A polypeptide solution of the present invention is a polypeptide solution in which a polypeptide derived from natural spider silk proteins is dissolved in a solvent. The solvent contains at least one selected from the following (i)-(iii): (i) DMSO; (ii) DMSO with an inorganic salt; and (iii) DMF with an inorganic salt. Further, in the present invention, an artificial polypeptide fiber is obtained by: using the polypeptide solution as a dope solution; and extruding the dope solution from a spinneret into a desolvation bath so as to eliminate the solvent from the dope solution and form a fiber to produce an undrawn yarn. Moreover, in the present invention, a polypeptide is purified by subjecting the polypeptide solution to heat treatment and thereafter removing an undissolved substance therefrom. Thus, the present invention provides the polypeptide solution whose solute has high solubility and solvent itself is low cost, and that allows dissolution at high temperatures and has high safety: a method for producing an artificial polypeptide fiber: and a method for purifying a polypeptide.
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1. A polypeptide solution in which a polypeptide derived from natural spider silk proteins is dissolved in a solvent,
wherein the solvent contains at least one selected from the following (i)-(iii):
(i) Dimethyl sulfoxide;
(ii) Dimethyl sulfoxide with an inorganic salt; and
(iii) N, N-dimethylformamide with an inorganic salt.
2. The polypeptide solution according to
3. The polypeptide solution according to
4. The polypeptide solution according to
5. The polypeptide solution according to
6. The polypeptide solution according to
7. The polypeptide solution according to
8. A method for producing an artificial polypeptide fiber using the polypeptide solution according to
using the polypeptide solution as a dope solution; and
extruding the dope solution from a spinneret into a coagulation liquid in a desolvation bath so as to eliminate a solvent from the dope solution and form a fiber to prepare an undrawn yarn, thereby obtaining an artificial polypeptide fiber.
9. The method for producing an artificial polypeptide fiber according to
drawing the undrawn yarn.
10. The method for producing an artificial polypeptide fiber according to
wherein, when the polypeptide solution is 100 mass %, the percentage of the polypeptide is in a range of 3 to 45 mass %.
11. The method for producing an artificial polypeptide fiber according to
12. A method for purifying a polypeptide using the polypeptide solution according to
subjecting the polypeptide solution to heat treatment and thereafter removing an undissolved substance therefrom.
13. The method for purifying a polypeptide according to
14. The method for purifying a polypeptide according to
15. The method for purifying a polypeptide according to
16. The method for purifying a polypeptide according to
17. The method for purifying a polypeptide according to
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This application is a 371 of PCT/JP2012/077920, filed Oct. 29, 2012.
The present invention relates to a polypeptide solution in which a polypeptide is dissolved in a particular solvent, and a method for producing an artificial polypeptide fiber and a method for purifying a polypeptide using the same.
Spider silk fibers are fibers having strength and stretchability, and are known to have higher toughness than high-tensile steels, Nylon 6 (trademark) fibers, and the like. In addition, they have an advantage in that oil is not used as a raw material and biomass can be used instead. Some artificial spider silk fibers also have been proposed. For example, Patent Document 1 describes a fiber obtained by using, as a spinning solution, a solution in which a synthetic protein derived from natural spider silk proteins is dissolved in hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP), and subjecting the solution to wet spinning.
Patent Document 1: JP 2004-503204 A
However, conventional solvents such as hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) that are used for artificial polypeptides derived from natural spider silk proteins are expensive, and have problems of safety.
In order to solve the above-described conventional problems, the present invention provides a polypeptide solution whose solute has high solubility and solvent itself is low cost, and that has a higher boiling point than water to allow dissolution at high temperatures and has high safety: and a method for producing an artificial polypeptide fiber and a method for purifying a polypeptide using the same.
A polypeptide solution of the present invention is a polypeptide solution in which a polypeptide derived from natural spider silk proteins is dissolved in a solvent, wherein the solvent contains at least one selected from the following (i)-(iii):
(i) Dimethyl sulfoxide;
(ii) Dimethyl sulfoxide with an inorganic salt; and
(iii) N,N-dimethylformamide with an inorganic salt.
A method for producing an artificial polypeptide fiber of the present invention is a method for producing an artificial polypeptide fiber using the above-described polypeptide solution, including: using the polypeptide solution as a dope solution; and extruding the dope solution from a spinneret into a coagulation liquid in a desolvation bath so as to eliminate a solvent from the dope solution and form a fiber to prepare an undrawn yarn, thereby obtaining an artificial polypeptide fiber.
A method for purifying a polypeptide of the present invention is a method for purifying a polypeptide using the above-described polypeptide solution, including: subjecting the polypeptide solution to heat treatment and thereafter removing an undissolved substance therefrom.
