg
Leu
Ala
Phe
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 297)
H-
Arg
Arg
Leu
Ala
pFF
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 298)
H-
Arg
Arg
Leu
Ala
mClF
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 299)
H-
Arg
Arg
Leu
Gly
Phe
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 300)
H-
Arg
Arg
Leu
Gly
pFF
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 301)
H-
Arg
Arg
Leu
Gly
mClF
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 302)
H-
Arg
Arg
Ile
Asn
Phe
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 303)
H-
Arg
Arg
Ile
Asn
pFF
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 304)
H-
Arg
Arg
Ile
Asn
mClF
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 305)
H-
Arg
Arg
Ile
Ala
Phe
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 306)
H-
Arg
Arg
Ile
Ala
pFF
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 307)
H-
Arg
Arg
Ile
Ala
mClF
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 308)
H-
Arg
Arg
Ile
Gly
Phe
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 309)
H-
Arg
Arg
Ile
Gly
pFF
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 310)
H-
Arg
Arg
Ile
Gly
mClF
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 311)
H-
Arg
Arg
Val
Asn
Phe
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 312)
H-
Arg
Arg
Val
Asn
pFF
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 313)
H-
Arg
Arg
Val
Asn
mClF
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 314)
H-
Arg
Arg
Val
Ala
Phe
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 315)
H-
Arg
Arg
Val
Ala
pFF
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 316)
H-
Arg
Arg
Val
Ala
mClF
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 317)
H-
Arg
Arg
Val
Gly
Phe
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 318)
H-
Arg
Arg
Val
Gly
pFF
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 319)
H-
Arg
Arg
Val
Gly
mClF
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 320)
H-
Arg
Ser
Leu
Asn
Phe
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 321)
H-
Arg
Ser
Leu
Asn
pFF
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 322)
H-
Arg
Ser
Leu
Asn
mClF
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 323)
H-
Arg
Ser
Leu
Ala
Phe
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 324)
H-
Arg
Ser
Leu
Ala
pFF
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 325)
H-
Arg
Ser
Leu
Ala
mClF
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 326)
H-
Arg
Ser
Leu
Gly
Phe
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 327)
H-
Arg
Ser
Leu
Gly
pFF
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 328)
H-
Arg
Ser
Leu
Gly
mClF
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 329)
H-
Arg
Ser
Ile
Asn
Phe
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 330)
H-
Arg
Ser
Ile
Asn
pFF
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 331)
H-
Arg
Ser
Ile
Asn
mClF
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 332)
H-
Arg
Ser
Ile
Ala
Phe
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 333)
H-
Arg
Ser
Ile
Ala
pFF
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 334)
H-
Arg
Ser
Ile
Ala
mClF
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 335)
H-
Arg
Ser
Ile
Gly
Phe
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 336)
H-
Arg
Ser
Ile
Gly
pFF
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 337)
H-
Arg
Ser
Ile
Gly
mClF
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 338)
H-
Arg
Ser
Val
Asn
Phe
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 339)
H-
Arg
Ser
Val
Asn
pFF
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 340)
H-
Arg
Ser
Val
Asn
mClF
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 341)
H-
Arg
Ser
Val
Ala
Phe
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 342)
H-
Arg
Ser
Val
Ala
pFF
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 343)
H-
Arg
Ser
Val
Ala
mClF
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 344)
H-
Arg
Ser
Val
Gly
Phe
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 345)
H-
Arg
Ser
Val
Gly
pFF
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 346)
H-
Arg
Ser
Val
Gly
mClF
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 347)
H-
Arg
Lys
Leu
Asn
Phe
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 348)
H-
Arg
Lys
Leu
Asn
pFF
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 349)
H-
Arg
Lys
Leu
Asn
mClF
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 350)
H-
Arg
Lys
Leu
Ala
Phe
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 351)
H-
Arg
Lys
Leu
Ala
pFF
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 352)
H-
Arg
Lys
Leu
Ala
mClF
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 353)
H-
Arg
Lys
Leu
Gly
Phe
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 354)
H-
Arg
Lys
Leu
Gly
pFF
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 355)
H-
Arg
Lys
Leu
Gly
mClF
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 356)
H-
Arg
Lys
Ile
Asn
Phe
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 357)
H-
Arg
Lys
Ile
Asn
pFF
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 358)
H-
Arg
Lys
Ile
Asn
mClF
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 359)
H-
Arg
Lys
Ile
Ala
Phe
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 360)
H-
Arg
Lys
Ile
Ala
pFF
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 361)
H-
Arg
Lys
Ile
Ala
mClF
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 362)
H-
Arg
Lys
Ile
Gly
Phe
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 363)
H-
Arg
Lys
Ile
Gly
pFF
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 364)
H-
Arg
Lys
Ile
Gly
mClF
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 365)
H-
Arg
Lys
Val
Asn
Phe
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 366)
H-
Arg
Lys
Val
Asn
pFF
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 367)
H-
Arg
Lys
Val
Asn
mClF
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 368)
H-
Arg
Lys
Val
Ala
Phe
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 369)
H-
Arg
Lys
Val
Ala
pFF
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 370)
H-
Arg
Lys
Val
Ala
mCIF
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 371)
H-
Arg
Lys
Val
Gly
Phe
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 372)
H-
Arg
Lys
Val
Gly
pFF
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 373)
H-
Arg
Lys
Val
Gly
mClF
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 374)
H-
Arg
Arg
Leu
Ile
pFF
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 375)
H-
Cit
Cit
Leu
Ile
pFF
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 376)
H-
Arg
Arg
Leu
Ile
Phe
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 377)
More preferably still, the invention relates to peptides of formula V which are selected from the following:
H-
Arg
Arg
Leu
Asn
Phe
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 294)
H-
Arg
Arg
Leu
Asn
pFF
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 295)
H-
Arg
Arg
Leu
Asn
mClF
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 296)
H-
Arg
Arg
Leu
Ala
pFF
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 298)
H-
Arg
Arg
Leu
Ala
mClF
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 299)
H-
Arg
Arg
Leu
Gly
pFF
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 301)
H-
Arg
Arg
Leu
Gly
mClF
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 302)
H-
Arg
Arg
Ile
Asn
pFF
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 304)
H-
Arg
Arg
Ile
Asn
mClF
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 305)
H-
Arg
Arg
Ile
Ala
pFF
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 307)
H-
Arg
Arg
Ile
Ala
mClF
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 308)
H-
Arg
Lys
Leu
Asn
mClF
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 350)
H-
Arg
Lys
Leu
Ala
pFF
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 352)
H-
Arg
Lys
Leu
Ala
mClF
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 353)
H-
Arg
Lys
Leu
Gly
pFF
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 355)
H-
Arg
Lys
Ile
Asn
pFF
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 358)
H-
Arg
Arg
Leu
Ile
pFF
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 375)
In one especially preferred embodiment, the peptides of formula V are selected from the following:
H-
Arg
Arg
Leu
Asn
Phe
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 294)
H-
Arg
Arg
Leu
Asn
pFF
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 295)
H-
Arg
Arg
Leu
Asn
mClF
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 296)
H-
Arg
Arg
Leu
Ala
pFF
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 298)
H-
Arg
Arg
Ile
Asn
pFF
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 304)
H-
Arg
Arg
Ile
Ala
pFF
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 307)
H-
Arg
Lys
Leu
Ala
pFF
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 352)
H-
Arg
Arg
Leu
Asn
pFF
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 295)
H-
Arg
Arg
Ile
Asn
pFF
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 304)
H-
Arg
Arg
Leu
Ile
pFF
NH2
(SEQ ID No. 375)
The present invention further encompasses the above described peptides of the first, second and third aspects, their use in the inhibition of CDK2, their use in the treatment of proliferative disorders such as cancers and leukaemias where inhibition of CDK2 would be beneficial and their use in the preparation of medicaments for such use. Such preparation including their use in assays for further candidate compound as described herein. The embodiments described as being preferred in the context of the peptides of the invention apply equally to their use.
Assays
A further embodiment of the present invention relates to assays for candidate substances that are capable of modifying the cyclin interaction with CDK's, especially CDK2 and CDK4. Such assays are based upon the observation that the peptides of the invention, despite not including the generally considered “cyclin binding motif” as discussed in Example 9, have been shown to bind to cyclin. Furthermore, it has been shown that the peptides of the second and further aspects of the invention competitively inhibit the binding of a peptide of the first aspect of the invention. Thus, such assays may involve incubating a candidate substance with a cyclin and a peptide of the invention and detecting either the candidate-cyclin complex or free (unbound) peptide of the invention. An example of the latter would involve the peptide of the invention being labeled such as to emit a signal when bound to a CDK. The reduction in said signal being indicative of the candidate substance binding to, or inhibiting peptide-cyclin interaction.
Suitable candidate substances include peptides, especially of from about 5 to 30 or 10 to 25 amino acids in size, based on the sequence of the various domains of p21, or variants of such peptides in which one or more residues have been substituted. Peptides from panels of peptides comprising random sequences or sequences which have been varied consistently to provide a maximally diverse panel of peptides may be used.
Suitable candidate substances also include antibody products (for example, monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies, single chain antibodies, chimeric antibodies and CDR-grafted antibodies) which are specific for p21 or cyclin binding regions thereof. Furthermore, combinatorial libraries, single-compound collections of synthetic or natural organic molecules, peptide and peptide mimetics, defined chemical entities, oligonucleotides, and natural product libraries may be screened for activity as modulators of cyclin/CDK/regulatory protein complex interactions in assays such as those described below. The candidate substances may be used in an initial screen in batches of, for example, 10 substances per reaction, and the substances of those batches which show inhibition tested individually. Candidate substances which show activity in in vitro screens such as those described below can then be tested in whole cell systems, such as mammalian cells.
Thus the present invention further relates to an assay for the identification of compounds that interact with cyclin A, cyclin E or cyclin D (hereinafter “a cyclin”) or these cyclins when complexed with the physiologically relevant CDK, comprising;
The assays of the present invention (discussed hereinafter with reference to cyclin A) encompass screening for candidate compounds that bind a cyclin “recruitment center” or “cyclin groove” discussed above in respect of the prior art but herein defined in greater detail with reference to the amino acid sequence of preferably human cyclin A or of partially homologous and functionally equivalent mammmalian cyclins. The substrate recruitment site from previously described cyclin A/peptide complexes consists mainly of residues of the α1 (particularly residues 207-225) and α3 (particularly residues 250-269) helices, which form a shallow groove on the surface, comprised predominantly of hydrophobic residues. This is discussed in greater detail in Russo A A et al. (Nature (1996) 382, 325-331) with respect to p27/cyclin A. From the X-ray structure assigned to the p27/cyclin A/CDK2 provided therein it is possible to conclude that the sequence SACRNLFG (SEQ ID No. 178) of p27 that interacts with cyclin A does so through the following interaction residues of cyclin A:
p27 residue
Cyclin A residues
S
E220, E224
A
W217, E220, V221, E224, I281
C
Y280, I281, D283
R
D216, W217, E220, Q254
N
Q254, T285, Y286
L
I213, L214, W217, Q254
F
M210, I213, R250, G251, K252, L253, Q254
G
T285
These residues are largely conserved in the A, B, E and D1 cyclins.
Through analysis of the interaction of the p21 peptides of the present invention with cyclin A, further distinct amino acid residues of cyclin A have been identified as being important in the interaction between cyclin A and p21, especially with respect to the inhibitory activity the peptides of the present invention display against CDK2.
The cyclin A amino acids believed to be important for interaction with the p21 derived peptides of the present invention include:
Cyclin A residues
Major
Intermediate
Minor
p21 residue
Interaction
Interaction
Interaction
H
E223, E224
W217, V219, V221
G222, Y225, I281
S408, E411
A
Y225
E223
K
D284
E220, V279
R
I213
A212, V215, L218
Q406, S408
R
D283
I213, L214
M210, L253
L
L253
G257
L218, I239, V256
I
R250, Q254
F
I206, R211
T207, L214
M200
The present invention therefore includes assays for candidate compounds that interact with cyclin A by virtue of forming associations with at least two of the amino acid residues L253, I206 and R211 of cyclin A or the corresponding homologous amino acids of cyclin D or cyclin E.
In a further preferred assay, the candidate compound may form associations with at least E223, E224, D284, D283, L253, I206 and R211 of cyclin A or the corresponding homologous amino acids of cyclin D or cyclin E.
In a preferred assay, the candidate compound may form further associations with W217, V219, V221, S408, E411, Y225, I213, L214, G257, R250, Q254, T207 and L214 of cyclin A or the corresponding homologous amino acids of cyclin D or cyclin E.
In a more preferred assay, the candidate compound may form further associations with G222, Y225, I281, E223, E220, V279, A212, V215, L218, Q406, S408, M210, L253, L218, I239, V256 and M200 of cyclin A or the corresponding homologous amino acids of cyclin D or cyclin E.
As used in this context the phrase “forming associations” is used to include any form of interaction a binding peptide may make with a peptide ligand. These include electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonds, or hydrophobic/lipophilic interactions through Van der Waals's forces or aromatic stacking, etc.
Also, as used herein in the context of assays of the present invention, the term “cyclin” is used to refer to cyclin A, cyclin D or cyclin E, or regions thereof that incorporate the “cyclin groove” as hereinbefore described. Thus, an assay may be performed in accordance with the present invention if it utilises the a full length cyclin protein or a region sufficient to allow the cyclin groove to exist, for example amino acids 173-432 or 199-306 of human cyclin A.
Thus, by utilising the peptides of the present invention especially those of the preferred embodiments in competitive binding assays with candidate compounds, further compounds that interact at this site may be identified and assigned utility in the control of the cell cycle by virtue of controlling, preferably inhibiting CDK2 and/or CDK4 activity. Such assays may be performed in vitro or virtually i.e. by using a three dimensional model or preferably, a computer generated model of a complex of a peptide of the present invention and cyclin A. Using such a model, candidate compounds may be designed based upon the specific interactions between the peptides of the present invention and cyclin A, the relevant bond angles and orientation between those components of the peptides of the present invention that interact both directly and indirectly with the cyclin groove. By way of example,
In an embodiment, the cyclin groove includes about residues 173-432 of human cyclin A. In another embodiment, the cyclin groove includes about residues 199-306 of human cyclin A. In a preferred embodiment, the cyclin groove includes about residues 207-225 and about residues 250-269 and about residues 274-282 of human cyclin A. In another embodiment, the cyclin groove includes one or more of: about residues 207-225; about residues 250-269; and about residues 274-282 of human cyclin A. In another embodiment, the cyclin groove includes two or more of: about residues 207-225; about residues 250-269; and about residues 274-282 of human cyclin A
As used herein the term “three dimensional model” includes both crystal structures as determined by X-ray diffraction analysis, solution structures determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy as well as computer generated models. Such computer generated models may be created on the basis of a physically determined structure of a peptide of the present invention bound to cyclin A or on the basis of the known crystal structure of cyclin A, modified (by the constraints provided by the software) to accommodate a peptide of formula I. Suitable software suitable of the generation of such computer generated three dimensional models include AFFINITY, CATALYST and LUDI (Molecular Simulations, Inc.).
Such three dimensional models may be used in a program of rational drug design to generate further candidate compounds that will bind to cyclin A. As used herein the term “rational drug design” is used to signify the process wherein structural information about a ligand-receptor interaction is used to design and propose modified ligand candidate compounds possessing improved fit with the receptor site in terms of geometry and chemical complementarity and hence improved biological and pharmaceutical properties, such properties including, e.g., increased receptor affinity (potency) and simplified chemical structure. Such candidate compounds may be further compounds or synthetic organic molecules. The preferred peptides for use in these aspects of the invention are identical to those designated as preferred with respect to the first and second aspects of the invention, most especially those of the formula HX2KRRLX5F (SEQ ID No.470) and of those particularly the peptide HAKRRLIF (SEQ ID No. 42). In a preferred embodiment, rational drug design is focused upon the four C-terminal amino acids RLX5F (SEQ ID No. 184) or RLFX5 (SEQ ID No. 185) or variants thereof as discussed above with respect to SEQ ID No. 3.
Using techniques known in the art, crystal or solution structures of cyclin A bound to a peptide of the present invention may be generated, these too may be used in a programme of rational drug design as discussed above.
Crystals of the p21 derived peptides of the present invention complexed with cyclin A can be grown by a number of techniques including batch crystallization, vapor diffusion (either by sitting drop or hanging drop) and by microdialysis. Seeding of the crystals in some instances is required to obtain X-ray quality crystals. Standard micro and/or macro seeding of crystals may therefore be used.
Once a crystal of the present invention is grown, X-ray diffraction data can be collected. Crystals can be characterized by using X-rays produced in a conventional source (such as a sealed tube or a rotating anode) or using a synchrotron source. Methods of characterization include, but are not limited to, precision photography, oscillation photography, diffractometer data collection, and Se-Met multiwavelength anamalous dispersion data.
Once the three-dimensional structure of a protein-ligand complex formed between a p21 derived peptide of the present invention and cyclin A is determined, a candidate compound may be examined through the use of computer modeling using a docking program such as GRAM, DOCK or AUTODOCK [Dunbrack et al., 1997, Folding & Design 2:R27-42]. This procedure can include computer fitting of candidate compounds to the ligand binding site to ascertain how well the shape and the chemical structure of the candidate compound will complement the binding site. [Bugg et al., Scientific American, December:92-98 (1993); West et al; l TIPS, 16:67-74 (1995)]. Computer programs can also be employed to estimate the attraction, repulsion and steric hindrance of the two binding partners (i.e. the ligand-binding site and the candidate compound). Generally the tighter the fit, the lower the steric hindrances, and the greater the attractive forces, the more potent the potential drug since these properties are consistent with a tighter binding constant. Furthermore, the more specificity in the design of a potential drug the more likely that the drug will not interact as well with other proteins. This will minimize potential side-effects due to unwanted interactions with other proteins.
Initially candidate compounds can be selected for their structural similarity to a p21 derived peptide of the present invention such as HAKRRLIF (SEQ ID No. 42), the four C-terminal amino acids thereof RLX5F (SEQ ID No. 184) or RLFX5 (SEQ ID No. 185); or variants or a region thereof. The structural analog can then be systematically modified by computer modeling programs or by inspection until one or more promising candidate compounds are identified. A candidate compound could be obtained by initially screening a random peptide library produced by recombinant bacteriophage for example [Scott and Smith, Science, 249:386-390 (1990); Cwirla et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 87:6378-6382 (1990); Devlin et al., Science, 249:404-406 (1990)]. A peptide selected in this manner would then be systematically modified by computer modeling programs as described above, and then treated analogously to a structural analog as described below.
Once a candidate compound is identified it can be either selected from a library of chemicals as are commercially available or, alternatively, the candidate compound or antagonist may be synthesized de novo. As mentioned above, the de novo synthesis of one or even a relatively small group of specific compounds is reasonable in the art of drug design. The candidate compound can be placed into a standard binding assay with cyclin A together with a peptide of the present invention and its relative activity assessed.
In such an assay, cyclin A may be attached to a solid support. Methods for placing such a binding domain on the solid support are well known in the art and include such things as linking biotin to the ligand binding domain and linking avidin to the solid support. The solid support can be washed to remove unreacted species. A solution of a labeled candidate compound alone or together with a peptide of the present invention can be contacted with the solid support. The solid support is washed again to remove the candidate compound/peptide not bound to the support. The amount of labeled candidate compound remaining with the solid support and thereby bound to the ligand binding domain may be determined. Alternatively, or in addition, the dissociation constant between the labeled candidate compound and cyclin A can be determined. Alternatively, if a peptide of the present invention is used, it may be labeled and the decrease in bound labeled peptide used an indication of the relative activity of the candidate compound. Suitable labels are exemplified in our WO00/50896 (the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference) which describes suitable fluorescent labels for use in fluorescent polarisation assays for protein/protein and protein/non-protein binding reactions. Such assay techniques are of use in the assays and methods of the present invention.
