In accordance with the invention, there are systems for electronic paper, apparatus for electrophoretic display, and methods of making an electrophoretic display. The apparatus for electrophoretic can include an electret substrate and a plurality of capsules disposed in the electret substrate, wherein each of the plurality of capsules can include a first plurality of charged pigments with a first color and a first charge, a second plurality of charged pigments with a second color and a second charge greater than the first charge, a third plurality of charged pigments with a third color and a third charge greater than the second charge, and a fluid, wherein the plurality of charged pigments are subjected to a non-uniform electric field.
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8. An apparatus for an electrophoretic display, the apparatus comprising:
an electret substrate; and
a plurality of capsules disposed in the electret substrate, wherein each of the plurality of capsules comprises a first plurality of charged pigments with a first charge, a second plurality of charged pigments with a second charge greater than the first charge, a third plurality of charged pigments with a third charge greater than the second charge, and a fluid;
wherein the plurality of charged pigments are subjected to a non-uniform electric field.
1. A system for electronic paper comprising:
an electret substrate; and
a plurality of capsules disposed in the electret substrate, wherein each of the plurality of capsules comprises,
a first plurality of charged pigments with a first color and a first charge,
a second plurality of charged pigments with a second color and a second charge greater than the first charge,
a third plurality of charged pigments with a third color and a third charge greater than the second charge,
a fluid, and
a spherically asymmetric and cylindrically symmetric housing configured to house the plurality of charged pigments and the fluid.
5. A system for electronic paper comprising:
an electret substrate comprising a majority of charges substantially at a surface of the electret; and
a plurality of capsules disposed in the electret substrate, wherein each of the plurality of capsules comprises,
a first plurality of charged pigments with a first color and a first charge,
a second plurality of charged pigments with a second color and a second charge greater than the first charge,
a third plurality of charged pigments with a third color and a third charge greater than the second charge,
a fluid, and
a housing configured to house the plurality of charged pigments, and the fluid.
2. The system of
3. The system of
a plurality of first electrodes interfaced with a first side of the electret substrate, wherein the first electrodes are spatially separated from one another;
a plurality of second electrodes interfaced with a second side of the electret substrate, wherein the second electrodes are spatially separated from one another; and
a power supply that provides an external electric field between one or more of the first electrodes and one or more of the second electrodes.
4. The system of
6. The system of
a plurality of first electrodes interfaced with a first side of the electret substrate, wherein the first electrodes are spatially separated from one another;
a plurality of second electrodes interfaced with a second side of the electret substrate, wherein the second electrodes are spatially separated from one another; and
a power supply that provides an external electric field between one or more of the first electrodes and one or more of the second electrodes.
7. The system of
9. The apparatus of
10. The apparatus of
11. The apparatus of
12. The apparatus of
13. The apparatus of
a plurality of first electrodes interfaced with a first side of the electret substrate, wherein the first electrodes are spatially separated from one another;
a plurality of second electrodes interfaced with a second side of the electret substrate wherein the second electrodes are spatially separated from one another; and
a power supply that provides an external electric field between one or more of the first electrodes and one or more of the second electrodes.
14. The apparatus of
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1. Field of the Invention
The subject matter of this invention relates to display systems. More particularly, the subject matter of this invention relates to an apparatus and a system for electronic paper with color capability.
2. Background of the Invention
Electronic paper or e-paper displays address the need for inexpensive yet flexible devices for large area and disposable applications which are unsuitable for standard liquid crystal displays (LCD) and light emitting diode (LED) displays.
Flexible e-paper displays generally use one of the two types of particle displays: suspended particle display (SPD) and electrophoretic image display (EPID). In a SPD, the orientation of the particles is selectively controlled to produce the optical contrast required for a display. In an EPID, the distribution of particle population is selectively controlled in order to produce the optical contrast required for a display. In both cases an electric field is used to control the particles. It should be noted that particles in both display types are suspended in a liquid medium, and in one case the response to the electric field is with respect to orientation, and in the other with respect to distribution.