The polypeptide solution of the present invention is a solution in which a polypeptide (hereinafter, also referred to as a solute) derived from natural spider silk proteins is dissolved in a solvent. By addition of at least one substance selected from (i)-(iii) above to the solvent, the solute can have high solubility, the polypeptide solution can have a high boiling point, which allows dissolution at high temperatures, and have high safety, and the cost of the solvent itself can be reduced. If the solute has high solubility and is soluble at high concentration, the productivity of fibers and films can be increased by using the polypeptide solution as a dope solution. If dissolution at high temperatures is possible, the dope solution can be adjusted efficiently. Further, if the boiling point is higher than that of water, it can be used also as a polymerization solvent for causing a dehydration condensation reaction. If the safety is high, the production workability can be increased, and further the application can be broader. Moreover, the polypeptide solution has spinnability, and hence is useful for wet spinning, cast film, etc. Moreover, polypeptides can be purified easily using the polypeptide solution.
1. Solvent
(1) Selection of Polar Solvent
The inventors of the present invention examined what kind of solvents would be suitable for dissolving polypeptides derived from natural spider silk proteins to obtain a polypeptide solution, and mainly selected polar solvents to perform solubility experiments. As a result, it was found that solvents containing any of the substances described in (i)-(iii) above had high solubility selectively and allowed dissolution at high temperatures. When the polypeptide solution is 100 mass %, the solute concentration (solubility) is preferably 3 mass % (w/v %) or more, more preferably 15 mass % or more, and further preferably 40 mass % or more. Further, the solute concentration is preferably 45 mass % or less. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) has a melting point of 18.4° C. and a boiling point of 189° C. N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) has a melting point of −61° C. and a boiling point of 153° C. DMSO and DMF have much higher boiling points than hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) and hexafluoroacetone (HFAc) having boiling points of 59° C. and −26.5° C., respectively, which have been used in conventional methods. Further, in view of the fact that DMSO and DMF have been used also in general industrial fields for acrylic fiber polymerization and acrylic fiber spinning solutions, etc., and as solvents for polyimide polymerization, they are low cost substances with proven safety.
(2) Dissolution Promoter
Adding an inorganic salt to DMSO or DMF is preferable because it further increases the solubility of the solute. The inorganic salt is preferably at least one selected from alkali metal halides (e.g., LiCl, LiBr, etc), alkaline-earth metal halides (e.g., CaCl2, etc.), alkaline-earth metal nitrate (e.g., Ca(NO3)2, etc.), and thiocyanate (e.g., NaSCN, etc.). When the solvent is 100 mass %, the percentage of the inorganic salt preferably ranges from 0.1 to 20 mass %.
(3) Purity of Solvent, Additive
The solvent may contain alcohol and/or water in addition to the substances described in (i)-(iii) above.
When the solvent is 100 mass %, the percentage of the substances described in (i)-(iii) above is 22 mass % or more and 100 mass % or less. The remainder may contain alcohol. In the above description, “alcohol” preferably is a lower alcohol with a carbon number of 1 to 6, and more preferably at least one kind selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, and 2-propanol. In the case of containing water, the percentage of the substances described in (i)-(iii) above is 10 mass % or more and 100 mass % or less when the solvent is 100 mass %. The remainder may be water. Water and alcohol may be mixed together.
2. Polypeptide
In the present invention, as a polypeptide, a polypeptide derived from natural spider silk proteins is used, for example. The polypeptide is not limited particularly as long as it is derived from natural spider silk proteins, and examples of the polypeptide include natural spider silk proteins and recombinant spider silk proteins such as variants, analogs, derivatives or the like of the natural spider silk proteins. In terms of excellent tenacity, the polypeptide preferably is derived from major dragline silk proteins produced in major ampullate glands of spiders. Examples of the major dragline silk proteins include major ampullate spidroin MaSp1 and MaSp2 from Nephila clavipes, and ADF3 and ADF4 from Araneus diadematus, etc. Examples of the polypeptide derived from major dragline silk proteins include variants, analogs, derivatives or the like of the major dragline silk proteins. Further, the polypeptide may be derived from flagelliform silk proteins produced in flagelliform glands of spiders. Examples of the flagelliform silk proteins include flagelliform silk proteins derived from Nephila clavipes, etc.
Examples of the polypeptide derived from major dragline silk proteins include a polypeptide containing two or more units of an amino acid sequence represented by the formula 1: REP1-REP2 (1), preferably a polypeptide containing five or more units thereof, and more preferably a polypeptide containing ten or more units thereof. Alternatively, the polypeptide derived from major dragline silk proteins may be a polypeptide that contains units of the amino acid sequence represented by the formula 1: REP1-REP2 (1) and that has, at a C-terminal, an amino acid sequence represented by any of SEQ ID NOS: 1 to 3 or an amino acid sequence having a homology of 90% or more with the amino acid sequence represented by any of SEQ ID NOS: 1 to 3. In the polypeptide derived from major dragline silk proteins, units of the amino acid sequence represented by the formula 1: REP1-REP2 (1) may be the same or may be different from each other. In the case of producing a recombinant protein using a microbe such as Escherichia coli as a host, the molecular weight of the polypeptide derived from major dragline silk proteins is preferably 500 kDa or less, more preferably 300 kDa or less, and further preferably 200 kDa or less, in terms of productivity.