When suitable candidate compounds are identified, a supplemental crystal may be grown comprising a protein-candidate complex formed between cyclin A and the potential drug. Preferably the crystal effectively diffracts X-rays for the determination of the atomic coordinates of the protein-candidate complex to a resolution of greater than 5.0 Angstroms, more preferably greater than 3.0 Angstroms, and even more preferably greater than 2.0 Angstroms. The three-dimensional structure of the supplemental crystal may be determined by Molecular Replacement Analysis. Molecular replacement involves using a known three-dimensional structure as a search model to determine the structure of a closely related molecule or protein-candidate complex in a new crystal form. The measured X-ray diffraction properties of the new crystal are compared with the search model structure to compute the position and orientation of the protein in the new crystal. Computer programs that can be used include: X-PLOR (Bruger X-PLOR v.3.1Manual, New Haven: Yale University (1993B)) and AMORE [J. Navaza, Acta Crystallographics ASO, 157-163 (1994)]. Once the position and orientation are known an electron density map can be calculated using the search model to provide X-ray phases. Thereafter, the electron density is inspected for structural differences and the search model is modified to conform to the new structure.
Candidates whose cyclin A binding capability has thus been verified biochemically can then form the basis for additional rounds of drug design through structure determination, model refinement, synthesis, and biochemical screening all as discussed above, until lead compounds of the desired potency and selectivity are identified. The candidate drug is then contacted with a cell that expresses cyclin A. A candidate drug is identified as a drug when it inhibits CDK2 and/or CDK4 in the cell. The cell can either by isolated from an animal, including a transformed cultured cell; or alternatively can be present in a living animal.
In such assays, and as alternative embodiments of the herein described assays, a functional end-point may be monitored as an indication of efficacy in preference to the detection of cyclin binding. Such end-points include: G0 and/or G1/S cell cycle arrest (using flow cytometry), cell cycle-related apoptosis (sub-G0 population by fluorescence-activated cell sorting, FACS; or TUNEL assay), suppression of E2F transcription factor activity (e.g. using a cellular E2F reporter gene assay), hypophosphorylation of cellular pRb (using Western blot analysis of cell lysates with relevant phospho-specific antibodies), or generally in vitro anti-proliferative effects.
Thus, a further related aspect of the present invention relates to a three dimensional model of a peptide of the formula X1X2X3RX4LX5F (SEQ ID No. 464) or preferably HX2KRRLX5F (SEQ ID No. 470): or variants thereof as defined above and cyclin A.
The invention further includes a method of using a three-dimensional model of cyclin A and a peptide of the present invention in a drug screening assay comprising;
In a preferred embodiment the standard p21 derived peptide has the general formula HX2KRRLX5F (SEQ ID No. 470): as defined above. Preferably, the three dimensional model is a computer generated model.
The peptides of the invention and substances identified or identifiable by the assay methods of the invention may preferably be combined with various components to produce compositions of the invention. Preferably the compositions are combined with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent to produce a pharmaceutical composition (which may be for human or animal use). Suitable carriers and diluents include isotonic saline solutions, for example phosphate-buffered saline. The composition of the invention may be administered by direct injection. The composition may be formulated for parenteral, intramuscular, intravenous, subcutaneous, intraocular or transdermal administration. Typically, each protein may be administered at a dose of from 0.01 to 30 mg/kg body weight, preferably from 0.1 to 10 mg/kg, more preferably from 0.1 to 1 mg/kg body weight.
Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the peptides of the invention include the acid addition salts (formed with free amino groups of the peptide) and which are formed with inorganic acids such as, for example, hydrochloric or phosphoric acids, or such organic acids such as acetic, oxalic, tartaric and maleic. Salts formed with the free carboxyl groups may also be derived from inorganic bases such as, for example, sodium, potassium, ammonium, calcium, or ferric hydroxides, and such organic bases as isopropylamine, trimethylamine, 2-ethylamino ethanol, histidine and procaine.
Additional formulations which are suitable for other modes of administration include suppositories and, in some cases, oral formulations. For suppositories, traditional binders and carriers may include, for example, polyalkylene glycols or triglycerides; such suppositories may be formed from mixtures containing the active ingredient in the range of 0.5% to 10%, preferably 1% to 2%. Oral formulations include such normally employed excipients as, for example, pharmaceutical grades of mannitol, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharine, cellulose, magnesium carbonate, and the like. These compositions take the form of solutions, suspensions, tablets, pills, capsules, sustained release formulations or powders and contain 10% to 95% of active ingredient, preferably 25% to 70%. Where the vaccine composition is lyophilised, the lyophilised material may be reconstituted prior to administration, e.g. as a suspension. Reconstitution is preferably effected in buffer
Capsules, tablets and pills for oral administration to a patient may be provided with an enteric coating comprising, for example, Eudragit “S”, Eudragit “L”, cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate phthalate or hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose.
The nomenclature for amino acid and peptide derivatives conforms with IUPAC-IUB rules (J. Peptide Sci. 1999, 5, 465-471). D-amino acids are indicated by lower-case abbreviations, e.g. Ala for L-alanine, ala for D-alanine. Non-standard abbreviations for amino-acid residues are as follows:
Abu
2-Aminobutyric acid
##STR00001##
Aib
Aminoisobutyric acid
##STR00002##
Ahx
ε-Aminohexanoic acid
##STR00003##
hArg
Homoarginine
##STR00004##
Bug
t-Butylglycine
##STR00005##
oClPhe
o-Chlorophenylalanine
##STR00006##
mClPhe
m-Chlorophenylalanine
##STR00007##
pClPhe
p-Chlorophenylalanine
##STR00008##
Cha
Cyclohexylalanine
##STR00009##
DiClPhe
m,p-Dichlorophenylalanine
##STR00010##
Cit
Citrulline
##STR00011##
Dhp
Dehydrophenylalanine
##STR00012##
Dab
1,3-Diaminobutyric acid
##STR00013##
mFPhe
m-Fluorophenylalanine
##STR00014##
pFPhe
p-Fluorophenylalanine
##STR00015##
Hof
Homophenylalanine
##STR00016##
Hsealle
Homoserineallo-Isoleucine
##STR00017##
Inc
2-Indolecarboxylic acid
##STR00018##
pIPhe
p-Iodophenylalanine
##STR00019##
1Nap
1-Naphthylalanine
##STR00020##
2Nap
2-Naphthylalanine
##STR00021##
Nle
Norleucine
##STR00022##
Nva
Norvaline
##STR00023##
Pheol
Phenylalaninol
##STR00024##
Phg
Phenylglycine
##STR00025##
Psa
O-Acetylphenylserine
##STR00026##
Pse
Phenylserine
##STR00027##
Pya
3-Pyridylalanine
##STR00028##
Sar
Sarcosine
##STR00029##
Thi
2-Thienylalanine
##STR00030##
Tic
1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid
##STR00031##
Tyr(Me)
O-Methyltyrosine
##STR00032##
Other abbreviations used:
Boc
t-Butyloxycarbonyl
BSA
Bovine serum albumin
CDK
Cyclin-dependent kinase
DE MALDI-
Delayed extraction matrix-assisted
TOF MS
laser desorption ionisation
time-of-flight mass spectrometry
DMF
Dimethylformamide
ES-MS
Electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry
FAB-MS
Fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry
Fmoc
Fluoren-9-ylmethoxycarbonyl
Fmoc-ONSu
Fmoc N-hydroxysuccinimidyl ester
HBTU
2-(1H-Benzotriazole-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium
hexafluorophosphate
HOBt
1-Hydroxybenzotriazole
IC50
Concentration at which 50% inhibition is observed
Mtt
4-Methyltrityl
NMP
N-methylpyrrolidinone
Pbf
2,2,4,6,7-Pentamethyldihydrobenzofuran-5-sulfonyl
Pmc
2,2,5,7,8-Pentamethylchroman-6-sulfonyl
PyBOP
Benzotriazole-1-yl-oxy-tris-pyrrolidino-phosphonium
hexafluorophosphate
RP-HPLC
Reversed-phase high-performance
liquid chromatography
TBTU
2-(1H-Benzatriazole-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium
tetrafluoroborate
TFA
Trifluoroacetic acid
THF
Tetrahydrofuran
TLC
Thin layer chromatography
Trt
Trityl
Experimental Procedures
Unless otherwise indicated, the peptides in the examples below were assembled using a Multipin Peptide Synthesis Kit (Chiron Technologies, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Valerio, R. M.; Bray, A. M.; Maeji, N. J. Intl. J. Peptide Protein Res. 1994, 44, 158-165 & Valerio et al., 1993) or an automated peptide synthesiser (ABI 433A). In either case, the solid-phase linker was 4-(2′,4-dimethoxyphenyl-Fmoc-aminomethyl)phenoxyacetamido (Rink amide linker; Rink, H. Tetrahedron Lett. 1987, 28, 3787-3790 & Fields et al. 1990). Standard solid-phase chemistry based on the Fmoc protecting group (Atherton, E.; Sheppard, R. C. Solid phase peptide synthesis: a practical approach; IRL Press at Oxford University Press: Oxford, 1989) was employed using PyBOP- HBTU- or TBTU-mediated acylation chemistry in the presence of HOBt and Pr2iNEt, in either NMP or DMF. Repetitive Fmoc-deprotection was achieved with piperidine. The following amino acid side-chain protecting groups were used: Asp(OBut), Glu(OBut), His(Trt), Lys(Boc), Arg(Pmc), Hse(But), Ser(But), Dab(Boc), Asn(Trt), Gln(Trt), Trp(Boc). Peptides were side-chain deprotected and cleaved from the synthesis support using either of the following acidolysis mixtures: a) 2.5:2.5:95 (v/v/v) Pr3iSiH, H2O, CF3COOH, b) 0.75:0.5:0.5:0.25:10 (w/v/v/v/v) PhOH, PhSMe, H2O, HSCH2CH2SH, CF3COOH (King et al., 1990). Cleavage/deprotection was allowed to proceed for 2.5 h under N2, before evaporation in vacuo, precipitation from Et2O, and drying. All peptides were purified by preparative RP-HPLC or solid phase extraction (on octadecylsilane cartridges), isolated by lyophilisation, and were analyzed by analytical RP-HPLC and mass spectrometry (Dynamo DE MALDI-TOF spectrometer, ThermoBioAnalysis).
Peptide synthesis. Peptides were assembled using a Multipin Peptide Synthesis Kit (Chiron Technologies, Clayton, VIC, Australia) (Valerio et al., 1993). Standard solid-phase chemistry based on the Fmoc protecting group was employed (Fields et al., 1990). Peptides were side-chain deprotected and cleaved from the synthesis support using methods as described (King et al., 1990). All peptides were purified by preparative reversed-phase HPLC or solid phase extraction, isolated by lyophilisation, and were analyzed by analytical HPLC and mass spectrometry (Dynamo DE MALDI-TOF spectrometer, ThermoBioAnalysis).
PKCα-6×His (6×His tag disclosed as SEQ ID NO: 462), CDK4-6×His (6×His tag disclosed as SEQ ID NO: 462), CDK2-6×His/Cyclin E-6×His (6×His tags disclosed as SEQ ID NO: 462), CDK1-6×His/Cyclin B-6×His (6×His tags disclosed as SEQ ID NO: 462) -His-tagged CDK2/Cyclin E and CDK1/Cyclin B were co-expressed and PKCα, and CDK4 were singularly expressed in Sf 9 insect cells infected with the appropriate baculovirus constructs. The cells were harvested two days after infection by low speed centrifugation and the proteins were purified from the insect cell pellets by Metal-chelate chromatography. Briefly, the insect cell pellet was lysed in Buffer A (10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 150 mM NaCl, 0.02% NP40 and 5 mM β-marcaptoethanol, 1 mM NaF. 1 mM Na3VO4 and Protease Inhibitors Cocktail (Sigma) containing AEBSF, pepstatin A, E 64, bestatin, leupeptin) by sonication. The soluble fraction was cleared by centrifugation and loaded onto Ni-NTA-Agarose (Quiagen). Non bound proteins were washed off with 300 mM NaCl, 5-15 mM Imidazole in Buffer A and the bound proteins were eluted with 250 mM Imidazole in Buffer A. The purified proteins were extensively dialyzed against Storage buffer (20 mM HEPES pH 7.4, 50 mM NaCl, 2 mM DTT, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM EGTA, 0.02% NP40, 10% v/v Glycerol) aliquoted and stored at −70° C.
PKC-α-6×His (6×His tag disclosed as SEQ ID NO: 462) was purified the same way but using different buffers-50 mM NaH2PO4, pH 8.0 and 0.05% Triton X-100 instead of Tris and NP40 respectively.
Cyclin D1 and p21 were expressed in E coli BL21 (DE3) using PET expression vectors. BL21 (DE3) was grown at 37° C. with shaking (200 rpm) to mid-log phase (OD600 nm=0.6). Expression was induced by the addition of IPTG at a final concentration of 1 mM, and the culture was incubated for a further 3 h. The bacteria were than harvested by centrifugation, and the cell pellet was resuspended in 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 10% sucrose. Both proteins were purified from inclusion bodes. Briefly, the bacterial cells were lysed by treatment with lysosyme and sonication. The insoluble fraction was pelleted by centrifugation. The inclusion bodies were purified by repetitive washing of the insoluble fraction with 50 mM Tris-Hcl pH 8.0, 2 mM EDTA, 100 mM NaCl and 0.5% Triton X-100. Purified inclusion bodies were solubilized with the same buffer, containing 6M urea. The proteins were refolded by slow dilution with 25 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 100 mM NaCl, 2 mM DTT, 1 mM EDTA, 0.2% NP40. After concentration by ultrafiltration (Amicon concentration unit) the purified proteins were aliquoted and stored at −70° C.
GST-Rb—An E coli expression construct containing the hyperphosphorylation domain of pRb (amino acids 773-924) was purified on a Glutathione-Sepharose column according to the manufacturers instructions (Pharmacia). For the 96-well format “in vitro” kinase assay GST-Rb was used immobilized on Glutathione-Sepharose beads.
CDK4/Cyclin D1, CDK2/Cyclin E, CDIK1/Cyclin B Kinase Assays
Phosphorylation of GST-Rb
GST-Rb phosphorylation, induced by CDK4/Cyclin D1, CDK2/Cyclin E or CDK1/Cyclin B was determined by incorporation of radio-labeled phosphate in GST-Rb(772-928) using radiolabelled ATP in 96-well format in vitro kinase assay. The phosphorylation reaction mixture (total volume 40 μl) consisted of 50 mM HEPES pH 7.4, 20 mM MgCl2, 5 mM EGTA, 2 mM DTT, 20 mM β-glycerophosphate, 2 mM NaF, 1 nM Na3VO4, Protease Inhibitors Cocktail (Sigma, see above), BSA 0.5 mg/ml, 1 μg purified enzyme complex, 10 μl of GST-Rb-Sepharose beads, 100 μM ATP, 0.2 μCi 32P-ATP. The reaction was carried out for 30 min at 30° C. at constant shaking. At the end of this period 100 μl of 50 mM HEPES, pH 7.4 and 1 mM ATP were added to each well and the total volume was transferred onto GFC filtered plate. The plate was washed 5 times with 200 μl of 50 mM HEPES, pH 7.4 and 1 mM ATP. To each well were added 50 μl scintillant liquid and the radioactivity of the samples was measured on Scintilation counter (Topcount, HP). The IC50 values of different peptides were calculated using GraFit software.
Phosphorylation of Histone
Histone 1 phosphorylation induced by CDK2/Cyclin E and CDK1/Cyclin B was measured using similar method. The concentration of Histone 1 in the kinase reaction was 1 mg/ml (unless different stated). The kinase reaction was stopped by 75 mM Phosphoric acid (100 μl per well) and the reaction mixture was transferred onto P81 plates. The plates were washed 3 times with 200 μl 75 mM orthophosphoric acid.
Protein Kinase C (PKC)α Assay
PKCα kinase activity was measured by the incorporation of radio-labeled phosphate in Histone 3. The reaction mixture (total volume 65 μl) consist of 50 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM Calcium acetate, 3 mM DTT, 0.03 mg/ml Phosphatidylserine, 2.4 μg/ml PMA, 0.04% NP40, 12 mM Mg/Cl, purified PKCα-100 ng, Histone 3, 0.2 mg/ml, 100 μM ATP, 0.2 μCi [γ-32P]-ATP. The reaction was carried over 15 min at 37° C. in microplate shaker and was stopped by adding 10 μl 75 mM orthophosphoric acid and placing the plate on ice. 50 μl of the reaction mixture was transferred onto P81 filterplate and after washing off the free radioactive phosphate (3 times with 200 μl 75 mM orthophosphoric acid per well) 50 μl of scintillation liquid (Microscint 40) were added to each well and the radioactivity was measured on Scintillation counter (Topcount, HP).
ERK-2 (MAP Kinase) Assay
ERK-2 kinase activity was measured by the incorporation of radio-labeled phosphate into Myelin Basic Protein (MBP), catalyzed by purified mouse ERK2 (Upstate Biotechnologies). The reaction mixture (total volume 50 μl) consisted of 20 mM MOPS, pH 7.0, 25 mM β-glycerophosphate, 5 mM EGTA, 1 mM DTT, 1 mM Na3VO4, 10 mM MgCl, 100 μM ATP, 0.2 μCi [γ-32P]-ATP.
CDK2/Cyclin A
CDK2/cyclin A kinase assays were performed in 96-well plates using recombinant CDK2/cyclin A. Assay buffer consisted of 25 mM β-glycerophosphate, 20 mM MOPS, 5 mM EGTA, 1 mM DTT, 1 mM NaVO3, pH 7.4, into which was added 2-4 μg of CDK2/cyclin A with substrate pRb(773-928). The reaction was initiated by addition of Mg/ATP mix (15 mM MgCl2, 100 μM ATP with 30-50 kBq per well of [γ-32P]-ATP) and mixtures incubated for 10-30 min, as required, at 30° C. Reactions were stopped on ice, followed by filtration through p81 filterplates (Whatman Polyfiltronics, Kent, UK). After washing 3 times with 75 mM orthophosphoric acid, plates were dried, scintillant added and incorporated radioactivity measured in a scintillation counter (TopCount, Packard Instruments, Pangbourne, Berks, UK).
Competitive Cyclin D1/Cyclin A Binding Assay (ELISA).
Biotinylated p21 (149-159)-DFYHSKRRLIF (SEQ ID No. 1) was immobilized on Streptavidin coated 96-well plates (PIERCE). Different amounts of a competitor peptide were mixed with Cyclin D1/Cyclin A and than loaded onto the plate with immobilized biotinylated p21 (149-159). The amount of bound Cyclin D1/Cyclin A was immunodetected and quantified by Turbo-ELISA reagent (PIERCE). The IC 50 values (a concentration of the competitor peptide which inhibits 50% of Biotin-p21 (149-159)-Cyclin D1/Cyclin A binding) were calculated using GraFit software.