SPDs are attractive due to their wide viewing angle, high optical transmission and ease of fabrication. In a SPD, light valve action is obtained when sub-micron sized particles with an asymmetric, plate-like shape align with an externally-applied electric field, and thus permit light to pass through (the “light” state). This alignment occurs because the external field induces a dipole moment in the molecules of the particles. In the absence of the external field, the particles orient randomly due to Brownian motion, and consequently block light (the “dark” state). A significant disadvantage of SPDs is that the light areas of the display must be continuously energized with the external electric field to maintain the display, thus consuming energy even when the image on the display is static. SPDs also typically lack a clear voltage threshold (threshold), and require active-matrix addressing for high resolution.
In EPIDs, the particles used in the display are electrically charged and may have a color that contrasts with the liquid used to suspend them. The EPID generally operates by reflection and absorption as opposed to transmission. Although EPIDs have some inherent memory, this memory is due to the viscosity of the liquid medium and therefore decays with time. And because there is no voltage threshold, making multiplexed displays is difficult.
Current e-paper displays have two major problems; volatility (they require continuous power for stable display) and lack of threshold thus making multiplexing and displaying color difficult. Current solutions for these problems, such as the use of TFT drives, limits the useful size of these displays and dramatically increase their costs. Hence, there is need to solve these and other problems of the prior art.
In accordance with the invention, there is a system for electronic paper. The system can include an electret substrate and a plurality of capsules disposed in the electret substrate, wherein each of the plurality of capsules can include a first plurality of charged pigments with a first color and a first charge, a second plurality of charged pigments with a second color and a second charge greater than the first charge, a third plurality of charged pigments with a third color and a third charge greater than the second charge, a fluid, and a spherically asymmetric and cylindrically symmetric housing configured to house the plurality of charged pigments and the fluid.
According to various embodiments, there is a system for electronic paper. The system can include an electret substrate including a majority of charges substantially at a surface of the electret and a plurality of capsules disposed in the electret substrate, wherein each of the plurality of capsules can include a first plurality of charged pigments with a first color and a first charge, a second plurality of charged pigments with a second color and a second charge greater than the first charge, a third plurality of charged pigments with a third color and a third charge greater than the second charge, a fluid, and a housing configured to house the plurality of charged pigments and the fluid.
According to another embodiment of the present teachings, there is an apparatus for an electrophoretic display. The apparatus can include an electret substrate and a plurality of capsules disposed in the electret substrate, wherein each of the plurality of capsules can include a first plurality of charged pigments with a first charge, a second plurality of charged pigments with a second charge greater than the first charge, a third plurality of charged pigments with a third charge greater than the second charge, and a fluid, wherein the plurality of charged pigments are subjected to a non-uniform electric field.
According to yet another embodiment, there is a method of making an electrophoretic display. The method can include providing an electret substrate and providing a plurality of capsules disposed in the electret substrate, wherein each of the plurality of capsules can include a first plurality of charged pigments with a first color and a first charge, a second plurality of charged pigments with a second color and a second charge greater than the first charge, a third plurality of charged pigments with a third color and a third charge greater than the second charge, and a fluid. The method can also include providing a plurality of first electrodes interfaced with a first side of the electret substrate, wherein the first electrodes are spatially separated from one another and providing a plurality of second electrodes interfaced with a second side of the electret substrate wherein the second electrodes are spatially separated from one another. The method can further include providing a power supply that provides an external electric field between one or more of the first electrodes and one or more of the second electrodes.
Additional advantages of the embodiments will be set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention. The advantages will be realized and attained by means of the elements and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims.
It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the invention, as claimed.
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments of the invention and together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention.
Reference will now be made in detail to the present embodiments, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Wherever possible, the same reference numbers will be used throughout the drawings to refer to the same or like parts.
Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of the invention are approximations, the numerical values set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely as possible. Any numerical value, however, inherently contains certain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in their respective testing measurements. Moreover, all ranges disclosed herein are to be understood to encompass any and all sub-ranges subsumed therein. For example, a range of “less than 10” can include any and all sub-ranges between (and including) the minimum value of zero and the maximum value of 10, that is, any and all sub-ranges having a minimum value of equal to or greater than zero and a maximum value of equal to or less than 10, e.g., 1 to 5. In certain cases, the numerical values as stated for the parameter can take on negative values. In this case, the example value of range stated as “less that 10” can assume negative values, e.g. −1, −2, −3, −10, −20, −30, etc.