In the formula (1), the REP1 indicates polyalanine. In the REP1, the number of alanine residues arranged in succession is preferably 2 or more, more preferably 3 or more, further preferably 4 or more, and particularly preferably 5 or more. Further, in the REP1, the number of alanine residues arranged in succession is preferably 20 or less, more preferably 16 or less, further preferably 12 or less, and particularly preferably 10 or less. In the formula (1), the REP2 is an amino acid sequence composed of 10 to 200 amino acid residues. The total number of glycine, serine, glutamine and alanine residues contained in the amino acid sequence is 40% or more, preferably 60% or more, and more preferably 70% or more with respect to the total number of amino acid residues contained therein.
In the major dragline silk, the REP1 corresponds to a crystal region in a fiber where a crystal β sheet is formed, and the REP2 corresponds to an amorphous region in a fiber where most of the parts lack regular configurations and that has more flexibility. Further, the [REP1-REP2] corresponds to a repetitious region (repetitive sequence) composed of the crystal region and the amorphous region, which is a characteristic sequence of dragline silk proteins.
An amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1 is identical to an amino acid sequence that is composed of 50 amino acid residues of an amino acid sequence of ADF3 at the C-terminal (NCBI Accession No.: AAC47010, GI: 1263287). An amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 2 is identical to an amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1 from which 20 residues have been removed from the C-terminal. An amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 3 is identical to an amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1 from which 29 residues have been removed from the C-terminal.
An example of the polypeptide that contains units of the amino acid sequence represented by the formula 1: REP1-REP2 (1) and that has, at a C-terminal, an amino acid sequence represented by any of SEQ ID NOS: 1 to 3 or an amino acid sequence having a homology of 90% or more with the amino acid sequence represented by any of SEQ ID NOS: 1 to 3 is a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 8. The polypeptide having the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 8 is obtained by the following mutation: in an amino acid sequence of ADF3 (NCBI Accession No.: AAC47010, GI: 1263287) to the N-terminal of which has been added an amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 5) composed of a start codon, His 10 tags and an HRV3C Protease (Human rhinovirus 3C Protease) recognition site, 1st to 13th repetitive regions are about doubled and the translation ends at the 1154th amino acid residue. In the polypeptide having the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 8, the C-terminal sequence is identical to the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 3.
Further, the polypeptide that contains units of the amino acid sequence represented by the formula 1: REP1-REP2 (1) and that has, at a C-terminal, an amino acid sequence represented by any of SEQ ID NOS: 1 to 3 or an amino acid sequence having a homology of 90% or more with the amino acid sequence represented by any of SEQ ID NOS: 1 to 3 may be a protein that has an amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 8 in which one or a plurality of amino acids have been substituted, deleted, inserted and/or added and that has a repetitious region composed of a crystal region and an amorphous region. In the present invention, “one or a plurality of” refers to 1 to 40, 1 to 35, 1 to 30, 1 to 25, 1 to 20, 1 to 15, 1 to 10, or 1 or a few, for example. Further, in the present invention, “one or a few” refers to 1 to 9, 1 to 8, 1 to 7, 1 to 6, 1 to 5, 1 to 4, 1 to 3, 1 to 2, or 1.
Further, an example of the polypeptide containing two or more units of the amino acid sequence represented by the formula 1: REP1-REP2 (1) is a recombinant protein derived from ADF4 having an amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 15. The amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 15 is an amino acid sequence obtained by adding the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 5) composed of a start codon, His 10 tags and an HRV3C Protease (Human rhinovirus 3C Protease) recognition site, to the N-terminal of a partial amino acid sequence of ADF4 obtained from the NCBI database (NCBI Accession No.: AAC47011, GI: 1263289). Further, the polypeptide containing two or more units of the amino acid sequence represented by the formula 1: REP1-REP2 (1) may be a polypeptide that has an amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 15 in which one or a plurality of amino acids have been substituted, deleted, inserted and/or added and that has a repetitious region composed of a crystal region and an amorphous region. Further, an example of the polypeptide containing two or more units of the amino acid sequence represented by the formula 1: REP1-REP2 (1) is a recombinant protein derived from MaSp2 that has an amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 17. The amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 17 is an amino acid sequence obtained by adding the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 5) composed of a start codon, His 10 tags and an HRV3C Protease (Human rhinovirus 3C Protease) recognition site, to the N-terminal of a partial sequence of MaSp2 obtained from the NCBI web database (NCBI Accession No.: AAT75313, GI: 50363147). Furthermore, the polypeptide containing two or more units of the amino acid sequence represented by the formula 1: REP1-REP2 (1) may be a polypeptide that has an amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 17 in which one or a plurality of amino acids have been substituted, deleted, inserted and/or added and that has a repetitious region composed of a crystal region and an amorphous region.