Cyclin A Binding Assay
Streptavidin-coated plates (Reacti-Bind™, Pierce) were washed three times with TBS/BSA buffer (25 mM Tris•HCl, 150 mM NaCl pH 7.5, 0.05% Tween-20, 0.1% BSA; 200 μL) for 2 min each. A 10 mM stock solution of biotinyl-Ahx-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile-Phe-NH2 (SEQ ID No. 186) was diluted to 0.5 μM with TBS/BSA buffer. This was added to each well (100 μL). The plate was incubated for 1 h at room temperature with constant shaking. The plate was washed once quickly with TBS/BSA buffer (200 μL), followed by three more washes with TBS/BSA buffer (200 μL) for 5 min each. Serial dilutions of test peptides were prepared in a new plate (50 μL in each well). Cyclin A was diluted to 5 μg/50 μL with TBS/BSA buffer and this was then added to each well (50 μL). The solutions were mixed thoroughly with a pipette (5-6 times), before being incubated for 30 min at room temperature. This reaction mixture was then transferred to the biotinylated peptide:streptavidin-coated plate and incubated for 1 h at room temperature with constant shaking. The plate was washed once quickly with TBS/BSA buffer (200 μL), followed by three more washes with TBS/BSA buffer (200 μL) for 5 min each. The cyclin A antibody (Santa Cruz polyclonal) solution was diluted 1:200 with TBS/BSA buffer and this was then added to each well of the plate (100 μL. The plate was incubated for 1 h at room temperature with constant shaking. The plate was washed once quickly with TBS/BSA buffer (200 μl), followed by three more washes with TBS/BSA buffer (200 μL) for 5 min each. The anti-rabbit secondary antibody (goat anti-rabbit IgG peroxidase conjugate) was diluted 1:10,000 with TBS/BSA and this was then added to each well of the plate (100 μL). The plate was incubated for 1 h at room temperature with constant shaking. The plate was washed once quickly with TBS/BSA buffer (200 μL), followed by three more washes with TBS/BSA buffer (200 μL) for 5 min each. To each well was added the TMB-ELISA reagent (Pierce 1-Step™ Turbo TMB-ELISA; 100 μL) and the plate incubated for 1 min with constant shaking. The reaction was then quenched by the addition of 2 M aqueous H2SO4 (100 μL, each well). The UV absorbance of the each solution was measured spectrophotometrically at 450 nm. IC50 values were calculated from dose-response curves.
The structure co-ordinates of the ternary complex of CDK2/cyclin A/p27KIP1 were obtained from the RCSB (accession code 1JSU) and used as the starting point for generating a bound complex of H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile-Phe-NH2 (SEQ ID No. 36). The peptide was modelled by replacing the residues of the corresponding p27 peptide and manipulating the torsion angles of the Leu-Ile-Phe hydrophobic motif to approximate the bound positioning of the Leu and Phe residues. This structure was then docked into the cyclin groove using the Affinity program (Molecular Simulations, San Diego, Calif.). This molecular docking routine, which incorporates a full molecular mechanics approach, allows for flexibility both in the ligand and in the side chains and backbone of the receptor. For these calculations the side chains and non-α carbons of the cyclin groove were allowed to sample a range of conformational space during optimisation of the peptide/protein complex. The calculation was performed using the CVFF force field, in a two-step process using an implicitly derived solvation model and geometric hydrogen bond restraints. For the initial phase of the calculation, the peptide was minimised into the groove using a simple non-bonded method where the Coulombic and Van der Waals terms are scaled to zero and 0.1, respectively. The subsequent refinement phase involved conformational sampling using molecular dynamics calculated over 5 ps in 100 fs stages, where the temperature is scaled from 500 K to 300 K. The calculation was completed by a final minimisation over 1,000 steps using the Polak-Ribiere Conjugate Gradient method.
Previous studies have shown that a 20-residue peptide, derived from the C-terminus of p21WAF1 (residues 141-160) binds to CDK4 and cyclin D1 and is able to inhibit in vitro kinase activity of the CDK4/cyclin D1 complex (Ball, K. L.; Lain, S.; Fåhraeus, R.; Smythe, C.; Lane, D. P. Curr Biol. 1996, 7, 71-80). In order to define the pharmacophore region of the p21WAF1 C-terminus, 12mer overlapping peptides covering the region of p21(145-164) were synthesized. The in vitro effect of these peptides on CDK4/cyclin D1 and CDK2/cyclin E kinase activity in terms of inhibition of phosphorylation of GST-pRb was investigated.
A shorter sequence being a 12 amino acid peptide DFYHSKRRLIFS-p21 (149-160) (SEQ ID No. 13) was found to have very similar activity as the original 20-mer peptide of Ball et al. with respect to in vitro inhibitory activity in vitro CDK4-Cyclin D1 kinase.
A detailed SAR analysis of p21 (149-160) was done in 96-well format CDK4-Cyclin D1 kinase assay using different peptide derivatives—truncations and alanine substitutions. In order to determine the relative importance of each position of the 12 amino acid peptide which contained the binding domain, p21(149-160) derivatives were synthesized in which each residue was sequentially substituted with Ala. The effect of the peptide mutations on their kinase inhibitory activity was then tested. Ala substitution of Phe150, Tyr151, His152, Ile158, and Ser160 did not change significantly the CDK2/cyclin E inhibitory activity of p21(149-160). Substitution of Ser153 with Ala increased 100-fold the inhibitory potency of p21(149-160) towards CDK2/cyclin E. The results are shown in Table 1.
SAR of p21 (149-160) in CDK2/Cyclin E Kinase Assay.
P21 (141-160) peptide was shown to inhibit CDK2-Cyclin E induced phosphorylation of GST-Rb (Ball et al., 1995) at concentration 40 times its IC50 of CDK4/cyclin D1. The results herein show that a truncated form—p21 (149-160) and variants thereof, retain very good potency to inhibit the CDK2-Cyclin E induced phosphorylation of GST-Rb and in many cases the peptides were shown to be preferentially inhibitory of CDK2 as opposed to CDK4. Detailed SAR of p21 (149-160) were determined in CDK2-Cyclin E in vitro kinase assay. The data are shown in Table 1.
A comparison between the SAR of p21 (149-160) in CDK2-Cyclin E and CDK4-Cyclin D1 kinase assays shows a higher inhibitory activity towards CDK2-Cyclin E than to CDK4-Cyclin D1. Alanine mutation of Ser153 increases 100 fold the potency of the peptide to inhibit the CDK2-Cyclin E but has little effect on CDK4-Cyclin D1 induced phosphorylation of GST-Rb. For both inhibitory activities of p21 (149-160) the most important residues are Arg155, Leu 157 and Phe 159. The CDK4-Cyclin D1 inhibitory activity of p21 (149-160) tolerates less changes than the CDK2-Cyclin E one.
Using identical assays, the sequence p21(148-159) was shown to be active against both CDK2/cyclin E and CDK4/cyclin D1.
TABLE 1
Structure-activity relationships of p21 (145-164) peptides with
respect to Inhibition of cyclin E/CDK2 and cyclin D1/CDK4
P21waf1 Sequencea
Seq ID
MSb
145 150 155 160 165
No.
Formula
Mr
[M + H]
T S M T D F Y H S K R R L I F S K R K P
187
T S M T D F Y H S K R R
188
C65H102N22O19S
1527.71
1530.3
S M T D F Y H S K R R L
189
C67H106N22O18S
1539.76
1541.66
M T D F Y H S K R R L I
190
C70H112N22O17S
1565.84
1569.5
T D F Y H S K R R L I F
191
C74H112N22O17
1581.82
1583.9
D F Y H S K R R L I F S
192
C73H110N22017
1567.79
1569.7
F Y H S K R R L I F S K
193
C75H117N23O15
1580.88
1580.4
Y H S K R R L I F S K R
194
C72H120N26O15
1589.89
1592.0
H S K R R L I F S K R K
195
C69H123N27O14
1554.89
1556.9
S K R R L I F S K R K P
196
C68H123N25O14
1514.86
1518.7
A F Y H S K R R L I F S
197
C72H110N22O15
1523.78
1526.0
D A Y H S K R R L I F S
198
C67H106N22O17
1491.70
1494.8
D F A H S K R R L I F S
199
C67H106N22O16
1475.70
1482.2
D F Y A S K R R L I F S
200
C70H108N20O17
1501.73
1506.6
D F Y H A K R R L I F S
201
C73H110N22O16
1551.79
1554.2
D F Y H S A R R L I F S
202
C70H103N21O17
1510.7
1512.9
D F Y H S K A R L I F S
203
C70H103N19O17
1482.68
1485.7
D F Y H S K R A L I F S
204
C70H103N19O18
1483.68
1488.9
D F Y H S K R R A I F S
205
C70H104N22O17
1525.71
1529.0
D F Y H S K R R L A F S
206
C70H104N22O18
1526.71
1527.9
D F Y H S K R R L I A S
207
C67H106N22O17
1491.70
1495.0
D F Y H S K R R L I F A
208
C73H110N22O16
1551.79
1551.1
F Y H S K R R L I F S
209
C69H105N21O14
1452.71
1450.2
Y H S K R R L I F S
210
C60H96N20O13
1305.53
1304.0
H S K R R L I F S
211
C51H87N19O11
1142.36
1141.0
D F Y H S K R R L I F
212
C70H105N21O13
1480.72
1476.5
D F Y H S K R R L I
213
C61H96N20O14
1333.54
1331.2
D F Y H S K R R L
214
C55H85N19O13
1220.38
1219.6
D F Y H S K R R
215
C49H74N18O12
1107.23
1106.9
D F Y H S K R
216
C41H62N14O11
951.04
950.8
D F Y H S K
217
C17H30N10O10
794.85
794.4
F Y H S K R R L I F
218
C66H100N20O12
1365.63
1362.6
F Y H S K R R L I
219
C57H91N19O11
1218.45
1218.2
F Y H S K R R L
220
C51H80N18O10
1105.3
1104.5
F Y H S K R R
221
C45H69N18O10
992.14
994.3
F Y H S K R
222
C39H57N13O8
835.95
838.2
Y H S K R R L I F
223
C57H91N19O11
1218.45
1218.8
Y H S K R R L I
224
C48H82N18O10
1071.28
1072.4
Y H S K R R L
225
C42H71N17O9
958.12
960.4
Y H S K R R
226
C36H60N16O8
844.96
847.4
Y H S K R
227
C30H48N12O7
688.78
691.2
H S K R R L I F
228
C48H82N18O9
1055.28
1056.5
S K R R L I F
229
C42H75N15O8
918.14
919.3
K R R L I F
34
C39H70N14O6
831.06
823.2
H S K R R L I
230
C39H73N17O8
908.11
909.0
H S K R R L
231
C33H62N16O8
794.95
797.5
K R R L I F S K
232
C48H87N17O9
1046.31
1047.9
RP-HPLCc
Cyclin E/CDK2
Cyclin D1/CDK4
Seq ID
Tr
Purity
%
%
No.
(min)
(%)
IC30(μM)
Inhibition
IC30(μM)
Inhibition
188
11.0
55.7
—
35
—
30
189
11.5
73.5
—
40
—
18
190
12.2
93.5
—
35
—
11
191
13.3
76.9
2.2 ± 0.4
85
15 ± 3
72
192
12.8
92.7
4.5 ± 0.5
80
20 ± 2
70
193
12.0
89.4
26 ± 6.2
70
41 ± 10
70
194
11.2
90.3
17.6 ± 6.9
80
45 ± 10
60
195
10.7
20.0
8.7 ± 2.5
90
34 ± 6
80
196
10.7
87.9
46 ± 33
70
—
40
197
12.7
92.3
11 ± 2
70
22 ± 4
72
198
12.2
80.8
5.9 ± 0.4
85
37 ± 6
76
199
12.5
91.2
5.3 ± 0.6
80
121 ± 31
56
200
13.0
79.1
5.1 ± 0.5
80
73 ± 42
60
201
12.9
97.8
0.04 ± 0.005
80
10
52
202
13.8
91.6
12.9 ± 2.4
80
200
50
203
13.3
72.9
—
25
—
30
204
13.2
78.6
30 ± 8
70
—
30
205
12.1
94.5
—
30
—
30
206
12.0
94.8
14 ± 3
80
53 ± 20
61
207
11.3
89.6
—
20
—
35
208
13.1
93.0
5.4 ± 1.1
70
40
60
209
12.6
83.2
6.8 ± 1.0
80
22 ± 5
70
210
12.2
81.8
7.3 ± 0.8
80
20 ± 1
70
211
12.0
94.4
3.4 ± 0.2
80
32 ± 6
65
212
13.5
94.6
2 ± 0.2
75
13 ± 2
70
213
12.1
89.0
—
35
—
20
214
10.6
98.0
200
50
—
10
215
9.8
96.4
—
40
—
10
216
9.6
89.8
200
50
—
—
217
9.5
96.9
200
45
—
10
218
13.3
85.5
5.8 ± 1
80
19 ± 3
70
219
9.6
68.2
—
45
—
20
220
10.4
86.9
>200
48
—
20
221
9.2
83.6
>200
45
—
20
222
8.9
92.4
—
20
—
10
223
12.9
94.3
7 ± 2
80
16 ± 1
70
224
10.9
82.5
>200
45
—
15
225
9.2
95.8
>200
30
—
10
226
7.4
87.2
—
40
—
10
227
7.0
66.9
—
25
—
10
228
12.7
81.8
3.4 ± 1
80
21 ± 4
72
229
8.2
93.4
7.7 ± 0.5
80
54
72
34
7.4
99.1
1.1 ± 1.3
80
>200
72
230
10.6
86.7
—
35
—
10
231
8.7
89.9
>200
45
—
—
232
11.3
94.2
>200
60
—
20
aAll peptides were synthesised with free amino termini and as the C-terminal carboxamides
bDE MALDI-TOF MS, positive mode, α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid matrix, calibration using authentic peptides in the appropriate m/z range
cVydac218TP54, 1 mL/min, 25° C., 0-60% MeCN in 0.1% aq CF3 COOH over 20 min, purity by integration at λ = 214 nm
cStandard kinase assay procedures [ATP] = 100 μM
Effect of p21 (149-160) on CDK2-Cyclin E Induced Phosphorylation of Histone 1.
p21(149-160) was tested for inhibitory activity in a CDK2/cyclin E kinase assay with histone H1 as a substrate. The peptide was completely inactive as an inhibitor of CDK2/cyclin E-induced phosphorylation of histone H1 (
One possible mechanism for inhibitory action is competition of the peptide with the substrate for binding to the kinase complex. If this is so, the peptide inhibitory activity will depend on the substrate concentration. The IC50 of p21(149-160) in the presence of different concentrations of histone H1 was determined and p21(149-160) did not inhibit CDK2/cyclin E-induced phosphorylation of histone H1 at any of the substrate concentrations used. The most potent inhibitor of CDK2/cyclin E phosphorylation of GST-pRb (i.e. p21(149-160)Ser153Ala) was also tested for its ability to inhibit histone H1 phosphorylation induced by the same kinase complex (
Effect of p21 (149-160) and its Derivatives on CDK1-Cyclin B Kinase Activity.
p21(149-160) and its derivatives were tested for ability to inhibit CDK1/cyclin B kinase activity in phosphorylating histone H1 or GST-pRb (Table 2). p21(149-160) and its Ala mutant p21(149-160) Ser153Ala did not have any significant effect on the CDK1/cyclin B-induced phosphorylation of histone H1. None of the tested peptides were able to inhibit significantly the CDK1/cyclin B-induced phosphorylation of GST-pRb and only the highest peptide concentrations used (200 μM) had a marginal inhibitory effect on CDK1/cyclin B kinase activity. When tested in the “pull-down” assay, immobilised p21(149-160) was unable to precipitate cyclin B either as a monomer, or as a complex with CDK1. These data coincide with the very poor inhibitory activity of the original 20 mer p21(141-160) peptide (Ball, K. L.; Lain, S.; Fåhraeus, R.; Smythe, C.; Lane, D. P. Curr. Biol. 1996, 7, 71-80) and the full-length p21WAF1 protein towards CDK1/cyclin B complex (Harper, J. W.; Elledge, S. J.; Keyomarsi, K.; Dynlacht, B.; Tsai, L. H.; Zhang, P.; Dobrowolski, S.; Bai, C.; Connell-Crowley, L.; Swindell, E.; et al. Molec. Biol. Cell 1995, 6, 387-400) and show that p21(149-160) and its derivatives retain the selectivity of the full-length protein.
TABLE 2
Inhibition of CDK1-Cyclin B induced
phosphorylation of Histone 1 and
GST-Rb by p21 derived peptides.
Peptide
Sequence
IC50 [μM]
IC50 [μM]
P21 (149-160)
DFYHSKRRLIFS (SEQ ID No. 13)
>200
200
P21 (149-160)153A
DFYHAKRRLIFS (SEQ ID No. 19)
200
>200
P21 (149-159)
DFYHSKRRLIF (SEQ ID No. 1)
Not tested
>200
Effect of Purified P21WAF1 on CDK4-Cyclin D1 and CDK2-Cyclin E Kinase Activity
In order to evaluate the selectivity, specificity and potency of p21 (149-160) and its derivatives we compared their effect with the one of purified p21 on kinase activity of CDK2-Cyclin E and CDK4-Cyclin D1. The IC 50 values characterizing the inhibition of CDK4-Cyclin D1 and CDK2-Cyclin E induced phosphorylation of GST-Rb and CDK2-Cyclin E induced phosphorylation of Histone 1 by purified p21WAF1 are shown in Table 3. The IC 50 of the most active peptide—p21 (149-160) 153A for CDK2-Cyclin E induced phosphorylation of GST-Rb was 40 nM which is approximately 50 fold higher than the IC 50 value for p21WAF1. Purified p21 though, inhibited strongly the CDK2-Cyclin E induced phosphorylation of GST-Rb as well as Histone 1. The peptides derived from p21WAF1-p21 (149-160) and p21 (149-160)153A peptides specifically inhibit the GST-Rb phosphorylation, but do not inhibit the Histone 1 phosphorylation induced by CDK2-Cyclin E. This substrate specific effect of p21 (149-160) and its derivatives strongly suggest a mechanism of competitive binding of the peptide inhibitors and Rb to CDK2-Cyclin E or CDK4-Cyclin D1. The fact that p21 (149-160) and its derivatives did not inhibit significantly the CDK1-Cyclin B induced phosphorylation of GST-Rb excludes a possibility for direct binding of the peptide to the substrate (see Table 2).
TABLE 3
Inhibition of CDK4-Cyclin D1 and CDK2-Cyclin E
kinase activity by purified p21WAF1
Inhibition by
p21WAF1
Kinase complex
Substrate
IC50 [nM]
CDK4-Cyclin D1
GST-Rb(772-928)
6.5 ± 0.8
CDK2-Cyclin E
GST-Rb(772-928)
0.7 ± 0.2
CDK2-Cyclin E
Histone 1
1.8 ± 0.4
To investigate further the specificity of p21 (149-160) and its derivatives we investigated the effect of the strongest inhibitors of CDK2-Cyclin E and CDK4-Cyclin D1 complexes on PKC α and ERK2 kinase activity (Table 4). None of the tested peptides (at concentrations up to 100 μM) had any inhibitory effect on PKCα phosphorylation of Histone 3 or ERK2 phosphorylation of Myelin Basic Protein. These results demonstrate further the selectivity of the inhibitory effect of the peptides derived from p21 C-terminus.