As used herein, the terms “electronic paper” and “e-paper” are used interchangeably with the terms electrophoretic display, displacement particle display, particle display, flexible display, and disposable display. The term “charged pigment” is used interchangeably with the terms pigments, particles, charged particles, and charged pigment particles.
A system for electronic paper includes an array of pixels. The term “pixel” is used interchangeably herein with terms including cell and unit cell.
In various embodiments, the housing 125 can include one or more of a high permittivity dielectric material and a low permittivity dielectric material. In some embodiments, the housing 125, 225 can also include a low permittivity dielectric material in an oblate spheroid configuration as shown in
The exemplary system 100 for electronic paper can further include a plurality of first electrodes 144 interfaced with a first side 114 of the electret substrate 110, wherein the first electrodes 144 are spatially separated from one another, a plurality of second electrodes 146 interfaced with a second side 116 of the electret substrate 110, wherein the second electrodes 146 are spatially separated from one another, and a power supply 140 that can provide an external electric field between one or more of the first electrodes 144 and one or more of the second electrodes 146. The term “interfaced” used herein means “in physical contact with”.
In various embodiments, the exemplary system 100′ for electronic paper as shown in
The exemplary systems 100′ for electronic paper can further include a plurality of first electrodes 144 interfaced with a first side 114′ of the electret substrate 110′, wherein the first electrodes 144 are spatially separated from one another, a plurality of second electrodes 146 interfaced with a second side 116′ of the electret substrate 110′, wherein the second electrodes 146 are spatially separated from one another, and a power supply 140 that can provide an external electric field between one or more of the first electrodes 144 and one or more of the second electrodes 146.
The electret substrate 110, 110′ can include one or more highly insulating clear polymer such as a fluoropolymer, a polypropylene, a polyethyleneterephthalate, etc., including either a substantially uniform distribution of charges or an inhomogeneous distribution of charges. According to various embodiments, an electret substrate 110, as shown in
Referring back to
In various embodiments, the first electrodes 144 and the second electrodes 146 can include a multiplexing electrode array. In some embodiments, the first electrodes 144 and the second electrodes 146 can include a standard X-Y Indium Tin Oxide (“ITO”) array. The ITO array can be configured to provide control of the capsules 120,120′ on a pixel basis. In some embodiments, a thin layer of aluminum or gold can be used as the first electrodes 144 and the second electrodes 146. In various embodiments, an electric field of up to 1 million Volt/meter can be developed between one or more of the first electrodes 144 and one or more of the second electrodes 146, by applying an exemplary voltage of about 50 V between one or more of the first electrodes 144 and one or more of the second electrodes 146, when the thickness of the electret substrate 110, 110′ can be about 50 μm.
According to various embodiments, there is an apparatus 300, 300′ for an electrophoretic display as shown in
In various embodiments, the non-uniform electric field 350 can be due to each of the plurality of capsules 320 including a spherically asymmetric and cylindrically symmetric housing 325, as shown in
In various embodiments, the non-uniform electric field 350 can be due to the electret substrate 310′ including a majority of charges substantially at a surface 314′, 316′ of the electret substrate 310′ as shown in
According to various embodiments, there is a method of making an electrophoretic display 400A-400E as shown in
According to various embodiments, the method of making an electrophoretic display 400A-400E can further include subjecting the plurality of charged pigments 431, 432, 433 to a non-uniform local electric field 450 by one or more of providing an electret substrate 410 with a non-uniform distribution of charges as shown in
The method can also include applying an electric field above a threshold value for the first plurality of charged pigments 431 but below the threshold value for the second plurality of charged pigments 432 between one or more of the first electrodes 444 and one or more of the second electrodes 446, as shown in
While the invention has been illustrated with respect to one or more implementations, alterations and/or modifications can be made to the illustrated examples without departing from the spirit and scope of the appended claims. In addition, while a particular feature of the invention may have been disclosed with respect to only one of several implementations, such feature may be combined with one or more other features of the other implementations as may be desired and advantageous for any given or particular function. Furthermore, to the extent that the terms “including”, “includes”, “having”, “has”, “with”, or variants thereof are used in either the detailed description and the claims, such terms are intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprising.”
Other embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the invention disclosed herein. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only, with a true scope and spirit of the invention being indicated by the following claims.
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