Examples of the polypeptide derived from flagelliform silk proteins include a polypeptide containing 10 or more units of an amino acid sequence represented by the formula 2: REP3 (2), preferably a polypeptide containing 20 or more units thereof, and more preferably a polypeptide containing 30 or more units thereof. In the case of producing a recombinant protein using a microbe such as Escherichia coli as a host, the molecular weight of the polypeptide derived from flagelliform silk proteins is preferably 500 kDa or less, more preferably 300 kDa or less, and further preferably 200 kDa or less, in terms of productivity.
In the formula (2), the REP 3 indicates an amino acid sequence composed of Gly-Pro-Gly-Gly-X, where X indicates an amino acid selected from the group consisting of Ala, Ser, Tyr and Val.
A major characteristic of the spider silk is that the flagelliform silk does not have a crystal region, but has a repetitious region composed of an amorphous region. Since the major dragline silk and the like have a repetitious region composed of a crystal region and an amorphous region, they are expected to have both high stress and stretchability. Meanwhile, as to the flagelliform silk, although the stress is inferior to that of the major dragline silk, the stretchability is high. The reason for this is considered to be that most of the flagelliform silk is composed of amorphous regions.
An example of the polypeptide containing 10 or more units of the amino acid sequence represented by the formula 2: REP3 (2) is a recombinant protein derived from flagelliform silk proteins having an amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 19. The amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 19 is an amino acid sequence obtained by combining a partial sequence of flagelliform silk protein of Nephila clavipes obtained from the NCBI database (NCBI Accession No.: AAF36090, GI: 7106224), specifically, an amino acid sequence thereof from the 1220th residue to the 1659th residue from the N-terminal that corresponds to repetitive sections and motifs (referred to as a PR1 sequence), with a partial sequence of flagelliform silk protein of Nephila clavipes obtained from the NCBI database (NCBI Accession No.: AAC38847, GI: 2833649), specifically, a C-terminal amino acid sequence thereof from the 816th residue to the 907th residue from the C-terminal, and thereafter adding the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 5) composed of a start codon, His 10 tags and an HRV3C Protease recognition site, to the N-terminal of the combined sequence. Further, the polypeptide containing 10 or more units of the amino acid sequence represented by the formula 2: REP3 (2) may be a polypeptide that has an amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 19 in which one or a plurality of amino acids have been substituted, deleted, inserted and/or added and that has a repetitious region composed of an amorphous region.
The polypeptide can be produced using a host that has been transformed by an expression vector containing a gene encoding a polypeptide. A method for producing a gene is not limited particularly, and it may be produced by amplifying a gene encoding a natural spider silk protein from a cell derived from spiders by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR), etc., and cloning it, or may be synthesized chemically. Also, a method for chemically synthesizing a gene is not limited particularly, and it can be synthesized as follows, for example: based on information of amino acid sequences of natural spider silk proteins obtained from the NCBI web database, etc., oligonucleotides that have been synthesized automatically with AKTA oligopilot plus 10/100 (GE Healthcare Japan Corporation) are linked by PCR, etc. At this time, in order to facilitate the purification and observation of protein, it is possible to synthesize a gene that encodes a protein having an amino acid sequence of the above-described amino acid sequence to the N-terminal of which has been added an amino acid sequence composed of a start codon and His 10 tags.
Examples of the expression vector include a plasmid, a phage, a virus, and the like that can express protein based on a DNA sequence. The plasmid-type expression vector is not limited particularly as long as it allows a target gene to be expressed in a host cell and it can amplify itself. For example, in the case of using Escherichia coli Rosetta (DE3) as a host, a pET22b(+) plasmid vector, a pCold plasmid vector, and the like can be used. Among these, in terms of productivity of protein, it is preferable to use the pET22b(+) plasmid vector. Examples of the host include animal cells, plant cells, microbes, etc.
The polypeptide used in the present invention is preferably a polypeptide derived from ADF3, which is one of two principal dragline silk proteins of Araneus diadematus. This polypeptide has advantages of basically having high strength-elongation and toughness and of being synthesized easily.
3. Polypeptide Solution
(1) Preparation of Polypeptide Solution
The polypeptide solution is prepared by adding a solvent to the above-described polypeptide. The solvent contains any of the substances described in (i)-(iii) above. Alternatively, the solvent contains, in addition to any of the substances described in (i)-(iii) above, water and/or alcohol. The polypeptide solution can be used as a dope solution. The dope solution is useful for wet spinning, a cast film solution, etc. The dope solution is produced by adjusting the viscosity of the polypeptide solution for spinning. For example, the viscosity of the polypeptide solution is adjusted to 100 to 10,000 cP (centipoises) so as to obtain the dope solution. The viscosity of the polypeptide solution can be adjusted, for example, by adjusting the concentration of the polypeptide in the solution. The viscosity of the polypeptide solution is measured, for example, using “EMS Viscometer” (product name) manufactured by Kyoto Electronics Manufacturing Co., Ltd. Note that the polypeptide solution of the present invention may contain inevitable components, such as impurities contained in the polypeptide.