TABLE 4
Effect of p21WAF1-derived peptides on PKCα and
ERK2 kinase activity (activities against CDK2/cyclin
E and CDK4/cyclin D1 included for comparison)
SEQ ID
IC50 (mM)
IC50 (mM)
IC50 (mM)
IC50 (mM)
Peptide
Sequencea
No.
CDK4-D1
CDK2-E
PKCa
ERK2
p21 (148-159)
TDFYHSKRRLIF
191
15
2.2
>100
>100
p21 (149-160)
DFYHSKRRLIFS
192
20
4.5
>100
>100
p21 (149-160)S153A
DFYHAKRRLIFS
201
10
0.04
>100
>100
p21 (149-159)
DFYHSKRRLIF
212
13
2
>100
>100
p21 (150-159)
FYHSKRRLIF
218
19
5.8
>100
>100
p21 (151-159)
YHSKRRLIF
223
16
7
>100
>100
p21 (152-159)
HSKRRLIF
228
21
3.4
>100
>100
aAll peptides were synthesized with free amino termini and the C-terminal carboxamides
A biotinylated version of p21(149-159) was used in “pull-down” experiments with the purified CDK sub-units, CDK2, CDK4, cyclin A, cyclin D1, and with the complexes of CDK2/cyclin A or CDK4/cyclin D1 kinases, in order to determine the binding partner of the peptide. The biotinylated peptide was pre-immobilised on streptavidin-agarose beads.
Adams et al., (1996) identified a motif—ZXRL (SEQ ID No. 233) which is present in many CDK2/Cyclin A (E) substrates—E2F family transcription factors and pRb family proteins; the same motif is present in p21 (N- and C-terminus), p27 and p57 kinase inhibitors (see
Our p21 (149-160) SAR data clearly show though that two amino acids outside of ZXRL (SEQ ID No. 233) motif are very important for the kinase inhibitory activity of p21 (C-terminus) derived peptide—A153 (which increases the potency approximately 100 fold) and F159 (which is vital for the kinase inhibition). To evaluate the importance of these flanking the ZXRL (SEQ ID NO: 233) motif regions we designed peptides, hybrids between p21 (152-159) and LDL motif (derived from E2F family transcription factors) or LFG motif (derived from p21 N-terminus, p27 and p57 kinase inhibitors), between p21 (16-23) and LIF motif (derived from p21 C-terminus) and between p21 (152-159)A153 and LFG motif. Their ability to inhibit CDK2/Cyclin E, CDK2/Cyclin A or CDK4/Cyclin D1 phosphorylation of pRb was compared with the one of the original peptides derived form p21-N and C-terminus, p27, E2F1 and p107 (Table 5).
The main results as presented in Table 5 below, are:
These results manifest the importance of Ala and LIF motif for the kinase inhibitory potency of the peptides.
Competitive Binding of Peptides, Containing Different Motifs (LIF, LFG, LDL) to Cyclin A or Cyclin D1.
The next important question was if these peptides share the same kinase inhibitory mechanism (bind to the same Cyclin docking site). To answer this question we developed a competitive binding assay where the influence of the 8-mers on Cyclin A (D1)-p21 (149-159) binding was studied (See Materials and Methods for more details).
The results from Cyclin D1 competitive binding assay are summarized on Table 6. For easy comparison, the data for CDK4/Cyclin D1 kinase inhibitory activity of the peptides are given in the same table.
TABLE 5
Kinase inhibitory activity of LDL, LIF and LFG containing peptides,
derived from E2F, p107, p21 N- and C-terminus and p27.
Competitive
Kinase Inhibition
bindingb
Cyclin
Cyclin
Cyclin
Cyclin
A/CDK2
E/CDK2
D1/CDK4
D1/CDK6
Cyclin
Cyclin
Seq
%
%
%
%
A
D1
ID
IC50
Inhi-
IC50
Inhi-
IC50
Inhi-
IC50
Inhi-
IC50
IC50
Peptide
Sequencea
No.
(μM)
bition
(μM)
bition
(μM)
bition
(μM)
bition
(μM)
(μM)
P21 C-terminus
HSKRRLIF
228
3.4
80
3.4
80
21
72
n/d
n/d
N/d
48
P21 C-terminus
HAKRRLIF
36
0.021
88
0.35
81
6
82
5.8
100
0.3
13
(S153A)
P21 C-terminius-LFG
HSKRRLFG
235
1.4
78
1.6
82
n/a
42
n/d
n/d
4.4
>200
hybrid
P21 C-terminus-LDL
HSKRRLDL
236
5.4
78
39
74
n/a
24
n/d
n/d
5.8
>200
hybrid
P21 C-terminus
HAKRRLFG
237
0.67
78
0.9
82
30
70
n/d
n/d
0.35
33
(S153A) LFG
E2F1
PVKRRLDL
238
1.2
80
2.1
74
99
58
n/d
n/d
1.2
>100
P27
SAURNLFG
41
6.1
80
2
82
n/a
46
n/d
n/d
3.8
>200
P107
SAKRRLFG
239
0.73
75
0.5
86
17
78
n/d
n/d
0.51
24
P21 N-terminus
KAURRLFG
240
0.54
80
0.074
86
42
66
n/d
n/d
0.75
134
P21 N-terminus-
KAURRLIF
234
0.062
70
1.2
78
13
83
n/d
n/d
0.3
20
LIF hybrid
aAll peptides were synthesised with free amino termini and as the C-terminal carboxamides
bUsing the immobilised p21 (149-159) peptide biotinyl-Ahx-Asp-Phe-Tyr-His-Ser-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile-Phe-NH (Seq. I.D. No. 241)
We have demonstrated a very good agreement between the CDK4/Cyclin D1 kinase inhibition and Cyclin D1 competitive binding capabilities of the tested peptides. The highest potency to inhibit CDK4/Cyclin D1 phosphorylation of pRb and to compete with Biotinylated p21-(149-159) for binding to Cyclin D1 has HAKRRLIF (SEQ ID NO. 42) peptide. These results suggest a mode of kinase inhibition via binding to the cyclin and coincide well with our previous results from ‘pull down’ experiments showing that the p21 (C-terminus) peptides bind to the Cyclins but not to the CDKs.
Thus, peptides containing the LDL motif (HSKRRLDL (SEQ ID NO. 236) and PVKRRLDL(SEQ ID NO. 238) were not able to inhibit CDK4/Cyclin D1 or to compete with Biotin-DFYHSKRRLIF (SEQ ID NO. 1) for binding to Cyclin D1. However, peptides, containing LFG motif and Ala on second position were able to inhibit CDK4/Cyclin D1 and to compete with Biotin-DFYHSKRRLIF (SEQ ID NO. 1) for binding to Cyclin D1. The only exception of this rule is p27 derived peptide —SAURNLFG (SEQ ID NO. 41), where one of the important Arg residues is replaced with Asn. These results suggest that LFG and LIF peptides bind to the same site of Cyclin D1.
The results for Cyclin A competitive binding and CDK2/Cyclin A kinase inhibition of the peptides, containing LIF, LFG and LDL motifs are also shown in Table 5. There is a very good correlation between the CDK2/Cyclin A inhibition and Cyclin A binding capabilities of the tested peptides. The most potent inhibitor and strongest binding competitor was HAKRRLIF (SEQ ID NO. 36) peptide.
Specificity and Selectivity of HAKRRLIF (SEQ ID NO. 42) Kinase Inhibitory Activity.
Similarly to p21 (149-160) its derivative p21 (152-159)S153A was not able to inhibit Histone phosphorylation by CDK2/Cyclin A(E) complexes (data not shown). HAKRRLIF (SEQ ID NO. 42) was not effective as an inhibitor in CDK1/Cyclin B in vitro kinase assay with Histone or Rb as substrates. HAKRRLIF (SEQ ID NO. 42) did not inhibit PKCα induced phosphorylation of Histones.
Thus, we have defined a 8-amino acid peptide derived for p21 (C-terminus) with a single point mutation—S153A which has significantly higher kinase inhibitory activity than the original sequence. HAKRRLIF (SEQ ID NO. 42) inhibited most strongly CDK2/Cyclin A phosphorylation of pRb—with IC 50 of 20 nM. The inhibitory activity of the peptide correlates with its ability to bind the cyclin sub-unit. HAKRRLIF (SEQ ID NO. 42) is very selective and specific kinase inhibitor—it inhibits specifically only the pRb phosphorylation activity of G1 CDK/Cyclins and does not inhibit the mitotic CDK/Cyclins—CDK1/Cyclin B (or A), or PKC α. HAKRRLIF (SEQ ID NO. 42) has much higher specificity and selectivity than the full length p21 protein, which inhibits the Histone phosphorylation of CDK2/Cyclin kinases complexes and has some activity toward CDK1/Cyclin B.
It has been shown (Adams, P. D.; Li, X.; Sellers, W. R.; Baker, K. B.; Leng, X.; Harper, J. W.; Taya, Y.; Kaelin, W. G. J. Molec. Cell Biol. 1999, 19, 1068-1080) that pRb contains a cyclin-binding motif in its C-terminus and that this motif is required for the protein's phosphorylation. To test if the mechanism of kinase inhibition of the p21(152-159)Ser153Ala peptide was indeed via competition with pRb for binding to the cyclin subunit, two synthetic pRb-derived peptides—pRb(866-880) and pRb(870-877), as well as the recombinant GST-pRb(772-928) used in the kinase assays (all containing the cyclin-binding motif) were compared with p21-derived peptides for binding to cyclin A. Table 6 shows that all three pRb-derived peptides were able to compete with the p21-derived peptides for binding to cyclin A, and vice versa. Interestingly, the longer synthetic peptide pRb(866-880) was less effective than its truncated version pRb(870-877). Probably the conformation of the latter peptide is more favourable for cyclin binding. This peptide contains a C-terminal Phe, which case was found considerably to enhance the kinase inhibitory and cyclin-binding activity in the case of the p21-derived peptides.
TABLE 6
Competitive cyclin A binding of p21- and pRb(866-880)/pRb(870-877)
peptides
Competitive Cyclin A
SEQ
RP-HPLCb
Binding IC50 (μM)
ID
MSa
tR
Purity
immobilised
immobilised
Compound
No.
Formula
Mr
[M + R]
(min)
(%)
pRb peptidec
P21 peptided
H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-
36
0.2
0.02
Leu-Ile-Phe-NH2
H-Asp Phe Tyr His Ala Lys
242
C70H105N23O14
1464.7
1466.0
15.8i
>95
0.1
n/d
Arg Arg Leu Ile Phe NH2
H-Ser-Asn-Pro-Pro-Lys-Pro-
243
C70H117N23O21
1781.1
1780.0
18.1ii
>95
35
48
Leu-Lys-Lys-Leu-Arg-Phe-
Asp-Ile-Glu-NH2
H-Lys-Pro-Leu-Lys-Lys-Lue-
244
C50H105N23O8
1028.3
1026.0
17.00iii
>95
0.6
24
Arg-Phe-NH2
GST-pRb(772-298)e
n/d
9
aDE MALDI-TOF MS, positive mode, α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid matric, calibration on authenic H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile-Phe-NH2 (SEQ ID No. 36)
bVaydac 218TP54, 1 mL/min, 25° C., λ = 214 nm; i0-40%, ii15-25%, iii10.5-20.5%, MeCN in 0.1% aq CF3CooH over 20 min
cCompetitive cyclin A binding assay using immobilized biotinyl Ahx-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg Leu Ile Phe-NH2 (SEQ ID No. 245)
dCompetitive cyclin A binding assay using immobilized biotinyl
eRecombinant protein
p21WAF1 contains two cyclin-binding sites, one each in its N- and C-terminus [(p21(19-23) and p21(154-159)], as well as a CDK2-binding site [p21(46-65)]. The cyclin A-binding affinities of full-length p21WAF1 and the peptide containing only the C-terminal cyclin-binding motif were compared in the presence and absence of CDK2. This showed (Table 7) that recombinant p21WAF1 had ca. 27-fold lower affinity than H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile-Phe-NH2 (SEQ ID NO. 36) for cyclin A alone. When cyclin A was pre-complexed with CDK2, on the other hand, the apparent binding affinity of p21WAF1 increased and was comparable to that of the octapeptide. The increased ability of p21WAF1 to compete with the octapeptide for binding to CDK2-complexed cyclin A is most probably due to the contribution of the CDK-binding motif present in the former. On the other hand, the presence of CDK2 slightly decreased the apparent binding affinity of H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile-Phe-NH2 (SEQ ID NO. 36) for cyclin A, which could be due to some conformational changes of the substrate recognition site on the cyclin sub-unit upon binding of CDK2.
TABLE 7
Competitive binding of p21WAF1 and H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile-Phe-
NH2 (SEQ ID NO: 36) to cyclin A in the presence and
absence of CDK2
SEQ
Comptetitve
ID
binding
Protein
Test Ligand in Solution
No.
IC50 (nM)a
Cyclin A
H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg Arg-Leu-Ile Phe-NH2
36
14
Cyclin A
human recombinant p21 WAF1
289
Cyclin A/CDK2 complex
H-His Ala Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile-Phe-NH2
36
28
Cyclin A/CDK2 complex
human recombinant p21 WAF1
11
aComptetive binding of cylin A or cyclin A/CDK2 complex using immobilized peptide biotinyl-Ahx-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile-Phe-NH2 (SEQ ID No. 186)
For the purposes of the following examples, the reference peptide of the invention has been taken as HAKRRLIF (SEQ ID NO. 42) i.e. a preferred peptide of the invention in accordance with the third aspect. As such, the relative activity is expressed against this peptide and all relative activities approaching (over about 0.7) or greater than unity indicate peptides that may be classified as preferred. The comments provided in these Examples are made with this comparator in mind. It should however be borne in mind that even a peptide having a relative activity of <0.1, remains within the scope of the present invention by virtue of still being active in the context of the invention, such variants are variants upon the first or second embodiments as described above.
Each residue in turn was substituted by its chiral antipode and the resulting peptide analogues were tested for both CDK2/cyclin A kinase inhibition and competitive cyclin A binding in the presence of immobilised p21(152-159)Ser153Ala peptide. It was found that inversion of configuration at the Cα atoms was only tolerated (in terms of retention of biological activity) at the peptide's termini. Thus His152 could be present as either the L- or D-amino acid without loss of potency. Some potency was lost for the corresponding change at position Ala153. Lys154-Ile158 could not be substituted by the corresponding D-amino acids without near-complete loss of activity. Some activity was retained when Phe159 was inverted. These results confirm the highly selective and specific binding mode of the lead peptide. The effects seen for the terminal residues probably reflect the fact that these residues are conformationally more flexible in solution than sequence-internal groups and can be brought into a productive binding mode upon binding.
SEQ
RP-HPLCb
Relative activity
ID
MSa
tR
Purity
Kinase
Cyclin A
Compound
No.
Formula
Mr
[M + H]
(min)
(%)
Inhibitionc
Bindingd
H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile-Phe-NH2
36
C48H82N21O8
1039.3
1
1
H-his-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile Phe-NH2
183
C48H82N21O8
1039.3
1039.1
15.4
96
1.7
0.9
H-His-ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile Phe-NH2
246
C48H82N21O8
1039.3
1042.5
15.3
98
0.3
0.6
H-His-Ala-lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile Phe-NH2
247
C48H82N21O8
1039.3
1042.9
15.6
100
<0.1
<0.1
H-His-Ala-Lys-arg-Arg-Leu-Ile Phe-NH2
248
C48H82N21O8
1039.3
1041.6
15.2
99
<0.1
<0.1
H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-arg-Leu-Ile Phe-NH2
249
C70H105N21O14
1039.3
1041.1
15.2
99
<0.1
<0.1
H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-leu-Ile Phe-NH2
82
C82H137N23O21
1039.3
1041.0
17.6
100
<0.1
<0.1
H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-ile Phe-NH2
250
C50H89N15O8
1039.3
1040.5
18.1
100
<0.1
<0.1
H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile phe-NH2
251
C48H82N21O8
1039.3
1039.7
17.1
100
0.1
0.2
aDE MALDI-TOF MS, =ve mode, α-cayno-4-hydroxycinnamic acid matric, calibration on authentic H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-IIe-Phe-NH2 (SEQ ID No. 36)
bVaydac 218TP54, 1 mL/min, 25° C.; 0-40%, MeCN in 0.1% aq TFA over 20 min, λ = 214 nm
cCDK2/cyclin A kinase assay, pRb substrate. [ATP] = 100 μM
dCompetitive cyclin A binding assay using immobilized biotinyl Ahx-His Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg Leu Ile Phe-NH2 (SEQ ID No. 186)
Residue Substitutions
This residue is comparatively insensitive to substitution. With the exception of Pya, all residue substitutions were either tolerated or even lead to enhanced binding and/or kinase inhibition potency. Furthermore, this residue can be truncated without significant loss in biological activity.
SEQ
RP-HPLCb
Relative activity
ID
MSa
tR
Purity
Kinase
Cyclin A
Compound
No.
Formula
Mr
[M + H]
(min)
(%)
Inhibitionc
Bindingd
H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile-Phe-NH2
36
1
1
H-Ala-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile Phe-NH2
47
C42H80N16O8
973.2
975.4
15.4
98
1.8
2.5
H-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile-Phe-NH2
48
C42H75N15O7
902.1
901.0
15.5
100
1
0.3
H-Pya-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile Phe-NH2
49
C42H80N15O7
1049.3
1050.6
15.4
98
<0.1
0.2
H-Thi-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile Phe-NH2
50
C49H82N16O8S
1055.3
1055.5
16.3
100
2
0.2
H-Hse-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile Phe-NH2
51
C46H82N16O9
1003.3
1002.9
15.7
82
2
2
H-Phe-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile Phe-NH2
52
C51H84N16O8
1049.3
1052.3
16.3
100
3
1
H-Dab-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile Phe-NH2
53
C46H83N17O8
1002.3
1004.7
15.5
100
5
0.4
aDE MALDI-TOF MS, =ve mode, α-cayno-4-hydroxycinnamic acid matric, calibration on authentic H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile-Phe-NH2 (SEQ ID No. 36)
bVaydac 218TP54, 1 mL/min, 25° C.; 0-40%, MeCN in 0.1% aq TFA over 20 min, λ = 214 nm
cCDK2/cyclin A kinase assay, pRb substrate, [ATP] = 100 μM
dCompetitive cyclin A binding assay using immobilized biotinyl Ahx-His Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg Leu Ile Phe-NH2 (SEQ ID No. 186)
This is the residue position where replacement of the native Ser with Ala resulted in a dramatic potency increase. Further potency enhancements are observed when short, straight-chain (Abu) or β-branched (Val, Bug) residues are introduced. Side chains containing more than three saturated carbon atoms in a straight chain are poorly tolerated.
Relative activity
SEQ
RP-HPLCb
Kinase
ID
MSa
Purity
Inhibi-
Cyclin A
Compound
No.
