An apparatus and method for closing an opening in a blood vessel wall is disclosed. The apparatus includes at least one member which is extended through a tissue tract formed through the epidermis and subcutaneous layer of skin and through the opening in the blood vessel. The member includes a proximal end and a distal end with the distal end being positionable proximate to the opening in the blood vessel wall. A positive electrode is positioned next to the distal end with a negative electrode being positioned next to the proximal end When the electrodes are energized an electric field is created therebetween, blood cells are attracted to the positive electrode, and a thrombus is formed at the opening in the blood vessel wall. The member may include a balloon at the distal end to temporarily occlude blood flow from the blood vessel to the tissue tract to facilitate formation of the thrombus. In addition, the shape of the balloon may be tailored to facilitate the formation of the thrombus including, but not limited to, the creation of pockets and self-supporting balloons.
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4. A method of closing an opening in a blood vessel, comprising:
inserting a member between an epidermis of a patient and an opening of a blood vessel wall of the patient, the member having a positive electrode and negative electrode thereon;
wherein the member is a working sheath;
extending a balloon catheter through the working sheath until a balloon extending from a shaft of the balloon catheter is fully within the blood vessel, inflating the balloon, and retracting the balloon until it engages an interior surface of the blood vessel wall;
forming a pocket between the balloon and the blood vessel wall to facilitate formation of a thrombus at the blood vessel wall; and
then creating an electric field between the positive electrode and negative electrode, blood cells being attracted to the positive electrode and forming the thrombus at the blood vessel wall.
1. A method of closing an opening in a blood vessel, comprising:
inserting a sheath into a tissue tract within a patient extending between an epidermis and a blood vessel wall;
extending a balloon catheter into the sheath, the balloon catheter having a shaft terminating distally in a balloon, the balloon catheter being inserted until the balloon is fully within the blood vessel, one of the sheath or balloon catheter having a positive electrode thereon, one of the sheath and balloon catheter having a negative electrode thereon;
inflating the balloon;
retracting the balloon catheter until the inflated balloon engages an interior surface of the blood vessel wall; and
creating an electric field between the negative and positive electrodes, blood cells thereby being attracted to the positive electrode and forming a thrombus at the blood vessel wall;
wherein inflating and retracting the balloon causes a pocket to form between the balloon and the blood vessel wall.
2. The method of
5. The method of
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This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/026,067 filed on Feb. 5, 2008, which is a non-provisional patent application claiming priority under 35 USC .sctn. 119(e) to U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/888,202 filed on Feb. 5, 2007.
The present disclosure generally relates to medical devices and, more particularly, relates to apparatus and methods for closing openings in blood vessels.
In many medical procedures, such as balloon angioplasty and the like, it is known how to create an opening in a blood vessel, known as an arteriotomy, to allow for the insertion of various medical devices which can be navigated through the blood vessel to the site to be treated. Typically, the opening is formed in the femoral artery at a point proximate the groin and a series of medical devices are inserted in sequence. For example, a guide wire may first be inserted through the tissue tract created between the skin or the epidermis of the patient down through the subcutaneous tissue and into the opening formed in the blood vessel The guide wire is then navigated through the blood vessel to the site of the occlusion, the heart, or any other area to be treated. Once the guide wire is in place, a working sheath can be slid over the guide wire to form a wider, more easily accessible, tract between the epidermis and the opening into the blood vessel If an angioplasty needs to be performed, the balloon catheter can then be introduced over the guide wire again through the working sheath, through the opening in the femoral artery, and then up to the blood vessel to the site of the occlusion.
Once the procedure is performed, the guide wire, balloon catheter and any other equipment introduced can be retracted through the blood vessel, out through the opening in the blood vessel wall, out through the working sheath, and out of the body entirely. The working sheath can then be removed whereby the physician or other medical technician is presented with the challenge of trying to close the opening both in the femoral artery and the tissue tract formed in the epidermis and subcutaneous tissue Most importantly, the opening in the blood vessel must be closed as soon as possible.