(2) Polymerization of Polypeptide Using Polypeptide Solution
The boiling point of the dope solution of the present invention is higher than that of water, and hence is suitable for causing a dehydration condensation reaction therein. For example, before use of the solution for wet spinning, cast film, and the like, polymerizing polypeptides dissolved in the polypeptide solution through dehydration condensation enlarges the polypeptides, thereby enhancing the strength and toughness of fibers and films to be obtained. Adding the solvent that contains any of the substances described in (i)-(iii) above to the above-described polypeptide and heating the solution at 100° C. or higher causes the dehydration condensation between polypeptides, resulting in polymerization of the polypeptides. At this time, by inducing the reaction under the conditions of reflux, reduced pressure, vacuum conditions, etc., the polymerization efficiency can be enhanced. Further, the polymerization efficiency can be enhanced dramatically by using a known dehydration condensation catalyst in combination. When polymerizing polypeptides through the dehydration condensation reaction using the polypeptide solution, desirably a polypeptide main chain is extended by dehydration condensation between a NH2 group of a polypeptide molecular terminal and a COOH group of another polypeptide molecular terminal. Therefore, side chains of a polypeptide to be used preferably contain as few functional groups (NH2 group, COOH group, OH group, SH group) as possible, and most preferably contain no functional group. The number of these functional groups can be adjusted by adjusting the percentage of amino acids to be used. The polypeptide solution that has been subjected to the above-described polymerization reaction can be used directly, or can be diluted appropriately by adding the substances described in (i)-(iii) above, ethyl alcohol, methyl alcohol, water, or the like, for wet spinning, cast film production, etc.
4. Wet Spinning-Drawing
(1) Wet Spinning
Wet spinning is adopted for spinning. By this method, the solvent dissolving a polymer is removed from a dope solution (also called as desolvation or coagulation), whereby fibers are formed and an undrawn yarn is obtained. A coagulation liquid to be used for wet spinning is not limited particularly as long as it allows desolvation. Preferably, the coagulation liquid for eliminating a solvent and forming fibers is a lower alcohol with a carbon number of 1 to 5, such as methanol, ethanol and 2-propanol, or acetone. Water may be added appropriately. The temperature of the coagulation liquid preferably is 5-30° C. This range stabilizes spinning. By extruding the above-described spinning solution from a spinneret into the coagulation liquid in a desolvation bath, an undrawn yarn is obtained. In the case of using a syringe pump with a nozzle 0.1-0.6 mm in diameter, the extrusion speed preferably is 0.2-6.0 ml/h per one hole. A more preferable extrusion speed is 1.4-4.0 ml/h per one hole. This range stabilizes spinning. It is preferable that the length of the desolvation bath (coagulation liquid bath) is 200-500 mm, the take-up speed of the undrawn yarn is 1-14 m/min, and the residence time is 0.01-0.15 min. A more preferable take-up speed of the undrawn yarn is 1-3 m/min. These ranges allow efficient desolvation. Drawing (pre-drawing) may be performed in the coagulation liquid. However, taking into consideration the evaporation of a lower alcohol, it is preferable to maintain the coagulation liquid at low temperature so as to take up yarns in an undrawn state.
(2) Drawing
Drawing may be performed either in one stage or in two or more stages (multistage drawing). Since the molecules of the polypeptides derived from natural spider silk proteins are less likely to be oriented, the multistage drawing is performed so as to orient the molecules stepwise and increase the total draw ratio. Consequently, fibers with high toughness can be obtained.
The diameter of the artificial polypeptide fiber obtained in the wet spinning-drawing preferably ranges from 5 to 100 μm. This range allows stable fiber production. The fiber diameter more preferably ranges from 8 to 50 μm, and further preferably ranges from 10 to 30 μm. The cross section of the artificial polypeptide fiber obtained in the wet spinning-drawing is not limited to a round shape and may have various shapes. Therefore, the fiber diameter as used herein refers to an average diameter under the assumption that the cross section is round.
5. Cast Film
The polypeptide solution of the present invention can be formed into a cast film as a dope solution. For example, the dope solution may be cast in a predetermined thickness on a plate that is resistant to the solvent in the dope solution such as a glass plate, and the solvent is eliminated from the cast film, whereby an artificial polypeptide film is obtained. In order to cast the dope solution in a predetermined thickness, the solution is cast in a thickness of several microns or more using a jig such as a doctor coater and a knife coater, and thereafter the solvent is eliminated by being dried under reduced pressure or by being immersed in a desolvation bath. Thus, a cast film is obtained.