Formula
Mr
[M + H]
tg(min)
(%)
tionc
Bindingd
H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile-
36
1
1
Phe-NH2
H-His-Gly-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile
54
C47H80N18O8
1025.3
1026.8
15.2
98
0.1
0.1
Phe-NH2
H-His-Abu-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile
55
C49H84N18O8
1053.3
1055.2
15.8
100
5
1.3
Phe-NH2
H-His-Nva-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile
56
C50H86N18O8
1067.3
1069.1
16.0
100
<0.1
<0.1
Phe-NH2
H-His-Bug-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile
57
C51H83N18O8
1081.4
1082.7
15.9
100
0.2
1.2
Phe-NH2
H-His-Val-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile
58
C50H86N18O8
1067.3
1068.5
15.9
100
2
1.7
Phe-NH2
H-His-Ile-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile
59
C51H83N18O8
1081.4
1081.9
16.1
100
0.5
0.2
Phe-NH2
H-His-Phg-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile
60
C53H84N18O8
1101.4
1101.8
15.8,16.1c
100
<0.1
<0.1
Phe-NH2
H-His-Phe-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile
61
C54H86N18O8
1115.4
1115.8
16.5
100
0.5
0.2
Phe-NH2
aDE MALDI-TOF MS, =ve mode, α-cayno-4-hydroxycinnamic acid matric, calibration on authentic H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile-Phe-NH2 (SEQ ID No. 36)
bVaydac 218TP54, 1 ml/min, 25° C.; 0–40%, MeCN in 0.1% aq TFA over 20 min, λ = 214 nm
cCDK2 / cyclin A kinase assay, pRb substrate, [ATP] = 100 μM
dCompetitive cyclin A binding assay using immobilized biotinyl Ahx-His Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg Leu Ile Phe- NH2 (SEQ ID No. 186)
eMixture of diastereomers (racemic Fmoc-Phg-Oh used)
Various non-isosteric replacements are tolerated to some extent. A significant potency increase is observed when the conservative Lys-to-Arg replacement is made.
Relative activity
SEQ
RP-HPLCb
Kinase
ID
MSa
Purity
Inhibi-
Cyclin A
Compound
No.
Formula
Mr
[M + H]
tg(min)
(%)
tionc
Bindingd
H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile-
36
C48H82N18O8
1
1
Phe-NH2
H-His-Ala-Ala-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile
62
C45H75N17O8
982.2
983.6
15.6
99
<0.1
0.5
Phe-NH2
H-His-Ala-Nle-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile
63
C48H81N17O8
1024.3
1022.9
16.8
97
0.3
0.2
Phe-NH2
H-His-Ala-Abu-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile
64
C46H77N17O8
996.2
997.4
16.1
100
0.8
0.2
Phe-NH2
H-His-Ala-Leu-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile
65
C48H81N17O8
1024.3
1025.5
16.8
97
0.1
1.4
Phe-NH2
H-His-Ala-Arg-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile
66
C48H82N20O8
1067.3
1067.9
15.5
94
5.7
1.5
Phe-NH2
aDE MALDI-TOF MS, =ve mode, α-cayno-4-hydroxycinnamic acid matric, calibration on authentic H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile-Phe-NH2 (SEQ ID No. 36)
bVaydac 218TP54, 1 ml/min, 25° C.; 0–40%, MeCN in 0.1% aq TFA over 20 min, λ = 214 nm
cCDK2 / cyclin A kinase assay, pRb substrate, [ATP] = 100 μM
dCompetitive cyclin A binding assay using immobilized biotinyl Ahx-His Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg Leu Ile Phe- NH2 (SEQ ID No. 186)
Only the conservative replacements with Cit and Lys are tolerated to some extent.
Relative activity
SEQ
RP-HPLCb
Kinase
ID
MSa
Purity
Inhibi-
Cyclin A
Compound
No.
Formula
Mr
[M + H]
tg(min)
(%)
tionc
Bindingd
H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile-
36
C48H82N18O8
1
1
Phe-NH2
H-His-Ala-Lys-Ala-Arg-Leu-Ile
67
C45H75N15O8
954.2
954.9
16.0
95
<0.1
<0.1
Phe-NH2
H-His-Ala-Lys-Cit-Arg-Leu-Ile
68
C48H81N17O9
1040.3
1053.5
12.5
94
0.2
0.2
Phe-NH2
H-His Ala-Lys-Hse-Arg-Leu-Ile
69
C46H77N15O9
984.2
985.9
15.8
100
<0.1 .
<0.1
Phe-NH2
H-His-Ala-Lys-Nle-Arg-Leu-Ile
71
C48H81N15O8
996.3
998.4
18.1
86
<0.1
<0.1
Phe-NH2
H-His-Ala-Lys-Gln-Arg-Leu-Ile
72
C47H78N16O9
1011.2
1012.9
15.6
98
<0.1
<0.1
Phe-NH2
H-His-Ala-Lys-Lys-Arg-Leu-Ile
73
C48H82N16O8
1011.3
1011.8
15.3
100
0.8
0.1
Phe-NH2
aDE MALDI-TOF MS, =ve mode, α-cayno-4-hydroxycinnamic acid matric, calibration on authentic H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile-Phe-NH2 (SEQ ID No. 36)
bVaydac 218TP54, 1 ml/min, 25° C.; 0–40%, MeCN in 0.1% aq TFA over 20 min, λ = 214 nm
cCDK2/cyclin A kinase assay, pRb substrate, [ATP] = 100 μM
dCompetitive cyclin A binding assay using immobilized biotinyl Ahx-His Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg Leu Ile Phe-NH2 (SEQ ID No. 186)
This residue was probed with replacements constraining the backbone dihedral angles in different ways (Ala, Pro, Aib, Sar), none of which were tolerated. Partially tolerated replacements with Cit or Ser indicate involvement in H-bonding.
Relative activity
SEQ
RP-HPLCb
Kinase
ID
MSa
Purity
Inhibi-
Cyclin A
Compound
No.
Formula
Mr
[M + H]
tg(min)
(%)
tionc
Bindingd
H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile-
36
C48H82H18O8
1
1
Phe-NH2
H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Ala-Leu-Ile
74
C45H75H15O8
954.2
954.9
16.1
100
<0.1
<0.1
Phe-NH2
H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Asn-Leu-Ile
75
C46H76H16O9
997.2
997.5
15.5
99
<0.1
<0.1
Phe-NH2
H-His Ala-Lys-Arg-Pro-Leu-Ile
76
C47H77H15O8
980.2
980.1
16.3
100
<0.1
<0.1
Phe-NH2
H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Ser-Leu-Ile
77
C45H75H15O9
970.2
970.2
16.1
100
0.7
0.2
Phe-NH2
H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Aib-Leu-Ile
78
C46H77H15O8
968.2
968.1
16.7
73
<0.1
<0.1
Phe-NH2
H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Sar-Leu-Ile
79
C45H75H15O8
954.2
955.4
16.5
100
<0.1
<0.1
Phe-NH2
H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Cit-Leu-Ile
80
C48H81H17O9
1040.3
1041.42
15.67
100
0.3
n/d
Phe-NH2
aDE MALDI-TOF MS, =ve mode, α-cayno-4-hydroxycinnamic acid matric, calibration on authentic H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile-Phe-NH2 (SEQ ID No. 36)
bVaydac 218TP54, 1 ml/min, 25° C.; 0–40%, MeCN in 0.1% aq TFA over 20 min, λ = 214 nm
cCDK2 / cyclin A kinase assay, pRb substrate, [ATP] = 100 μM
dCompetitive cyclin A binding assay using immobilized biotinyl Ahx-His Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg Leu Ile Phe-NH2 (SEQ ID No. 186)
This residue is very sensitive to replacement, even with nearly isosteric groups. Only the very conservative Leu-to-Ile replacement was tolerated somewhat.
Relative activity
SEQ
RP-HPLCb
Kinase
ID
MSa
Purity
Inhibi-
Cyclin A
Compound
No.
Formula
Mr
[M + H]
tg(min)
(%)
tionc
Bindingd
H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile-
36
C48H82N18O8
1
1
Phe-NH2
H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Ala-Ile
81
C48H82N18O8
997.2
996.9
13.9
100
<0.1
<0.1
Phe-NH2
H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-leu-Ile
82
C48H82N18O8
1039.3
1041.0
15.1
100
<0.1
<0.1
Phe-NH2
H-His Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Ile-Ile
83
C48H82N18O8
1039.3
1041.1
14.4
100
1.5
0.2
Phe-NH2
H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Val-Ile
84
C47H80N18O8
1025.3
1026.2
15.8
100
<0.1
<0.1
Phe-NH2
H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Nle-Ile
85
C48H82N18O8
1039.3
1040.2
15.8
100
<0.1
<0.1
Phe-NH2
H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Nva-Ile
86
C47H80N18O8
1025.3
1025.0
14.9
100
<0.1
<0.1
Phe-NH2
H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Cha-Ile
87
C51H80N18O8
1079.4
1079.2
17.5
100
<0.1
<0.1
Phe-NH2
H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Phe-Ile
88
C51H80N18O8
1073.3
1072.7
16.4
100
<0.1
<0.1
Phe-NH2
H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-1Nap-Ile
89
C52H82N18O8
1123.4
1122.5
17.9
100
<0.1
<0.1
Phe-NH2
aDE MALDI-TOF MS, =ve mode, α-cayno-4-hydroxycinnamic acid matric, calibration on authentic H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile-Phe-NH2 (SEQ ID No. 36)
bVaydac 218TP54, 1 ml/min, 25° C.; 0–40%, MeCN in 0.1% aq TFA over 20 min, λ = 214 nm
cCDK2 / cyclin A kinase assay, pRb substrate, [ATP] = 100 μM
dCompetitive cyclin A binding assay using immobilized biotinyl Ahx-His Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg Leu Ile Phe-NH2 (SEQ ID No. 186)
All substitutions with aliphatic and aromatic residues were tolerated to some extent. However, excision of the Ile residue abolished activity. These results indicate that this residue is not crucial for activity but may be important as a spacer group between the flanking Leu and Phe groups.
Relative activity
SEQ
RP-HPLCb
Kinase
ID
MSa
Purity
Inhibi-
Cyclin A
Compound
No.
Formula
Mr
[M + H]
tg(min)
(%)
tionc
Bindingd
H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile-
36
C48H82N18O8
1
1
Phe-NH2
H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ala-
90
C45H76N18O8
997.2
996.5
13.8
100
0.3
0.8
Phe-NH2
H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Leu-
91
C48H82N18O8
1039.3
1038.4
16.1
100
1.2
0.6
Phe-NH2
H-His Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Val-
92
C47H80N18O8
1025.3
1024.7
14.9
100
0.8
1.5
Phe-NH2
H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Nle
93
C48H82N18O8
1039.3
1040.3
16.3
100
0.4
0.3
Phe-NH2
H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Nva
94
C47H80N18O8
1025.3
1025.7
15.2
100
0.2
0.6
Phe-NH2
H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Cha-
95
C51H86N18O8
1079.4
1080.2
18.4
100
0.3
0.5
Phe-NH2
H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Phe-
96
C51H80N18O8
1073.3
1073.9
16.3
100
0.4
0.4
Phe-NH2
H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-1Nap-
97
C55H82N18O8
1123.4
1122.9
18.2
100
0.5
0.5
Phe-NH2
H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Phe-NH2
98
C42H71N17O7
926.1
924.8
13.8
100
<0.1
<0.1
aDE MALDI-TOF MS, =ve mode, α-cayno-4-hydroxycinnamic acid matric, calibration on authentic H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile-Phe-NH2 (SEQ ID No. 36)
bVaydac 218TP54, 1 ml/min, 25° C.; 0–40%, MeCN in 0.1% aq TFA over 20 min, λ = 214 nm
cCDK2 / cyclin A kinase assay, pRb substrate, [ATP] = 100 μM
dCompetitive cyclin A binding assay using immobilized biotinyl Ahx-His Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg Leu Ile Phe-NH2 (SEQ ID No. 186)
Only certain replacements with aromatic residues were tolerated. Notably pFPhe substitution resulted in an analogue with enhanced cyclin A-binding affinity.
Relative activity
SEQ
RP-HPLCb
Kinase
ID
MSa
Purity
Inhibi-
Cyclin A
Compound
No.
Formula
Mr
[M + H]
tg(min)
(%)
tionc
Bindingd
H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile-
36
C48H82N18O8
1
1
Phe-NH2
H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile-
99
C45H88N18O8
1005.3
1005.7
14.2
97
0.3
<0.1
Leu-NH2
H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile-
100
C48H88N18O8
1045.3
1045.5
16.9
100
<0.1
<0.1
Cha-NH2
H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile-
101
C49H84N18O8
1053.3
1052.8
15.8
96
<0.1
<0.1
Hof-NH2
H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile-
102
C48H82N18O9
1055.3
1054.6
13.3
100
0.3
0.2
Tyr-NH2
H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile-
103
C48H81N18O9
1057.3
1055.8
16.0
100
1
5
pFPhe-NH2
H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile-
104
C48H81N18O8
1057.3
1055.5
16.2
100
0.8
0.8
mFPhe-NH2
H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile-
105
C50H83N19O8
1078.3
1076.1
15.6
98
0.3
0.1
Trp-NH2
H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile-
106
C52H84N18O8
1089.3
1090.7
17.8
100
0.2
<0.1
1Nap-NH2
H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile-
107
C52H84N18O8
1083.3
1090.6
18.0
100
1.2
0.7
2Nap-NH2
H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile-
108
C45H85N19O8
1020.3
1021.5
11.6
66
<0.1
<0.1
Lys-NH2
H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile-
109
C49H82N18O8
1051.3
1052.3
15.6
91
0.3
<0.1
Tic-NH2
aDE MALDI-TOF MS, =ve mode, α-cayno-4-hydroxycinnamic acid matric, calibration on authentic H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile-Phe-NH2 (SEQ ID No. 36)
bVaydac 218TP54, 1 ml/min, 25° C.; 0–40%, MeCN in 0.1% aq TFA over 20 min, λ = 214 nm
cCDK2 / cyclin A kinase assay, pRb substrate, [ATP] = 100 μM
dCompetitive cyclin A binding assay using immobilized biotinyl Ahx-His Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg Leu Ile Phe-NH2 (SEQ ID No. 186)
To a solution of H-DL-threo-Pse-OH (1 g, 5.5 mmol) in 5% aq Na2CO3 (13 mL, 6 mmol), was added a solution of Fmoc-ONSu (1.7 g, 5 mmol) in THF (13 mL) over a period of 30 min. The mixture was stirred vigorously for 5 h. The solvent was evaporated to dryness in vacuo. The residual white solid was dissolved in H2O (150 mL) and was washed with Et2O (2×100 mL). The aqueous phase was acidified to pH 2 with 0.2 M aq HCl and a precipitate was obtained, which was extracted into EtOAc (2×100 mL). The combined extracts were washed with aq KHSO4 and brine, dried (MgSO4) and concentrated in vacuo to afford a crude product (1.32 g, 65%). This was dissolved in the minimum volume of EtOAc and dripped into vigorously stirred hexane to afford, after filtration and drying, the title compound (1.27 g, 63%). M.p. 107-108° C. TLC (EtOAc/AcOH, 99:1): Rf=0.27. RP-HPLC (Vydac 218TP54, 1 mL/min, 50-100% MeCN in 0.1% aq CF3COOH over 20 min): tR=7.2 min. 1H-NMR (CDCl3, 250 MHz), δ. 7.75 (2H, d, J=7.6 Hz, Fmoc aromatic H), 7.42-7.49 (2h, M, Fmoc aromatic H), 7.27-7.39 (9H, m, aromatic H), 5.67 (1H, d, J=9.0 Hz, NH), 5.45 (1H, d, J=2.4 Hz, CβH), 4.68 (1H, dd, J=2.5, 8.8 Hz, CαH), 4.27 (2H, m, Fmoc CH2), 4.14 (1H, t, J=7.1 Hz, Fmoc CH); 13C-NMR (CDCl3:d6-DMSO, 62.9 MHz) δ. 172.28 (carbonyl C, acid), 155.98 (carbonyl C, urethane), 143.60, 143.54, 140.80 (quaternary C). 127.81, 127.28, 127.16, 126.71, 125.73, 124.99, 124.88, 119.53, 72.68 (CH), 66.45 (CH2), 59.62, 46.69 (CH). HR-MS (FAB) calc. For C24H22NO5 (MH+): 404.149798. found 404.148369.
To a cold solution (5° C.) of H-DL-threo-Pse-OH (1 g, 5.5 mmol) and NaHCO3 (1.85 g, 22.1 mmol) in H2O (30 mL) was added Ac2O (1.6 mL, 16.6 mmol) dropwise over a period of 15 min. The mixture was stirred vigorously at room temperature overnight. It was extracted with EtOAc (100 mL). The aqueous phase was acidified to pH 2 with aq KHSO4 and the product was extracted into EtOAc (3×100 mL), and NaCl was added to aid the process. The organic extracts were combined and washed with aq KHSO4, brine, dried (MgSO4) and concentrated in vacuo to afford the title compound as a white solid (0.9 g, 73%). M.p. 142-143° C.; ES-MS+ m/z 224.2 (MH+), calc. 224.2; TLC (MeOH/CH2Cl2/AcOH, 20:79:1): Rf=0.41; RP-HPLC (Vydac 218TP54, 1 mL/min, 20-60% MeCN in 0.1% aq CF3COOH over 25 min): tR=3.6 min. 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO, 250 MHz) δ. 12.49-12.60 (1H, br. S, CO2H), 7.99 (1H, d, J=9.1 Hz, NH), 7.07-7.39 (5H, m, ArH), 5.76-5.90 (1H, br. S, OH), 5.14 (1H, d, J=2.9 Hz, CβH), 4.48 (1H, dd, J=3.0, 9.1 Hz, CαH), 1.75 (3H, s, CH3).
A stream of HCl gas was passed through a stirred suspension of H-DL-threo-Pse-OH (1 g, 5.5 mmol) in MeOH (30 mL) at 0° C. After ca. 30 min, dissolution was complete. Gas addition was continued for 2 h. The mixture was allowed to reach room temperature, sealed, and left to stand overnight. Solvent was removed in vacuo to afford the title compound as an off-white solid (1.07 g, 83%). M.p. 154-156° C. (dec.); ES-MS+ m/z 195.9 (MH+), calc. 196.2; RP-HPLC (Vydac 218TP54, 1 mL/min, 20-60% MeCN in 0.1% aq CF3COOH over 25 min): tR=3.2 min; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO, 250 MHz) δ. 8.54, (3H, br. S, NH3+), 7.29-7.40 (5H, m, ArH), 5.03 (1H, d, J=5.6 Hz, CβH), 4.16 (1H, m, CαH), 3.61 (3H, s, CH3).
To a vigorously stirred solution of H-DL-threo-Pse-OMe.HCl (0.5 g. 2.15 mmol) and NaOAc.(H2O)3 (1.17 g, 8.6 mmol) in H2O (10 mL) at 5° C. was added Ac2O (0.6 mL, 6.45 mmol) dropwise over 15 min. A white precipitate was formed within 10 min, and stirring was continued for 16 h at room temperature. The mixture was extracted with EtOAc (2×100 mL), and the organic phase was separated and washed with aq NaHCO3 (2×50 mL) and brine (100 mL). The organic phase was dried (MgSO4), and evaporated to dryness in vacuo to afford th title compound as a white solid (0.36 g, 71. %). M.p. 176-179° C.; ES-MS+ m/z 238.1 (MH+), calcd. 238.2; TLC (MeOH/CH2Cl2, 1:5): Rƒ=0.69; RP-HPLC (Vydac 218TP54, 1 mL/min, 20-50% MeCN in 0.1% aq CF3COOH over 25 min): tR=5.2 min. 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO, 250 MHz) δ. 8.20 (1H, d, J=8.8 Hz, NH), 7.20-7.39 (5H, m, ArH), 5.88 (1H, d, J=4.6 Hz, OH), 5.09 (1H, m, CβH), 4.54 (1H, dd, J=3,7 8.8 Hz, CαH), 3.61 (3H, s, CO2CH3), 1.76 (3H, s, NHCOCH3).
