An underwater communication method is provided. EM signals are transmitted via a seabed using an underwater electrically insulated magnetically coupled antenna. By making use of the low loss properties of the seabed, EM signal attenuation can be reduced and consequently the transmission range can be increased. The underwater electrically insulated magnetically coupled antenna may be located within a body of water or may be buried in the seabed.
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7. An underwater communication system comprising a transmitter having an underwater electrically insulated magnetically coupled antenna that is operable to transmit EM signals through a direct signal transmission path through the seabed to a first receiver located on land, wherein the antenna is positioned to maximize the signals directed toward the receiver through the seabed.
1. An underwater communication method comprising generating and transmitting EM signals between a transmitter and a receiver via a direct signal transmission path through the seabed using an underwater electrically insulated magnetically coupled antenna positioned within the seawater close to the seabed, wherein the antenna is also positioned to maximize the signals directed through the seabed and wherein one of the transmitter and said receiver is located on land.
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This application is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 11/339,336, filed Jan. 24, 2006, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,742,007 which claims the benefit of GB 0526303.3, filed Dec. 23, 2005, both of which applications are fully incorporated herein by reference.
The present invention relates to an underwater communications system that uses an electromagnetic propagation path through the seabed, lake bed or bed of any other body of water. This provides system performance advantages compared to a direct path through water.
WO01/95529 describes an underwater communications system that uses electromagnetic signal transmission. This system has a transmitter and a receiver, each having a metallic aerial that is surrounded by a waterproof electrically insulating material. Underwater communications systems are also described in GB0511939.1 and US60/690,966. These use magnetically coupled antennas for the transmission and reception of electromagnetic signals. Whilst employing electromagnetic (EM) radiation for underwater communications offers significant advantages over traditional acoustic techniques such as immunity to acoustic noise and higher bandwidth, the attenuation of EM radiation through water is significant.
According to the present invention, there is provided an underwater communication method comprising transmitting EM signals via a seabed using an underwater electrically insulated magnetically coupled antenna.
By making use of the low loss properties of the seabed, EM signal attenuation can be reduced and consequently the transmission range can be increased. It should be noted that in the context of this application “seabed” means the bed of any body of water, such as a loch, lake, or ocean.
The underwater electrically insulated magnetically coupled antenna may be located within the body of water or may be buried in the seabed.
The method may further involve receiving the EM signals at an underwater, electrically insulated magnetically coupled antenna. The underwater receiver antenna may be located within the water or buried in the seabed.
The EM signal could be any information carrying communication signal for use in, for example, a an underwater communication system for allowing communication between two divers, a navigation system and a remote sensing system for identifying objects or any other system that requires the exchange of EM signals.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided an underwater communication system comprising a transmitter having an underwater electrically insulated magnetically coupled antenna that is operable to transmit EM signals through the seabed.
The system may be bi-directional, employing a transmitter and receiver at both ends of the communications system. The transmitting and receiving stations may have an antenna at each such that the radiation is preferentially directed into the seabed. The seabed then acts as a lower loss transmission path for the radiation compared to the direct path through water.
At least one of the antennas may be buried in the seabed to maximise coupling to the lower loss medium. One of the antennas may be based on land. The land-based station optimally comprises a buried, magnetic coupled antenna.
Signals transmitted from the first mobile station enter the seabed, traverse it and emerge to be detected by the second station. Hence, the EM signal transmission path has a first, relatively short part that is through water, a second longer path that is via the seabed and a final part that is again through water. EM loss through the seabed varies depending on local geological composition, but is universally much lower than seawater. Seabed conductivity ranges from around 0.01 S/m to 1.0 S/m while seawater is typically 4 S/m (2 S/m to 6 S/m at its global extremes). This lower conductivity is primarily because of the non-conductive nature of sand, stone and other particles that typically form the bed of bodies of water. By minimising the through water portions of the transmission path, attenuation can be reduced.
As an example, consider the situation where the seawater has a conductivity of 4 S/m and the seabed has a conductivity of 1 S/m. For through water transmission only, the communication range would be 25 m. However, in accordance with the invention, if both antennas were situated one meter above the seabed, aligned for optimal coupling into the seabed, the transmission range would be around 40 m. This is a significant improvement.
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The system and method in which the invention is embodied provide numerous advantages, not least a significantly improved range. However, in addition to range benefits the seabed path also offers reduced signal distortion for a given range. This is because the lower conductivity compared to water reduces phase dispersion. A further advantage is that the seabed potentially provides a covert path for communications, thereby minimising the ability of other parties to intercept or detect communications compared to the more conventional lower loss approach of using through air transmission at the air-water interface using surface penetration of the antenna.
A skilled person will appreciate that variations of the disclosed arrangements are possible without departing from the invention. For example, although the specific implementations of
Wolfe, Derek, Rhodes, Mark, Hyland, Brendan
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