6. Cross-Linking
For the artificial polypeptide fiber or the film of the present invention, cross-links may be formed chemically between polypeptide molecules. Examples of functional groups that can be used for the polypeptide cross-linking include amino groups, carboxyl groups, thiol groups, and hydroxy groups, though they are not limited to these. An amino group of a lysine side chain contained in a polypeptide can be cross-linked with a carboxyl group of a glutamic acid or an aspartic acid side chain via amide bonds by dehydration condensation. Cross-links may be formed by a dehydration condensation reaction under vacuum heating, or by a dehydration condensation agent such as carbodiimide. Also, a cross-linking agent such as glutaraldehyde may be used. Further, an enzyme such as transglutaminase may be used to form cross-links. As one example, a cross-linking reaction may be caused using a cross-linking agent such as carbodiimide, glutaraldehyde, and polyfunctional epoxy resin (as one example, “Denacol” (product name) manufactured by Nagase ChemteX Corporation). Carbodiimide is represented by the general formula: R1N═C═NR2 (where R1 and R2 indicate an organic group containing an alkyl group with a carbon number of 1 to 6, or a cycloalkyl group), and specific compounds thereof include 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC), N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), 1-cyclohexyl-3-(2-morpholinoethyl)carbodiimide, diisopropyl carbodiimide (DIC), etc. Among these, EDC and DIC are preferred because they have a high ability to form amide bonds of peptide chains and hence cause cross-linking reactions easily. Regarding the cross-linking treatment, cross-links may be formed by adding a cross-linking agent to a dope solution, or by applying a cross-linking agent to drawn yarns and subjecting the yarns to vacuum heating-drying. The cross-linking agent may be applied to fibers in a pure form (100 mass %), or may be diluted using a lower alcohol with a carbon number of 1 to 5, buffer solution or the like, and thereafter applied to fibers at a concentration of 0.005 to 10 mass %. Regarding the conditions for the treatment, preferably the temperature is 20 to 45° C. and the time is 3 to 42 hours. The cross-linking treatment using the cross-linking agent increases the strength, toughness, chemical resistance, etc., of artificial polypeptide drawn fibers.
7. Polypeptide Purification Method
Polypeptides can be purified using the above-described polypeptide solution. Especially when polypeptides are insoluble proteins, a high effect can be obtained. In the present invention, “insoluble proteins” refer to water-insoluble proteins, i.e., proteins with high hydrophobicity. Specifically, the polypeptide solution is prepared by adding the solvent containing any of the substances (i)-(iii) above to the polypeptide derived from natural spider silk proteins, dissolving the polypeptide by heat treatment and collecting a supernatant. The conditions for the heat treatment are not limited particularly as long as insoluble proteins can be dissolved but are not decomposed. For example, the temperature of the heat treatment is preferably 45° C. or higher, and more preferably 50° C. or higher, in terms of solubility. Further, in terms of suppressing the decomposition, the temperature of the heat treatment is preferably 100° C. or lower, and more preferably 95° C. or lower. The heat treatment time is preferably 15 to 300 minutes, and more preferably 30 to 180 minutes, for example. Moreover, the collection of a supernatant is not limited particularly as long as a precipitate can be separated. For easy handling, the separation preferably is performed through filtration or centrifugation. The separation through filtration can be performed using a filter paper, a filtration membrane, etc., for example. The conditions for centrifugation are not limited particularly, and it may be performed at 11000×g for 5 minute, for example.
When the polypeptide derived from natural spider silk proteins is a recombinant spider silk protein, it is preferable to wash the recombinant spider silk protein with an anionic surfactant such as SDS before addition of a solvent, in terms of enhancing the purification degree. Specifically, a host cell expressing the recombinant spider silk protein is disrupted so as to extract as a precipitate an insoluble protein fraction that contains the recombinant spider silk protein, and the extracted insoluble protein containing the recombinant spider silk protein is washed with an anionic surfactant.
As described above, since the polypeptide solution in which the polypeptide derived from natural spider silk proteins is dissolved in the above-described solvent can be used as a dope solution, the polypeptide solution purified according to the above-described polypeptide purification method need not be powdered by freeze-drying, and can be used for a dope solution directly.
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in further detail by way of examples. Note that the present invention is not limited to the following examples.
(Recombinant Spider Silk Protein)
<Gene Synthesis>
(1) Gene Synthesis of ADF3Kai
A partial amino acid sequence of ADF3, which is one of two principal dragline silk proteins of Araneus diadematus, was obtained from the NCBI web database (NCBI Accession No.: AAC47010, GI: 1263287), and synthesis of a gene encoding an amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 6) was outsourced to GenScript, Inc. The amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 6) is an amino acid sequence obtained by adding the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 5) composed of a start codon, His 10 tags and an HRV3C Protease (Human rhinovirus 3C Protease) recognition site, to the N-terminal of said partial amino acid sequence of ADF3. Consequently, a pUC57 vector to which a gene of ADF3Kai having a base sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 7 had been introduced was obtained (having an Nde I site immediately upstream of 5′ terminal of the gene and an Xba I site immediately downstream of 5′ terminal thereof). Thereafter, said gene was subjected to a restriction enzyme treatment with Nde I and EcoR I, and recombined into a pET22b(+) expression vector.