To a suspension of Ac-DL-threo-Pse-OMe (100 mg, 0.42 mmol) in 0.05 M aq potassium phosphate buffer (14 mL) was added α-chymotrypsin (10 mg, 400 units). The pH was maintained at its initial value (pH 7-8) by the manual addition of 0.5 M phosphate buffer. The mixture was stirred vigorously overnight. It was extracted with EtOAc (3×50 mL) to remove Ac-D-threo-Pse-OMe. The aqueous phase was separated, acidified to pH 2 with 2 M aq HCl and extracted into EtOAc (3×100 mL). The organic extract was washed with brine, dried (MgSO4), and evaporated to dryness in vacuo to afford a colourless oil (25 mg, 53%). The title compound was obtained as a white solid after lyophilisation from H2O. M.p. 160-163; [α]D26+25.1° (c=1.0, AcOH); ES-MS+ m/z 224.1 (MH+), calcd. 224.2; RP-HPLC (Vydac 218TP54, 1 mL/min, 20-60% MeCN in 0.1% aq CF3COOH over 25 min): tR=3.6 min; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO, 250 MHz) δ. 7.99 (1H, D, J=9.1 Hz, NH), 7.18-7.39 (5H, m, ArH), 5.14 (1H, d, J=3.0 Hz, CβH), 4.48 (1H, dd, J=3.0, 9.1 Hz, CαH), 1.74 (3H, s, CH3).
From the above reaction, the initial EtOAc extract (150 mL) was washed with aq NaHCO3 (2×50 mL) and brine (2×50 mL), dried and evaporated to dryness in vacuo to afford the title compound as a white solid (48 mg, 96%). RP-HPLC (Vydac 218TP54, 1 mL/min, 20-60% MeCN in 0.1% aq CF3COOH over 25 min): tR=5.2 min).
A solution of Ac-L-threo-Pse-OH (40 mg, 0.18 mmol) in 6 M aqueous HCl (5 mL) was refluxed at 100° C. for 5 h. The solution was allowed to attain room temperature and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The residue was then dissolved in H2O and lyophilised to afford H-L-threo-Pse-OH.HCl as a white foam. To this was added a solution of 5% aq Na2CO3 (0.5 mL, 0.22 mmol). Effervescence occurred, and the solution was adjusted to pH 9 using a further equivalent of 5% aq Na2CO3 (0.5 mL). A solution of Fmoc-ONSu (60 mg, 0.18 mmol) in THF (1 mL) was then added over a period of 10 min. The mixture was stirred vigorously at room temperature for a further 5 h. The solvent was evaporated in vacuo, and the resulting white solid was dissolved in H2O (100 mL) and washed with diethyl ether (2×50 ml). The aqueous extract was acidified to pH 2 with 2 M aq HCl and a precipitate was obtained, which was extracted into EtOAc (3×60 ml). The organic extract was washed with aq KHSO4 (100 mL) and brine (100 mL), dried (MgSO4) and concentrated in vacuo to afford a crude product as a yellow oil (84 mg, quantitative). This was dissolved in the minimum volume of EtOAc and dripped into vigorously stirred hexane (120 mL) to afford, after filtration and drying, the title compound (47 mg, 65%) as a white crystalline solid. M.p. 127-129° C.; [α]D22+27.9° (c=1.0, MeOH); ES-MS+ m/z 404.3 (MH+), calcd. 404.4; TLC (EtOAc/AcOH, 99:1); Rf=0.27; RP-HPLC (Vydac 218TP54, 1 mL/min, 50-100% MeCN in 0.1% aq CF3COOH over 20 min): tR 7.2 min; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO, 250 MHz) δ. 7.88 (2H, d, J=7.5 Hz, Fmoc ArH), 7.67 (1H, d, J=7.2 Hz, Fmoc ArH), 7.63 (1H, d, J=7.5 Hz, Fmoc ArH), 7.31-7.43 (9H, m, ArH), 5.80 (1H, br. s, 0H), 5.16 (1H, d, J=3.3 Hz, CβH), 4.29 (1H, dd, J=3.3, 9.4 Hz, CαH), 4.01-4.16 (3H, m, Fmoc CH, CH2). HR-MS (FAB) calcd. for C24H22NO5 (MH+): 404.149798. found: 404.149850.
A solution of Ac-D-threo-Pse-OMe (150 mg, 0.63 mmol) in 6 M aq HCl (10 mL) was refluxed at 100° C. for 5 h. The solution was allowed to attain room temperature and the solvent removed in vacuo. The residual material was dissolved in H2O and lyophilised to afford H-D-threo-Pse-OH.HCl as a pale yellow solid, which was immediately carried forward to the next step. In a similar manner to that described for the preparation of Fmoc-L-threo-Pse-OH, the crude title product was obtained as a yellow oil (229 mg, 90%). The crude product was dissolved in the minimum volume of EtOAc and dripped into vigorously stirred hexane (120 mL) to afford the title compound (174 mg, 68% overall) as an off-white crystalline solid. M.p.: 127-129° C.; [α]D22 −29.0° (c=1.0, methanol); APcI-MS+ m/z 404.0 (MH+), calcd. 404.4; TLC (EtOAc/AcOH, 99:1); Rf=0.27; RP-HPLC (Vydac218TP54, 1 ml/min, 50-100% MeCN in 0.1% aq CF3COOH over 20 min): tR=7.2 min; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO, 250 MHz): δ. 7.88 (2H, d, J=7.2 Hz, Fmoc ArH), 7.68 (1H, d, J=7.2 Hz, Fmoc ArH), 7.63 (1H, d, J=7.5 Hz, Fmoc ArH), 7.22-7.41 (9H, m, ArH), 5.17 (1H, d, J=3.2 Hz, CβH), 4.30 (1H, dd, J=3.3, 9.5 Hz, CαH), 4.01-4.15 (3H, m, Fmoc CH, CH2). HR-MS (FAB) calcd. for C24H22NO5 (MH+): 404.149798, found: 404.149722.
Addition of Fmoc-Protected Amino Acids to 5-[4-(4-tolyl(chloro)methyl)phenoxy]pentanoyl amino-methylated polystyrene
5-[4-(4-Tolyl(chloro)methyl)phenoxy]pentanoyl aminomethylated polystyrene (0.064 mmol, theoretical loading 0.64 mmol g−1; Atkinson, G. E.; Fischer, P. M.; Chan, W. C. J. Org. Chem. 2000, 65, 5048-5056) and Fmoc-protected amino acid (0.192 mmol) were suspended in CH2Cl2 (2 mL). Following the addition of Pr2iNEt (0.128 mmol), the resultant mixture was stirred gently at room temperature for 24 h. The resin was filtered, washed successively with DMF, CH2Cl2 and MeOH, and dried in vacuo.
Addition of Fmoc-Amino Alcohols to 5-[4-(4-tolyl(chloro)methyl)-phenoxy]pentanoyl aminomethylated polystyrene
To a mixture of 5-[4-(4-tolyl(chloro)methyl)phenoxy]pentanoyl aminomethylated polystyrene (0.06 mmol, theoretical loading 0.64 mmol g−1;) and Fmoc-amino alcohol (0.19 mmol) in ClCH2CH2Cl (3 mL) and THF (1 mL) was added Pr2iNEt (0.10 mmol). The suspension was then gently agitated at room temperature for 48-72 h. The resin was filtered, washed successively with DMF, CH2Cl2 and MeOH, and dried in vacuo.
Synthesis of Peptides
Amino acyl or peptidyl resin (0.026 mmol) was placed in a reaction column, swollen in DMF for 18 h, and Fmoc-deprotected using 20% piperidine in DMF. The resin was then washed with DMF (10 min, 2.5 mL/min), and the sequence Boc-His(Trt)-Ala/Ser(But)-Lys(Boc)-Arg(Pbf)-Arg(Pbf)-Leu-Ile (SEQ ID NO. 252) was assembled using an automated PepSynthesizer 9050 (MilliGen). Sequential acylation reactions were carried out at ambient temperature for 2 h using appropriate Fmoc-protected amino acids [Fmoc-Ile-OH, 141 mg; Fmoc-Leu-OH, 141 mg; Fmoc-Arg(Pbf)-OH, 260 mg; Fmoc-Lys(Boc)-OH, 187 mg; Fmoc-Ala-OH, 125 mg; Fmoc-Ser(t-Bu)-OH, 153 mg, Fmoc-His(Trt)-OH, 248 mg; 0.40 mmol] and carboxyl-activated using TBTU (128 mg, 0.40 mmol), HOBt (31 mg, 0.20 mmol) and Pr2iNEt (1.31 mL, 10% in DMF). Repetitive Fmoc-deprotection was achieved using 20% piperidine in DMF (6 min, 2.5 mL/min). After the final Fmoc-deprotection, the terminal amine group was Boc-protected with di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (87 mg, 0.40 mmol). The assembled N-Boc-protected peptidyl-resin was filtered, washed successively with DMF, CH2Cl2 and MeOH, and dried in vacuo. The resin product was suspended in a mixture of Pr3iSiH (0.1 mL) and H2O (0.4 mL), followed by the addition of CF3COOH (4.5 mL). The reaction mixture was gently stirred at room temperature for 2 h. The suspension was filtered, washed with CF3COOH (5 mL) and the filtrate evaporated to dryness in vacuo. The residual material was triturated with Et2O (15 mL) to yield a white solid. The desired synthetic peptide was lyophilised from H2O overnight, and purified by preparative RP-HPLC.
Dehydration Reaction of Peptides
The N-Boc-protected peptidyl-resin containing a C-terminal Pse residue (0.02 mmol) was swelled in CH2Cl2 (0.5 mL) and THF (0.5 mL) in a 2-necked round-bottomed flask for 1 h under N2. The solution was cooled to −78° C., and Et3N (84 μL, 0.60 mmol) followed by SOCl2 (10 μL, 0.08 mmol) were carefully added to the resin suspension. The mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 3.5 h, after which a further quantity of SOCl2 (10 μL, 0.08 mmol) was added, and the stirred mixture was gradually warmed to −10° C. over a period of 2.5 h. The mixture was then stirred at 5° C. overnight. The resin was filtered, washed successively with DMF, CH2Cl2 and MeOH, and dried in vacuo. The resin product was suspended in a mixture of ethyl methyl sulfide (0.1 mL), Pr3iSiH (0.1 mL) and H2O (0.4 mL), followed by the addition of CF3COOH (4.4 mL). The suspension was gently stirred at ambient temperature for 2 h. The suspension was filtered, washed with CF3COOH (5 mL) and the filtrate evaporated to dryness in vacuo. The residual material was then triturated with Et2O to yield a yellow solid, which was lyophilised from water (5-10 mL) overnight and purified by preparative RP-HPLC.
Psa-Containing Peptides
A portion of the corresponding Pse-containing peptidyl resin (50 mg, 0.015 mmol, theoretical loading 0.293 mmol/g) was suspended in DMF (1 mL) and treated with Ac2O (14 μL, 0.15 mmol), Pr2iNEt (5 μL, 0.02 mmol) and 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridine (0.18 mg, 0.0015 mmol). The mixture was gently stirred at room temperature for 24 h. The resin was filtered, washed successively with DMF, CH2Cl2 and MeOH, and dried in vacuo. The resin product (50 mg) upon acidolytic treatment gave the crude product. Pure peptides were obtained after purification by preparative RP-HPLC.
Relative activity
SEQ
RP-HPLCb
Kinase
ID
MSa
Purity
Inhibi-
Cyclin A
Compound
No.
Formula
Mr
[M + H]
tg(min)
(%)
tionc
Bindingd
H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile-
36
C48H82N18O8
1
1
Phe-NH2
H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile
110
C48H82N18O9
1055.9
1055.7
8.8
99
<0.1
0.2
L-Pse OH
H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leo-Ile
111
C48H82N18O9
1055.9
1056.0
6.8
99
<0.1
0.1
D-Pse OH
H-His-Ser-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile
112
C48H82N18O10
1071.3
1074.1
8.8
99
<0.1
<0.1
L-Pse OH
H-His-Ser-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile
113
C48H82N18O10
1071.3
1073.0
6.8
99
<0.1
<0.1
D-Pse OH
H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile
114
C50H84N18O10
1097.3
1098.0
11.2
99
22
n/d
L-Psa OH
H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile
115
C48H84N18O10
1097.3
1098.0
8.4
99
<0.1
n/d
D-Psa OH
H-His-Ser-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile
116
C50H84N18O11
1113.3
1114.9
10.8
99
<0.1
n/d
L-Psa OH
H-His-Ser-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile
117
C50H84N18O11
1113.3
1114.4
8
99
<0.1
n/d
D-Psa OH
H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile
118
C48H80N18O8
1037.3
1038.4
8.8
99
3.3
0.2
Dhp OH
H-His-Ser-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile
119
C48H80N18O9
1053.3
1054.6
8.8
99
0.4
n/d
Dhp OH
H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile
120
C48H83N17O8
1026.3
1026.2
8.4
99
0.6
1.0
Pheol
H-His-Ser-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile
121
C48H83N17O9
1042.3
1041.6
8.4
95
0.2
<0.1
Pheol
aDE MALDI-TOF MS, +ve mode, α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid matrix, calibration on authentic H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile-Phe-NH2 (SEQ ID No. 36)
bVaydac 218TP54, 1 ml/min, 25° C.; 0–40%, MeCN in 0.1% aq TFA over 20 min, λ = 214 nm
cCDK2 / cyclin A kinase assay, pRb substrate, [ATP] = 100 μM
dCompetitive cyclin A binding assay using immobilized biotinyl Ahx-His Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg Leu Ile Phe-NH2 (SEQ ID No. 186)
As is clear from the results presented above, the Phe159 residue represents a key determinant in the p21(152-159) pharmacophore: its truncation abolishes activity and certain well-defined substitutions lead to enhanced potency. For this reason, further constriction of the Phe aromatic side chain may lock it into a bio-active conformation and further potency gains may be expected. Such conformational definition can be introduced in many different ways, e.g. through further substitution at Cβ (as in Psa and Pse), introduction of unsaturation, particularly between Cα and Cβ (as in Dhp), or by tethering of the aromatic system to the peptide backbone (Cα and NH), as e.g. in Tic (refer structures below).
##STR00033##
The resolution of β-hydroxy-α-amino acids by the action of proteases on a range of N-acyl methyl esters has been described (Chênevert, R.; Létourneau, M.; Thiboutot, S. Can. J. Chem. 1990, 68, 960-963). Using a similar method, we resolved N-acetyl-DL-threo-phenylserine methyl ester into enantiomers of high optical purity by α-chymotrypsin-mediated enzymatic hydrolysis. Chymotrypsin is specific for the 2S-enantiomer that is typically found in natural amino acids. Nα-Fmoc-L-threo-β-phenylserine and Nα-Fmoc-D-threo-β-phenylserine were then synthesised from the resolved enantiomers. In principle the same transformations are applicable in the case of erythro-phenylserine (refer
The peptides with a C-terminal Dhp residue were obtained directly from the corresponding Pse-containing peptides Thus, protected peptidyl resins were treated with thionyl chloride and triethylamine (Stohlmeyer, M. M.; Tanaka, H.; Wandless, T. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 6100-7101), which led to selective dehydration, via a cyclic sulphamidite intermediate, of the hydroxyethylene function in the Pse residue, thus furnishing upon release from the linker-resin the corresponding Dhp peptides. The nature of the reaction mechanism ensured that the intermediate cyclic sulphamidite formed from the threo-configuration of phenylserine, under basic conditions, eliminated SO2 stereospecifically to yield the corresponding Z-Dhp isomer. Peptides H-His-Ser(Ala)-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile-Dhp-OH (SEQ ID NO: 460) were typically obtained in >30% purity when analysed by RP-HPLC and purified yields of 20-30%. Conversely, E-Dhp peptides would be obtained by analogous dehydration of erythro-Pse peptides. Protected Pse peptidyl resins were acetylated selectively at the free hydroxyl of the Pse residue to afford the corresponding O-acetylphenylserine (Psa) peptides.
##STR00034##
Stereochemistry of 3-phenylserine. The cis (Z) and trans (E) isomers of dehydrophenylalanine are derived from threo- and erythro-phenylserine, respectively, by dehydration.
As far as biological activity is concerned, only the L-Pse/Psa p21(152-159) peptides were able to inhibit CDK2/cyclin A and/or to bind efficiently to cyclin A. Of these, H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile-[L-Psa]-OH (SEQ ID No. 114) was particularly potent. Both Z-Dhp peptides were biologically active; the Ala153 analogue being more potent then the corresponding Ser153 peptide. Furthermore, the terminal Phe residue in the p21(152-159) peptides was also replaced with phenylalaninol (Pheol). This substitution was comparatively well-tolerated, showing that the terminal peptide carboxamide (or carboxylate) is not essential in terms of biological activity.
It was seen above that certain residue substitution in the p21(152-159) peptides were in fact tolerated, and, in some cases, led to increased potency. Some of these single substitutions were then combined in order to test if combinatorial modifications at various positions in the peptide would be additive and/or synergistic. The results suggest that some synergysm is obtained. E.g., combination of His152Ala and Phe159pFPhe replacements yielded a peptide analogue with about 80-fold increased potency, whereas the same substitutions individually lead to 2.5- and 5-fold potency increase (in terms of cyclin A binding) only. Thus, combination of the His152Ala, Ser153Ala, and Phe159pFPhe modifications permitted introduction of e.g. Lys154Abu, Arg155Gln, Arg156Cit, Arg156Ser, and Ile158Ala.
Relative activity
SEQ
RP-HPLCb
Kinase
ID
MSa
Purity
Inhibi-
Cyclin A
Compound
No.