Over the years that these procedures have been performed, a number of apparatus and methods have been created fbi closing the opening in the blood vessel. Traditionally, and still commonly today, the opening is closed simply by the application of manual pressure If sufficient pressure is applied, the blood vessel is constricted until a clot or thrombus forms whereupon the pressure can be removed and eventually the patient can become ambulatory once again However, a number of drawbacks are associated with such a method For one, the process is very time consuming often taking many hours fbi the thrombus to fully form, during which time the patient is required to be stationary. In addition, the mere application of such significant pressure to the groin is often quite uncomfortable for the patient.
In light of these difficulties, a number of proposals have been introduced to potentially alleviate such drawbacks. In one approach, an anchor is inserted through the tissue tract and the blood vessel with a filament extending therefrom and connected to a sealing plug by a pulley arrangement. Once the anchor engages an interior surface of the blood vessel the filament can be used to pull the sealing plug securely into the tissue tract. While this approach does more quickly close the opening in the blood vessel than manual pressure application, it also results in the unfavorable characteristic of leaving a foreign body in the patient after the procedure is completed.
Another approach uses a resistive heating coil inserted into the opening in the blood vessel. Upon energization of the heating coil, the blood in the vicinity of the opening is caused to coagulate given the rise in temperature. This can be accomplished in combination with the introduction of a procoagulant into the site to again expedite the creation of the coagulation While this approach has also met with some level of success, it also results in the introduction of a foreign body and/or substance into the tissue of the patient.
A still further approach involves the introduction of a collagen plug into the site of the opening. Such a plug is sized to be frictionally engaged by the sides of the opening in the blood vessel and thus held in place until coagulation of blood forms around the collagen plug. The collagen plug is biodegradable and eventually is dispersed into the blood flow and eliminated from the body. However, just the introduction of such a foreign substance into the body can sometimes be, at the very least, inflammatory and uncomfortable for the patient
In one collagen plug approach, a balloon catheter is inserted into the blood vessel, inflated, and then pulled back against an interior surface of the blood vessel wall to serve as a backstop. The collagen plug in such an approach is shaped and sized as to closely match the opening in the blood vessel wall and is pushed down into the tissue tract until it engages the inflated balloon. The inflated balloon can then be deflated and withdrawn leaving the collagen plug in place.
In another collagen plug approach, a delivery sheath wider than the opening in the blood vessel wall is used and then a collagen plug corresponding to the size of the inner diameter of the delivery sheath is pushed through the sheath so as to engage the outer surface of the blood vessel wall The plug can then be tamped or compressed down against the exterior surface of the blood vessel wall such that a portion of the collagen extends into the opening of the blood vessel wall
While each of the foregoing approaches have been met with some level of success, it can be seen that each also has substantial drawbacks. Accordingly, it would be advantageous for the art to provide an apparatus and method which can quickly close the opening in the blood vessel wall, minimizes any decrease in blood flow through the blood vessel during the closure procedure, forms a thrombus which reliably remains in place after formation, minimizes patient discomfort, introduces no foreign body or substance into the blood vessel and leaves no foreign bodies behind after the procedure is completed.
According to one aspect of the disclosure, an apparatus is disclosed for closing an opening in a blood vessel. The apparatus may include a sheath extending from the epidermis of a patient to a blood vessel, the sheath having a proximal end positionable at the epidermis of the patient and a distal end positionable at the blood vessel wall of the patient. The apparatus further includes a balloon catheter inserted through the sheath with the balloon catheter having a proximal end positionable at the epidermis of the patient and a distal end positionable within the blood vessel of the patient. The apparatus further includes first and second electrodes with the first electrode being at the proximal end of the sheath and balloon catheter, and the second electrode being at the distal end of the balloon catheter.