(2) Gene Synthesis of ADF3Kai-Large
The half of the gene sequence of ADF3Kai on the 5′ side (hereinafter, referred to as a sequence A) was amplified by the PCR reaction using ADF3Kai as a template, and a T7 promoter primer (SEQ ID NO: 11) and a Rep Xba I primer (SEQ ID NO: 12). The obtained DNA fragment of the sequence A was recombined into a pUC118 vector that in advance had been subjected to the restriction enzyme treatment with Nde I and Xba I using a Mighty Cloning Kit (manufactured by TAKARA BIO INC.). Similarly, the half of the gene sequence of ADF3Kai on the 3′ side (hereinafter, referred to as a sequence B) was amplified by the PCR reaction using ADF3Kai as a template, and an Xba I Rep primer (SEQ ID NO: 14) and a T7 terminator primer (SEQ ID NO: 13). The obtained DNA fragment of the sequence B was recombined into a pUC118 vector that in advance had been subjected to the restriction enzyme treatment with Xba I and EcoR I using the Mighty Cloning Kit (manufactured by TAKARA BIO INC.). The pUC118 vector to which the sequence A had been introduced and the pUC118 vector to which the sequence B had been introduced were subjected to the restriction enzyme treatment with Nde I, Xba I and Xba I, EcoR I, respectively, and target DNA fragments of the sequences A and B were purified by gel cut. The DNA fragments A, B and the pET22b(+) that in advance had been subjected to the restriction enzyme treatment with Nde I and EcoR I were subjected to a ligation reaction and transformed into Escherichia coli DH5α. After confirming the insertion of the target DNA fragments by a colony PCR using a T7 promoter primer and a T7 terminator primer, plasmid was extracted from a colony where a target band size (3.6 kbp) was obtained, and the entire base sequence was checked by a sequence reaction using a 3130×1 Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems). Consequently, the construction of a gene of ADF3Kai-Large represented by SEQ ID NO: 9 was confirmed. The amino acid sequence of ADF3Kai-Large is as represented by SEQ ID NO: 4.
(3) Gene Synthesis of ADF3Kai-Large-NRSH1
With a pET22b(+) vector to which the gene of ADF3Kai-Large obtained above had been introduced used as a template, through Site-Directed Mutagenesis using a PrimeSTAR Mutagenesis Basal Kit (manufactured by TAKARA BIO INC.), a codon GGC corresponding to the 1155th amino acid residue, i.e., glycine (Gly), in the amino acid sequence of ADF3Kai-Large (SEQ ID NO: 4) was mutated into a stop codon TAA, and a gene of ADF3Kai-Large-NRSH1 represented by SEQ ID NO: 10 was constructed on the pET22b(+). The accuracy of the introduction of the mutation was checked by the sequence reaction using the 3130×1 Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems). The amino acid sequence of ADF3Kai-Large-NRSH1 is as represented by SEQ ID NO: 8.
(4) Gene Synthesis of ADF4Kai
A partial amino acid sequence of ADF4, which is one of two principal dragline silk proteins of Araneus diadematus, was obtained from the NCBI web database (NCBI Accession No.: AAC47011, GI: 1263289), and a gene encoding a protein ADF4Kai having an amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 15) was synthesized. The amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 15) is an amino acid sequence obtained by adding the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 5) composed of a start codon, His 10 tags and an HRV3C Protease recognition site, to the N-terminal of said partial amino acid sequence of ADF4. Consequently, a pUC57 vector to which a gene of ADF4Kai having a base sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 16 had been introduced was obtained (having an Nde I site immediately upstream of 5′ terminal of the gene and an Xba I site immediately downstream of 5′ terminal thereof). Thereafter, said gene was subjected to the restriction enzyme treatment with Nde I and EcoR I, and recombined into a pET22b(+) expression vector. Thus, a pET22b(+) vector to which the gene of ADF4Kai had been introduced was obtained.
(5) Gene Synthesis of MaSp2_N
A partial amino acid sequence of major ampullate spidroin (MaSp2) of Nephila clavipes was obtained from the NCBI web database (NCBI Accession No.: AAT75313, GI: 50363147), and a gene encoding a protein MaSp2_N having an amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 17) was synthesized. The amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 17) is an amino acid sequence obtained by adding the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 5) composed of a start codon, His 10 tags and an HRV3C Protease recognition site, to the N-terminal of said partial amino acid sequence of MaSp2_N. Consequently, a pUC57 vector to which a gene of MaSp2_N having a base sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 18 had been introduced was obtained (having an Nde I site immediately upstream of 5′ terminal of the gene and an Xba I site immediately downstream of 5′ terminal thereof). Thereafter, said gene was subjected to the restriction enzyme treatment with Nde I and EcoR I, and recombined into a pET22b(+) expression vector. Thus, a pET22b(+) vector to which the gene of MaSp2_N had been introduced was obtained.