Formula
Mr
[M + H]
tg(min)
(%)
tionc
Bindingd
H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile-
36
C48H82N18O8
1
1
Phe-NH2
H-Ala-Ala-Abu-Arg Arg Leu Ile-
122
C47H74N15O8F
948.15
948.16
18.88
99
60
n/d
pFPhe-NH2
H-Ala-Ala-Lys-Arg Arg Leu Ile-
123
C42H72N13O9
922.11
922.11
1782
99
80
n/d
pFPhe-NH2
H-Ala-Ala-Lys-Arg Cit-Leu Ile-
124
C40H73N16O9F
992.2
922.2
16.94
99
10
n/d
pFPhe-NH2
H-Ala-Ala-Lys-Arg Arg Leu-
125
C42H73N16O8F
949.14
949.69
17.89
99
20
n/d
Ala-pFPhe-NH2
H-Ala-Ala-Abu-Arg Ser Leu Ile-
126
C40H67N12O9F
879.04
879.05
16.56
99
14
n/d
pFPhe-NH2
H-Ala-Ala-Lys-Gln-Arg-Leu Ile-
127
C44H75N14O9F
963.16
963.17
20.16
99
4
n/d
pFPhe-NH2
H-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu Ile-
253
C42H75N15O7F
902.15
920.14
16.6
99
4
n/d
pFPhe-NH2
aDE MALDI-TOF MS, =ve mode, α-cayno-4-hydroxycinnamic acid matric, calibration on authentic H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile-Phe-NH2 (SEQ ID No. 36)
bVaydac 218TP54, 1 ml/min, 25° C.; 0–40%, MeCN in 0.1% aq TFA over 20 min, λ = 214 nm
cCDK2 / cyclin A kinase assay, pRb substrate, [ATP] = 100 μM
dCompetitive cyclin A binding assay using immobilized biotinyl Ahx-His Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg Leu Ile Phe-NH2 (SEQ ID No. 186)
Inspection of the appropriate contacts in the complex structure of cyclin A with a p27KIP1 fragment (Russo, A. A.; Jeffrey, P. D.; Patten, A. K.; Massague, J.; Pavletich, N. P. Nature 1996, 382, 325-31).; suggested a starting point for the design of such conformationally constrained peptides. Asn31 of the p27 sequence apparently participates in H-bonds not only to the cyclin groove, but also in intra-molecular H-bonding to Gly34. It was therefore plausible that peptide analogues containing macrocyclic constraints approximating this situation may be bio-active. One such cyclic peptide, in which Asn was replaced with Lys and an amide bond patched between its E-amino group and the carboxyl group of Gly, was designed and modelled (
While molecular modeling suggested that this approach may work, the question remained whether a synthetic peptide containing the same constraint would indeed be bio-active. For this reason a convenient synthetic route based on an alkanesulfonamide safety-catch linker (Backes, B. J.; Ellman, J. A. J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64, 2322-2330) was developed for the synthesis of the desired ‘side chain-to-tail’ cyclic peptides as set out below;
##STR00035##
In this method, the immobilised alkanesulfonamide linker is acylated with the desired Fmoc-amino acid, peptide chain assembly is then continued using standard solid-phase peptide synthesis methods. The diamino acid residue which is to participate in the prospective cyclic lactam bond is introduced in an orthogonally protected form, e.g. using an Fmoc-diamino acid derivative bearing a side-chain Mtt amino protecting group. After complete chain assembly, the sulfonamide linker is activated through alkylation with iodoacetonitrile. The Mtt protecting group is then removed under mild acidolytic conditions. Intramolecular attack of the liberated amino group on the activated acyl sulfonamide function then results in liberation of the protected cyclic peptide from the solid phase. It is isolated, fully deprotected using strong acidolysis, and purified. A similar approach has recently been reported for the synthesis of ‘head-to-tail’ cyclic peptides (Zhang, Z.; Van Aerschot, A.; Hendrix, C.; Busson, R.; David, F.; Sandra, P.; Herdewijn, P. Tetrahedron 2000, 56, 2513-2522). ‘Side chain-to-tail’ cyclic peptides can be obtained through various known methods, using either solid phase—(refer, e.g., Mihara, H.; Yamabe, S.; Niidome, T.; Aoyagi, H. Tetrahedron Lett. 1995, 36, 4837-4840) or solution methods (refer, e.g., He, J. X.; Cody, W. L.; Doherty, A. M. Lett.Peptide Sci. 1994, 1, 25-30)
Using the above method, the peptides 5,8-cyclo-[H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Lys-Leu-Phe-Gly] (SEQ ID NO. 173) and 5,8-cyclo-[H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Orn-Leu-Phe-Gly] (SEQ. ID NO. 174) were then synthesised and characterised. The results clearly show that the cyclic constraint introduced is relevant to the peptide's bioactive conformation. Whereas the analogue containing Lys in position 5 was approximately 2 orders of magnitude less potent than the lead peptide H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile-Phe-NH2, (SEQ ID NO. 36) the corresponding Orn analogue was nearly equipotent with the lead peptide.
##STR00036##
5,8-cyclo-[H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Lys-Leu-Phe-Gly] (1, n=3) (SEQ ID NO. 173)
Fmoc-Gly-OH (0.64 g, 2.16 mmol) and 4-sulfamylbutyryl aminomethylpolystyrene resin (Novabiochem; 0.50 g, nominally 0.54 mmol) were suspended in DMF (4.25 mL), and Pri2NEt (0.56 mL, 3.24 mmol) was added. The mixture was stirred for 20 min. After this time, it was cooled to −23° C., and PyBOP (1.13 g, 2.16 mmol) was added in one portion. Stirring was continued overnight, and the reaction was allowed to warm to room temperature during that period. The resin was then washed thoroughly with DMF, drained, and treated with 50% acetic anhydride in CH2Cl2 (10 mL) for 1 h. After completion, the resin was washed successively with CH2Cl2, DMF, and Et2O, and was dried. The linear peptide sequence Boc-His(Boc)-Ala-Lys(Boc)-Arg(Pmc)-Lys(Mtt)-Leu-Phe-Gly (SEQ ID NO. 254) was then assembled using an ABI 433A peptide synthesiser, employing standard Fmoc protection strategy chemistry. The final peptidyl resin was washed successively with CH2Cl2, DMF, and Et2O, and was dried. An aliquot (0.49 g) was swelled in NMP (4 mL) and treated with iodoacetonitrile (0.37 mL, 5.0 mmol) and Pri2NEt (0.24 mL, 1.25 mmol) under N2, for 24 h. After this time, the resin was washed thoroughly with NMP (4×5 min), DMF, CH2Cl2, and Et2O, before drying. The Lys5 Mtt side-chain protecting group was then removed by treatment with 1.5% CF3COOH, 3% MeOH in 1,2-dichloroethane (3×5 mL, 5 min each), and the resin was then washed with further 1,2-dichloroethane, followed by 20% Pri2NEt in CH2Cl2 and Et2O. The resin was then dried in vacuo.
The activated and Lys5 side chain-deprotected peptidyl resin (100 mg) was swelled in 1,4-dioxane (2 mL; dried over sodium-benzophenone), and dimethylaminopyridine (10 mg) was added. The mixture was then heated at reflux for 14 h, followed by filtering of the resin, and washing with DMF (2×5 mL, 5 min). The combined filtrate and washings were evaporated, and the residue was treated with 2.5% Pr3iSiH in CF3COOH solution for 1 h. The peptide product was collected by precipitation in ice-cold Et2O, and after washing was dried and fractionated by preparative RP-HPLC (Vydac 218TP1022, 9 mL/min, 13-23% MeCN in 0.1% aq CF3COOH over 60 min). Fractions containing pure cyclised peptide were pooled and lyophilised to afford title compound (2.2 mg, 2.34 μmol, 6.5% w.r.t. initial resin loading). Anal. RP-HPLC: tR=15.4 min (Vydac 218TP54, 1 mL/min, 25° C., 13-23% MeCN in 0.1% aq CF3COOH over 20 min), purity>99% (λ=214 nm). DE MALDI-TOF MS: [M+H]+=937.8, C44H71N15O8 requires 938.14 (positive mode, α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid matrix. The presence of the 5,8-cyclic structure was verified by inspection of appropriate through-space connectivities in the NMR ROESY spectrum of the peptide.
5,8-cyclo-[H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Orn-Leu-Phe-Gly] (1, n=2) (SEQ ID NO. 174)
This compound was prepared in a manner analogous to that described above except that residue position 5 was Orn (Fmoc-Orn(Mtt)-OH was used during chain assembly). A portion of the resin (200 mg) was then treated as above, to give the pure title compound (6.3 mg, 6.81 μmol, 8.9% w.r.t. initial resin loading). Anal. RP-HPLC: tR=14.09 min (Vydac 218TP54, 1 mL/min, 25° C., 15-25% MeCN in 0.1% aq CF3COOH over 20 min), purity>99% (λ=214 nm). DE MALDI-TOF MS: [M+H]+=926.4, C43H69N15O8 requires 924.11 (positive mode, α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid matrix. The presence of the 5,8-cyclic structure was verified by inspection of appropriate through-space connectivities in the NMR ROESY spectrum of the peptide.
SEQ
[Cyclin A]
Immobilised
Relative
Compound
ID No.
(μg/mL)
Liganda
IC50](μM)
Activity
H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-
36
5
HAKRRLIF
.03 ± .01
1
Ile-Phe-NH2
5,8-cyclo-[H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-
173
5
HAKRRLIF
11.1 ± 0.7
0.03
Lys-Leu-Phe-Gly]
5,8-cyclo-[H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-
174
5
HAKRRLIF
0.7 ± 0.5
0.5
Orn-Leu-Phe-Gly]
H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile-
36
10
HAKRRLIF
0.1 ± 0.05
1
Phe-NH2
5,8-cyclo-[H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-
173
10
HAKRRLIF
16 ± 5
0.06
Lys-Leu-Phe-Gly]
5,8-cyclo-[H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-
174
10
HAKRRLIF
0.4 ± 0.2
0.25
Orn-Leu-Phe-Gly]
H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile-
36
5
DFYHSKRRLIFS
0.09 ± 0.02
1
Phe-NH2
5,8-cyclo-[H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-
173
5
DFYHSKRRLIFS
8 ± 1
0.01
Lys-Leu-Phe-Gly]
5,8-cyclo-[H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-
174
5
DFYHSKRRLIFS
0.3 ± 0.2
0.3
Orn-Leu-Phe-Gly]
H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile-
36
10
DFYHSKRRLIFS
1.8 ± 0.9
1
Phe-NH2
5,8-cyclo-[H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-
173
10
DFYHSKRRLIFS
22 ± 8
0.08
Lys-Leu-Phe-Gly]
5,8-cyclo-[H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-
174
10
DFYHSKRRLIFS
6 ± 7
0.3
Orn-Leu-Phe-Gly]
aImmobilised ligands HAKRRLIF (SEQ ID No. 42); DFYHSKRRLIFS (SEQ ID No. 13)
The following truncated peptides were prepared and screened for competitive cyclin A binding in accordance with the methods described above. The results demonstrate that N-terminally truncated analogues of the 8 mer p21-derived peptide H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile-Phe-NH2 (SEQ ID NO. 36), and, to a lesser extent, the p27-derived peptide H-Ser-Ala-Abu-Arg-Arg-Asn-Leu-Phe-Gly-NH2 (SEQ ID NO. 461), retain appreciable cyclin A binding capacity at least down to the C-terminal 4 mer sequences.
Cyclin A
Bindingc
Maxi-
SEQ
mum
ID
MSa
RP-HPLCb
Purity
IC50
Inhibi-
Compound
No.
Formula
Mr
[M + H]
TR(min)
(%)
(μM)
tion (%)
H-Arg-Leu-Ile-Phe-NH2
32
C27H46N8O4
546.71
548.6
15.01iii
99
—
50(at
100
(μM)
H-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile-Phe-NH2
33
C33H58N12O5
702.9
704.7
13.35iii
99
5
100
H-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile-Phe-NH2
34
C39H70N14O6
831.07
832.8
12.63iii
99
5
100
H-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile-Phe-NH2
35
C42H75N15O7
902.15
903.9
12.82iii
99
2
100
H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile-Phe-NH2
36
C48H82N18O8
1039.3
1040.4
12.91iii
99
0.3
100
H-ASn-Leu-Phe-Gly-NH2
37
C21H32N6O5
448.52
449.6
18.14i
99
—
80(at
100
(μM)
H-Arg-Asn-Leu-Phe-Gly-NH2
38
C27H44N10O6
604.71
605.2
17.17i
99
—
20(at
100
(μM)
H-Abu-Arg-Asn-Leu-Phe-Gly-NH2
39
C31H51N11O7
689.81
690.9
12.87ii
99
—
—
H-Ala-Abu-Arg-Asn-Leu-Phe-Gly-NH2
40
C34H56N12O6
760.89
761.4
13.61ii
99
25
90
H-Ser-Ala-Abu-Arg-Asn-Leu-Phe-Gly-NH2
41
C37H61N13O10
847.97
849.1
14.90ii
99
15
100
aDE MALDI-TOF MS, +ve mode. α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid matrix, calibration on authentic H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile-Phe-NH2 (Seq. ID No. 36)
bVydac218TP54. 1 mL/min, 25 ° C., 0–40% MeCN gradient in 0.1% sq TFA over 20 min. λ = 214 nm; i20–30%, ii23–33%, iii25–35%
cCDK2 / cyclin A kinase assay, pRb substrate, [ATP] = 100 μM
dCompetitive cyclin A binding assay using immobilised biotinyl-Ahx-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-IIe-Phe-NH2 (Seq. ID No. 186)
RP-HPLCb
SEQ
MSa
Purity
Compound
ID No.
Formula
Mr
[M + H]+
tg(min)
(%)
H-Ala-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-
Ile-
pFPhe
-NH2
123
C45H79FN16O8
991.2
991.1
12.45
90
H-Gly-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-
Ile-
pFPhe
-NH2
129
C44H77FN16O8
977.2
976.4
15.9
94
H-Ala-Ala-Lys-hArg-Arg-Leu-
Ile-
pFPhe
-NH2
130
C46H81FN16O8
1005.3
1004.1
12.47
85
H-Ala-Ala-Lys-Ser-Arg-Leu-
Ile-
pFPhe
-NH2
131
C42H72FN13O9
922.1
921.0
12.64
87
H-Ala-Ala-Lys-Hse-Arg-Leu-
Ile-
pFPhe
-NH2
132
C43H74FN13O9
936.1
935.5
12.68
87
H-Ala-Ala-Lys-Arg-Lys-Leu-
Ile-
pFPhe
-NH2
133
C45H79FN14O8
963.2
962.3
12.24
90
H-Ala-Ala-Lys-Arg-Orn-Leu-
Ile-
pFPhe
-NH2
134
C44H77FN14O8
949.2
948.3
12.35
95
H-Ala-Ala-Lys-Arg-Gln-Leu-
Ile-
pFPhe
-NH2
135
C44H75FN14O9
963.2
962.6
12.58
93
H-Ala-Ala-Lys-Arg-Hse-Leu-
Ile-
pFPhe
-NH2
136
C43H74FN13O9
936.1
934.9
12.83
90
H-Ala-Ala-Lys-Arg-Thr-Leu-
Ile-
pFPhe
-NH2
137
C43H74FN13O9
936.1
934.8
12.88
92
H-Ala-Ala-Lys-Arg-Nva-Leu-
Ile-
pFPhe
-NH2
138
C44H76FN13O8
934.2
932.6
13.74
93
H-Ala-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Phg-
Ile-
pFPhe
-NH2
139
C47H75FN16O8
934.2
1009.8
11.42
90
H-Ala-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Met-
Ile-
pFPhe
-NH2
140
C44H77FN16O8
1011.2
1009.2
12.04
80
H-Ala-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Ala-
Ile-
pFPhe
-NH2
141
C42H73FN16O8
1009.3
948.1
11.43
82
H-Ala-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Hof-
Ile-
pFPhe
-NH2
142
C49H79FN16O8
949.1
1038.0
13.37
88
H-Ala-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-
Ile-
pFPhe
-NH2
123
C46H81FN16O8
1039.3
1003.1
13.2
86
H-Ala-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-alle-
Ile-
pFPhe
-NH2
144
C45H79FN16O8
1005.3
989.5
12.32
75
H-Ala-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-
Gly-
pFPhe
-NH2
145
C41H71FN16O8
991.2
934.6
11.25
84
H-Ala-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-
βAla-
pFPhe
-NH2
146
C42H73FN16O8
935.1
947.9
14.3
94
H-Ala-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-
Pgh-
pFPhe
-NH2
147
C47H75FN16O8
949.1
1009.7
12.8,14.1
88
H-Ala-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-
Aib-
pFPhe
-NH2
148
C43H75FN16O8
1011.2
961.7
15.7
95
H-Ala-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-
Sar-
pFPhe
-NH2
149
C42H73FN16O8
963.2
947.8
11.4
87
H-Ala-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-
Pro-
pFPhe
-NH2
150
C44H75FN16O8
949.1
973.8
11.9
90
H-Ala-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-
Bug-
pFPhe
-NH2
151
C45H79FN16O8
975.2
990.2
15.6
90
H-Ala-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-
Ser-
pFPhe
-NH2
152
C42H73FN16O9
965.1
964.4
14.1
85
H-Ala-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-
Asp-
pFPhe
-NH2
153
C43H73FN16O10
993.2
992.4
14.2
95
H-Ala-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-
Asn-
Phe
-NH2
154
C43H74FN17O9
992.2
990.5
13.8
94
H-Ala-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-
pFPhe-
Phe
-NH2
155
C48H77FN16O8
1025.2
1024.1
16.8
94
H-Ala-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-
diClPhe-
Phe
-NH2
156
C48H76Cl2N16O8
1076.1
1074.9
18.9
92
H-Ala-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-
pClPhe-
Phe
-NH2
157
C48H77ClN16O8
1041.7
1041.1
17.8
95
H-Ala-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-
mClPhe-
Phe
-NH2
158
C48H77ClN16O8
1041.7
1058.1
17.9
95
H-Ala-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-
oClPhe-
Phe
-NH2
159
C48H77ClN16O8
1041.7
1041.0
17.2
95
H-Ala-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-
pIPhe-
Phe
-NH2
160
C48H771N16O8
1133.1
1132.6
18.5
95
H-Ala-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-
TyreMe-
Phe
-NH2
161
C49H89N16O8
1037.3
1036.7
16.4
91
H-Ala-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-
Thi-
Phe
-NH2
162
C46H76N16O8S
1013.3
1012.7
16.1
95
H-Ala-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-
Pya-
Phe
-NH2
163
C47H77N17O8
1008.2
1007.1
13.5
86
H-Ala-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-
Ile-
diClPhe
-NH2
164
C45H78Cl2N16O8
1042.1
1005.8
18.6
91
H-Ala-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-
Ile-
pClPhe
-NH2
165
C45H79ClN16O8
1007.7
1004.2
17.3
88
H-Ala-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-
Ile-
mClPhe
-NH2
166
C45H79ClN16O8
1007.7
1006.8
17.3
88
H-Ala-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-
Ile-
oClPhe
-NH2
167
C45H79ClN16O8
1007.7
1007.0
16.5
84
H-Ala-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-
Ile-
Phg
-NH2
168
C44H78N16O8
959.2
958.8
14.6,15.8c
95
H-Ala-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-
Ile-
TyrMe
-NH2
169
C46H82N16O9
1003.3
1002.8
15.7
90
H-Ala-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-
Ile-
Thi
-NH2
170
C43H78N16O8S
979.3
978.6
15.1
87
H-Ala-Ala-Lya-Arg-Arg-Leu-
Ile-
Pya
-NH2
171
C44H79N17O8
974.2
973.7
11.5
90
H-Ala-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-
Ile-
Inc
-NH2
172
C45H79FN16O8
971.2
(878.99)
16.1
95
aDE MALDI-TOF MS, +ve mode, 60-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid matrix, calibration on authentic H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile-Phe-NH2 (Seq. ID No. 36)
bVydac 218TP54, 1 mL/min, 25° C., 0–40% MeCN in 0.1% aq TFA over 20 min
cMixture of diastereomers (racemic Fmoc-Phg-OH used)
SEQ
RP-HPLCb
ID
MSa
Purity
Compound
No.