In accordance with another aspect of the disclosure, an apparatus for closing an opening in a blood vessel is disclosed which comprises a member for extending between an epidermis of a patient and a blood vessel wall of a patient, a first electrode, and a second electrode. The member includes a proximal end positionable at the epidermis and distal end positionable at the blood vessel wall with the first electrode being at the member proximal end and the second electrode being at the member distal end.
In accordance with another aspect of the disclosure, a method of closing an opening in a blood vessel is disclosed comprising inserting a sheath into a tissue tract of a patient extending between an epidermis and a blood vessel wall, extending a balloon catheter into the sheath, the balloon catheter having a shaft extending into a balloon, the balloon catheter being inserted until the balloon is entirely within the blood vessel, at least one of the sheath and balloon catheter having a positive electrode thereon, at least one of the sheath and balloon catheter having a negative electrode thereon, inflating the balloon, retracting the balloon until the inflated balloon engages an interior surface of the blood vessel wall, and creating an electric field between the negative and positive electrodes, cells thereby being attracted to the positive electrode and forming a thrombus at the blood vessel wall.
In accordance with another aspect of the disclosure, a method of closing an opening in a blood vessel is disclosed which comprises inserting a member between the epidermis of the patient and the opening of the blood vessel wall of the patient, the member having a positive electrode and negative electrode thereon, and creating a electric field between the negative and positive electrodes, cells thereby being attracted to the positive electrode and forming a thrombus at the blood vessel wall. The member includes proximal and distal ends with the distal end being positionable at the blood vessel wall, and the positive electrode being provided at the member distal end
These and other aspects and features of the disclosure will become mole apparent upon reading the following detailed description when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
While the present disclosure is susceptible to various modifications and alternatives constructions, certain illustrative embodiments have been shown in the drawings and will be described below in detail. It should be understood, however, that there is no intention to limit the present invention to the specific forms disclosed, but on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, alternative constructions, and equivalents falling within the spirit and scope of the present invention.
Referring now to the drawings and with specific reference to
Referring now to
Referring now to
Referring now to
Once the physician reaches the position depicted in
After the thrombus 50 fully forms in the tract 24 around the shaft 38, the balloon 40 can be deflated and fully withdrawn through a center opening 52 within the thrombus 50 as shown in
Referring again to
Referring now to
In addition to the pocket 54, it may be beneficial to provide “self-supporting” balloon such as that depicted in
Referring now to the aforementioned
Two other approaches which can be used to facilitate removal of the balloon are depicted in
In any of the foregoing embodiments, the thrombus may be even more effectively formed by using a heat source in combination with the electrodes In such embodiments a resistive coil 88 or the like can be positioned at the distal end of one of the components of the apparatus, with coil 88 being shown as attached to the rod 86 in
With respect to the parameters of the electrical field generated by the electrodes, the inventors have found that the clot formation rate is dependent on a number of parameters including the type, intensity, duration, and other stimulation parameters of the electrode design. In addition, based on other requirements such as the time allotted for the thrombus to form, the size of the clot to form, the size of the wound to close, the contact impedance, etc, the electrical stimulation signal can be modified or chosen. For example, the electric field may be an alternating current, direct current, pulsed alternating current or pulsed direct current The intensity of the field can be adjusted based on amplitude, net energy, charged delivery, frequency, duty cycle, or other parameters. One particularly effective approach the inventors found was to use a DC positive signal continuously delivered to the thrombus site. The rate of clot formation increased with increased amplitude of the signal.
Based on the foregoing, it can be seen that the present disclosure provides an apparatus and method for effectively closing an opening in a blood vessel through the creation of an electric field in the area of the opening By appropriately positioning the positive electrode forming a portion of the electric field, blood cells are attracted to the positive electrode and a thrombus is quickly formed thereabout.
Drasler, William J., Jenson, Mark L., Eidenschink, Tracee, Thielen, Joseph M., Sadisiva, Anu
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