Formula
Mr
[M + H]+
tg(min)
(%)
H-Ala-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-
Phe-Gly-NH2
255
C41H72N16O8
917.1
916.1
13.7
94
H-Ala-Ala-Lys-hArg-Arg-Leu-
Phe-Gly-NH2
256
C42H74N16O8
931.2
929.4
13.8
93
H-Ala-Ala-Lys-Ser-Arg-Leu-
Phe-Gly-NH2
257
C38H65N13O9
848.0
847.4
14.1
95
H-Ala-Ala-Lys-Hse-Arg-Leu-
Phe-Gly-NH2
258
C39H67N13O9
862.0
861.1
13.9
90
H-Ala-Ala-Lys-Arg-Lys-Leu-
Phe-Gly-NH2
259
C41H72N14O8
889.1
888.8
13.5
90
H-Ala-Ala-Lys-Arg-Orn-Leu-
Phe-Gly-NH2
260
C40H70N14O8
875.1
874.6
13.5
95
H-Ala-Ala-Lys-Arg-Gln-Leu-
Phe-Gly-NH2
261
C40H68N14O9
889.1
887.7
13.7
86
H-Ala-Ala-Lys-Arg-Hse-Leu-
Phe-Gly-NH2
262
C39H67N13O9
862.0
861.3
13.9
88
H-Ala-Ala-Lys-Arg-Thr-Leu-
Phe-Gly-NH2
263
C39H67N13O9
862.0
860.4
14.3
90
H-Ala-Ala-Lys-Arg-Nva-Leu-
Phe-Gly-NH2
264
C40H69N13O8
860.1
858.7
15.6
85
H-Ala-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Met-
Phe-Gly-NH2
265
C40H70N16O8 S
935.2
934.1
10.9
93
H-Ala-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Ala-
Phe-Gly-NH2
266
C38H66N16O8
875.0
872.2
12.7
95
H-Ala-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Hof-
Phe-Gly-NH2
267
C45H72N16O8
965.2
962.9
15.1
81
H-Ala-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Hle-
Phe-Gly-NH2
268
C42H74N16O8
931.2
930.1
15.2
94
H-Ala-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-alle-
Phe-Gly-NH2
269
C41H72N16O8
917.1
915.9
13.2
95
H-Ala-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-
Tic-Gly-NH2
270
C42H72N16O8
929.1
928.3
13.7
93
H-Ala-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-
Pgh-Gly-NH2
271
C40H70N16O8
903.1
902.0
12.3,13.7c
95
H-Ala-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-
pFPhe-Gly-NH2
272
C41H71FN16O8
935.1
933.7
14.3
95
H-Ala-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-
plPhe-Gly-NH2
273
C41H71IN16O8
1043.0
1041.3
16.4
92
H-Ala-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-
Thi-Gly-NH2
274
C39H70N16O8S
923.2
920.8
13.2
96
H-Ala-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-
Pya-Gly-NH2
275
C40H71N17O8
918.1
915.1
9.3
90
H-Ala-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-
diClPhe-Gly-NH2
276
C41H70Cl2N16O8
986.0
984.2
17
95
H-Ala-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-
pClPhe-Gly-NH2
277
C41H71ClN16O8
951.6
950.2
15.5
95
H-Ala-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-
mClPhe-Gly-NH2
278
C41H71ClN16O8
951.6
949.8
15.5
95
H-Ala-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-
oClPhe-Gly-NH2
279
C41H71ClN16O8
951.6
949.9
15
95
H-Ala-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-
1Nap-Gly-NH2
280
C45H74N16O8
967.2
965.7
16.3
95
H-Ala-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-
2Nap-Gly-NH2
281
C45H74N16O8
967.2
966.1
16.4
95
H-Ala-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-
Inc-Gly-NH2
282
C41H70N16O8
915.1
917.8
14.36
90
H-Ala-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-
Phe-Asp-NH2
283
C43H74N16O10
975.2
972.5
13.6
95
H-Ala-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-
Phe-Glu-NH2
284
C44H76N16O10
989.2
987.5
13.3
93
H-Ala-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-
Phe-Ser-NH2
285
C42H74N16O9
947.2
944.7
13.1
95
H-Ala-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-
Phe-Asn-NH2
286
C43H75N17O9
974.2
972.6
13.3
95
H-Ala-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-
Phe-Gln-NH2
287
C44H77N17O9
988.2
986.9
12.5
95
H-Ala-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-
Phe-Lys-NH2
288
C45H81N17O8
988.2
987.0
13.6
95
aDE MALDI-TOF MS, +ve mode, α-cyan-4-hydroxycinnamic acid matrix, calibration on authentic H-Ala-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile-Phe-NH2 (Seq. ID No. 36)
bVydac 218TP54, 1 mL/min, 25° C., 0–40% MeCN in 0.1% aq TFA over 20 min
cMixture of diastereomers (racemic Fmoc-Phg-OH used)
Binding
Kinase
SEQ
IC50
IC50 (μM)
ID
(μM)
CyclinA/
Sequence
No.
Cyclin A
CDK2
Ac-
Arg
Arg
Leu
Asn
Phe NH2
378
8.15
37.2
Ac-
Arg
Arg
Leu
Asn
pFF NH2
379
1.25
3.35
Ac-
Arg
Arg
Leu
Asn
mClF NH2
380
4.1
17.85
Ac-
Arg
Arg
Leu
Ala
Phe NH2
381
Ac-
Arg
Arg
Leu
Ala
pFF NH2
382
3.7
10.45
Ac-
Arg
Arg
Leu
Ala
mClF NH2
383
10.125
19.4
Ac-
Arg
Arg
Leu
Gly
Phe NH2
384
Ac-
Arg
Arg
Leu
Gly
pFF NH2
385
11.8
23.25
Ac-
Arg
Arg
Leu
Gly
mClF NH2
386
25.45
29.75
Ac-
Arg
Arg
Ile
Asn
Phe NH2
387
Ac-
Arg
Arg
Ile
Asn
pFF NH2
388
3.85
8.3
Ac-
Arg
Arg
Ile
Asn
mClF NH2
389
17.15
59.5
Ac-
Arg
Arg
Ile
Ala
Phe NH2
390
Ac-
Arg
Arg
Ile
Ala
pFF NH2
391
7.75
40.35
Ac-
Arg
Arg
Ile
Ala
mClF NH2
392
26.15
>80
Ac-
Arg
Arg
Ile
Gly
Phe NH2
393
Ac-
Arg
Arg
Ile
Gly
pFF NH2
394
Ac-
Arg
Arg
Val
Gly
mClF NH2
395
Ac-
Arg
Arg
Val
Asn
Phe NH2
396
Ac-
Arg
Arg
Val
Asn
pFF NH2
397
Ac-
Arg
Arg
Val
Asn
mClF NH2
398
Ac-
Arg
Arg
Val
Ala
Phe NH2
399
Ac-
Arg
Arg
Val
Ala
pFF NH2
400
Ac-
Arg
Arg
Val
Ala
mClF NH2
401
Ac-
Arg
Arg
Val
Gly
Phe NH2
402
Ac-
Arg
Arg
Val
Gly
pFF NH2
403
Ac-
Arg
Arg
Val
Gly
mClF NH2
404
>100
>80
Ac-
Arg
Ser
Leu
Asn
Phe NH2
405
Ac-
Arg
Ser
Leu
Asn
pFF NH2
406
Ac-
Arg
Ser
Leu
Asn
mClF NH2
407
109.45
89.7
Ac-
Arg
Ser
Leu
Ala
Phe NH2
408
Ac-
Arg
Ser
Leu
Ala
pFF NH2
409
Ac-
Arg
Ser
Leu
Ala
mClF NH2
410
Ac-
Arg
Ser
Leu
Gly
Phe NH2
411
Ac-
Arg
Ser
Leu
Gly
pFF NH2
412
Ac-
Arg
Ser
Leu
Gly
mCIF NH2
413
Ac-
Arg
Ser
Ile
Asn
Phe NH2
414
Ac-
Arg
Ser
Ile
Asn
pFF NH2
415
Ac-
Arg
Ser
Ile
Asn
mClF NH2
416
Ac-
Arg
Ser
Ile
Ala
Phe NH2
417
Ac-
Arg
Ser
Ile
Ala
pFF NH2
418
Ac-
Arg
Ser
Ile
Ala
mCIF NH2
419
Ac-
Arg
Ser
Ile
Gly
Phe NH2
420
Ac-
Arg
Ser
Ile
Gly
pFF NH2
421
Ac-
Arg
Ser
Ile
Gly
mCIF NH2
422
Ac-
Arg
Ser
Val
Asn
Phe NH2
423
Ac-
Arg
Ser
Val
Asn
pFF NH2
424
Ac-
Arg
Ser
Val
Asn
mClF NH2
425
Ac-
Arg
Ser
Val
Ala
Phe NH2
426
Ac-
Arg
Ser
Val
Ala
pFF NH2
427
Ac-
Arg
Ser
Val
Ala
mClF NH2
428
Ac-
Arg
Ser
Val
Gly
Phe NH2
429
Ac-
Arg
Ser
Val
Gly
pFF NH2
430
Ac-
Arg
Ser
Val
Gly
mClF NH2
431
Ac-
Arg
Lys
Leu
Asn
Phe NH2
432
Ac-
Arg
Lys
Leu
Asn
pFF NH2
433
Ac-
Arg
Lys
Leu
Asn
mClF NH2
434
17.6
24.8
Ac-
Arg
Lys
Leu
Ala
Phe NH2
435
Ac-
Arg
Lys
Leu
Ala
pFF NH2
436
6.05
14.55
Ac-
Arg
Lys
Leu
Ala
mCIF NH2
437
24.9
>80
Ac-
Arg
Lys
Leu
Gly
Phe NH2
438
Ac-
Arg
Lys
Leu
Gly
pFF NH2
439
15.05
>80
Ac-
Arg
Lys
Leu
Gly
mCIF NH2
440
Ac-
Arg
Lys
Ile
Asn
Phe NH2
441
Ac-
Arg
Lys
Ile
Asn
pFF NH2
442
10.35
32.95
Ac-
Arg
Lys
Ile
Asn
mCIF NH2
443
Ac-
Arg
Lys
Ile
Ala
Phe NH2
444
Ac-
Arg
Lys
Ile
Ala
pFF NH2
445
77.35
>80
Ac-
Arg
Lys
Ile
Ala
mCIF NH2
446
Ac-
Arg
Lys
Ile
Gly
Phe NH2
447
Ac-
Arg
Lys
Ile
Gly
pFF NH2
448
Ac-
Arg
Lys
Ile
Gly
mCIF NH2
449
Ac-
Arg
Lys
Val
Asn
Phe NH2
450
Ac-
Arg
Lys
Val
Asn
pFF NH2
451
Ac-
Arg
Lys
Val
Asn
mCIF NH2
452
Ac-
Arg
Lys
Val
Ala
Phe NH2
453
Ac-
Arg
Lys
Val
Ala
pFF NH2
454
Ac-
Arg
Lys
Val
Ala
mCIF NH2
455
Ac-
Arg
Lys
Val
Gly
Phe NH2
456
Ac-
Arg
Lys
Val
Gly
PFF NH2
457
Ac-
Arg
Lys
Val
Gly
mCIF NH2
458
Ac-
Arg
Arg
Leu
Asn
pFF NH2
295
0.72
1.55
Ac-
Arg
Arg
Leu
Asn
pFF NH2
379
4.65
7.95
Ac-
Arg
Arg
Ile
Asn
pFF NH2
304
1.25
1.45
Ac-
Arg
Arg
Ile
Asn
pFF NH2
388
9.75
12.6
Ac-
Arg
Arg
Leu
Ile
pFF NH2
375
1.55
7.85
Ac-
Arg
Arg
Leu
Ile
pFF NH2
459
16.00
29.8
Ac-
Arg
Arg
Leu
Ala
pFF NH2
298
1.00
3.15
Ac-
Arg
Arg
Leu
Ala
pFF NH2
382
10.73
15.45
Example of a Cyclin Affinity Capture Method for the Identification of Peptide Inhibitors
Peptides were synthesized as described above. Cyclin D1 was expressed in E coli BL21(DE3) using PET expression vector and purified from the inclusion bodies. After refolding Cyclin D1 was cross-linked on SulfoLink agarose support (PIERCE). CDK4-6×His (6×His tag disclosed as SEQ ID NO: 462) was expressed in Sf9 insect cells infected with the appropriate baculovirus construct and purified by metal-affinity chromatography (Quiagen). GST-Rb (773-924) was expressed in E coli and purified on a Glutathione-Sepharose column according the manufacturers instructions (Pharmacia). CDK4/Cyclin D1 phosphorilation of Rb was determined by incorporation of radio-labeled phosphate in GST-Rb in 96-well format kinase assay. The phosphorylation reaction mixture consisted of 50 mM HEPES pH 7.4, 20 mM MgCl2, 5 mM EDTA, 2 mM DTT, 20mM-glicerophosphate, 2 mM NaF, 1 mM Na3VO4, 0.5 g CDK4, 0.5 g Cyclin D1, 10 1 GST-Rb Sepharose beads, 100 M ATP and 0.2 Ci 32P-ATP. The reaction was carried out for 30 min at 30 C at constant shaking. The GST-Rb-Sepharose beads were washed with 50 mM HEPES and 1 mM ATP and the radioactivity was measured on Scintillation counter (Topcount, HP).
Three Dimensional Models
As described in Example 4 above, a computer generated model of a preferred peptide of the present invention (HAKRRLIF) (SEQ ID NO. 42) complexed to cyclin A has been generated using AFFINITY (Molecular Simulations Inc.). A representation of this complex is shown in
Cyclin A residues
Major
Intermediate
Minor
p21 residue
Interaction
Interaction
Interaction
H
E223, E224
W217, V219, V221
G222, Y225, I281
S408, E411
A
Y225
E223
K
D284
E220, V279
R
I213
A212, V215, L218
Q406, S408
R
D283
I213, L214
M210, L253
L
L253
G257
L218, I239, V256
I
R250, Q254
F
I206, R211
T207, L214
M200
These results demonstrate that the p21WAF1-derived C-terminal peptides inhibit the phosphorylation of CDK substrates by binding to the cyclin regulatory subunit of the complex. Through the homology of this sequence with the sequences that have been determined crystallographically in complex with cyclins (Brown, N. R.; Noble, M. E.; Endicott, J. A.; Johnson, L. N. Nat. Cell Biol. 1999, 1, 438-443; Russo, A. A.; Jeffrey, P. D.; Patten, A. K.; Massague, J.; Pavletich, N. P. Nature 1996, 382, 325-31), as well as by virtue of our experimental results, we can conclude that the p21WAF1 peptide interacts with the same region of the protein as observed in these structures. The substrate recruitment site from these complexes consists mainly of residues of the α1 and α3 helices, which form a shallow groove on the surface, comprised predominantly of hydrophobic residues. These residues are largely conserved in the A, B, E and D1 cyclins. Analysis of the X-ray crystallographically determined structure of the ternary complex of p27KIP1, CDK2 and cyclin A gives considerable insight into the structural basis for the interactions of the p21WAF1 peptides examined here. In addition to the available experimentally derived information, a model of cyclin A-bound form of p21(152-159)Ser153Ala has been generated using computational docking procedures. These allow for the complex nature of protein—protein interactions to be delineated in terms of side-chain and backbone flexibility and using a routine employing full molecular mechanics description of non-bonded interactions. The generated model (
As with Examples 12-22, the following discussion relates to observations made in respect of the peptide HAKRRLIF (SEQ ID NO. 42) and all conclusions drawn in respect of potency increasing or decreasing are to be so interpreted. Two immediate conclusions can be drawn from the structure regarding the explanation of the functional significance of residues and which cannot be readily made from the available experimental data. The first is the rationale for the significant potency increase observed in the Ser153Ala substitution and the second is the accommodation of an aromatic residue in either position 7 or 8 of the cyclin binding motif (position 7 in conjunction with Gly at position 8). The basis for this can be ascertained by comparing the X-ray structure of the p27KIP1 ternary complex with the binary docked model structure. For the interaction of the LFG motif in the p27 structure, the Leu and Phe residues insert into the hydrophobic pocket formed by Met210, Ile213, Trp217, and Leu253 provide the majority of the binding interaction of this region with the cyclin molecule. For the interactions of the LIF motif, the backbone torsion angles of the peptide at positions 6, 7 and 8 adjust in order to allow the Phe side chain to rotate into the hydrophobic pocket and form a high degree of complementarity with the hydrophobic pocket residue of the groove. The Ile side chain at position 7 (158 of p21) rotates out of the pocket to accommodate the Phe and no longer makes any hydrophobic contacts (see
This observation explains the ability of the spacer residue between the Leu and Phe not only to be tolerated but also to increase affinity significantly as suggested by the observation that HAKRRLIF (SEQ ID NO. 42) is more potent than is the hybrid peptide HAKRRLFG (SEQ ID NO. 44). The ability of position 7 analogues including Ala to retain binding with cyclin A also supports this conclusion. The second observation and explanation that can be extracted from the model is the reason for the ability of the Ala replacement at position 153 dramatically to increase binding. This residue in the model forms hydrophobic contact with a second minor pocket which is made up by the second face of the Trp involved in the major pocket and two other residues. In the docked model, this second minor pocket is more pronounced and forms more complementary interactions with Ala than is observed in the crystal structure. It is apparent from this site that placement of the polar Ser residue in this hydrophobic environment would not be favoured and in fact would destabilise the binding interaction of the p21 peptide for the cyclin.
Further examination of the cyclin-bound p21 complex gives further indications of the nature of the residues that contribute to the affinity of the peptide to the recruitment site and that are different to those in the cyclin binding motif of p27. These include the His at position1 (Ser27 in p27), Lys at position 2 (Cys), and Arg at position 5 (Asn). The Ser to His change from p27 to p21 does not appear to be a critical one since both the Ala replacement peptide (p21(149-160)His152Ala) and the truncated peptide minus the residue at position 1 are essentially equipotent. This result is consistent with the binding model since this residue does not form any contacts with the protein with the exception of an H-bond donation of the terminal amino group. By contrast of the Cys to Lys variant, functional data indicates that the Ala mutant undergoes a two-fold reduction in its ability to phosphorylate pRb. From the calculated model, Lys154 forms an ion pair interaction with Asp284, thus, suggesting the basis for the potency decrease with this residue. Finally the Asn to Arg (156 in p21) change leads to a six-fold reduction in potency suggesting that the guanidino function of position 5 contributes to the binding interaction. Again the model indicates that this residue plays an important role in forming hydrogen bonds corresponding to those observed to the Asn residue in the p27 structure and thereby contributing to validation of the docked model. In addition, the recently published structure of a p107 peptide bound to cyclin A verifies the model since the homologous Arg in this structure H-bonds to Asp283, an interaction which is also observed in the docked complex (Brown, N. R.; Noble, M. E.; Endicott, J. A.; Johnson, L. N. Nat. Cell Biol. 1999, 1, 438-443).
Other than those interactions identified as being unique to the peptides of the present invention, there are the residues that are conserved between p27 and the p21 C-terminally optimised peptides that form similar interactions to those observed in the experimentally derived structure. In particular, Arg155, forms H-bonding and electrostatic interactions with Asp216 and Glu200 and Leu157 of the hydrophobic motif inserts into the pocket in a similar orientation to that observed in the crystal structure.
In summary, the model structure of the potent CDK2 and CDK4 inhibitor peptide H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile-Phe-NH2 (SEQ ID NO. 36) in complex with CDK2/cyclin A gives considerable insight into the intermolecular interactions involved in cyclin binding and hence into blocking of substrate recruitment. In conjunction with kinase activity data for the series of p21 truncation and substitution analogues, this model clearly defines the sequence and structural requirements of the cyclin binding motif.
The pFPhe8 derivative of the peptide H-His-Ala-Lys-Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile-Phe-NH2 (SEQ ID NO. 36) was found to possess increased activity in binding assays with cyclin A. Molecular modelling docking simulations performed with this analogue (
The contents of all references, pending patent applications and published patents, cited throughout this application are hereby expressly incorporated by reference.
Equivalents
Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific embodiments of the invention described herein. Such equivalents are intended to be encompassed by the following claims.
Fischer, Peter Martin, McInnes, Campbell, Zheleva, Daniella I., Andrews, Martin J. I., Chan, Weng C., Atkinson, Gail E.
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