(6) Gene Synthesis of Flag—92_short2
A partial sequence of flagelliform silk protein of Nephila clavipes was obtained from the NCBI web database (NCBI Accession No.: AAF36090, GI: 7106224), and the amino acid sequence from the 1220th residue to the 1659th residue from the N-terminal, which corresponds to repetitive sections and motifs, was selected (referred to as a PR1 sequence). Further, a partial sequence of flagelliform silk protein of Nephila clavipes was obtained from the NCBI web database (NCBI Accession No.: AAC38847, GI: 2833649), and the C-terminal amino acid sequence from the 816th residue to the 907th residue from the C-terminal was selected (referred to as a C-terminal NR). A gene encoding a protein Flag—92_short2 having an amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 19) was synthesized. The amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 19) is an amino acid sequence obtained by adding the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 5) composed of a start codon, His 10 tags and an HRV3C Protease recognition site, to the N-terminal of the combined sequence of the PR1 sequence and the C-terminal NR. Consequently, a pUC57 vector to which a gene of Flag—92_short2 having a base sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 20 had been introduced was obtained (having an Nde I site immediately upstream of 5′ terminal of the gene and an Xba I site immediately downstream of 5′ terminal thereof). Thereafter, said gene was subjected to the restriction enzyme treatment with Nde I and EcoR I, and recombined into a pET22b(+) expression vector. Thus, a pET22b(+) vector to which the gene of Flag—92_short2 had been introduced was obtained.
<Expression of Protein>
The pET22b(+) expression vector containing the gene sequence of ADF3Kai-Large-NRSH1, the pET22b(+) expression vector containing the gene sequence of ADF4Kai, the pET22b(+) expression vector containing the gene sequence of MaSp2_N, and the pET22b(+) expression vector containing the gene sequence of Flag—92_short2 were each transformed into Escherichia coli Rosetta (DE3). The obtained single colony was incubated for 15 hours in 2 mL of an LB culture medium containing ampicillin. Thereafter, 1.4 ml of said culture solution was added to 140 mL of an LB culture medium containing ampicillin, and incubated to an OD600 of 3.5 under the conditions of 37° C. and 200 rpm. Next, the culture solution with the OD600 of 3.5 was added to 7 L of a 2×YT culture medium containing ampicillin together with 140 mL of 50% glucose, and incubated further to the OD600 of 4.0. Thereafter, isopropyl-β-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) was added to the obtained culture solution with the OD600 of 4.0 so that the final concentration became 0.5 mM, thereby inducing the expression of protein. After a lapse of two hours from the addition of IPTG, the culture solution was centrifuged and bacterial cells were collected. Protein solutions prepared from the culture solutions before the addition of IPTG and after the addition of IPTG were each electrophoresed in a polyacrylamide gel. Consequently, target band sizes (ADF3Kai-Large-NRSH1: about 101.1 kDa; ADF4Kai: about 37.7 kDa; MaSp2_N; about 31.7 kDa; and Flag—92_short2: about 46.6 kDa) were observed with the addition of IPTG, and the expression of the target protein was confirmed. Escherichia coli expressing the ADF3Kai-Large-NRSH1 protein, Escherichia coli expressing the ADF4Kai protein, Escherichia coli expressing the MaSp2_N protein, and Escherichia coli expressing the Flag—92_short2 protein were stored in a freezer (−20° C.).
(1) Used Protein
(I) About 4.5 g of bacteria cells of the Escherichia coli expressing the ADF3Kai-Large-NRSH1 protein and 30 ml of a buffer solution AI (20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4) were added to a centrifuge tube (50 ml). After dispersing the bacteria cells with a mixer (“SI-0286” manufactured by GE, level 10), the dispersion was centrifuged (10,000 rpm, 10 minutes, room temperature) with a centrifuge (“MX-305” manufactured by TOMY SEIKO Co., Ltd.), and a supernatant was discarded.
(II) To a precipitate (bacteria cells) obtained by the centrifugation, 30 ml of the buffer solution AI and 0.3 ml of 0.1 M PMSF (dissolved by isopropanol) were added. After dispersing the precipitate for 3 minutes with the above-described mixer (level 10) manufactured by GE, the bacteria cells were disrupted using an ultrasonic disrupter (“VCX500” manufactured by Sonics & Materials, Inc.) and centrifuged (10,000 rpm, 10 minutes, room temperature).
(III) To a precipitate obtained by the centrifugation, 30 mL of the buffer solution AI was added. After dispersing the precipitate for 3 minutes with a mixer (“T18 basic ULTRA TURRAX” manufactured by IKA, level 2), the dispersion was centrifuged (10,000 rpm, 10 minutes, room temperature) with the above-described centrifuge manufactured by TOMY SEIKO Co., Ltd., and a supernatant was removed.
(IV) To the centrifuge tube from which the supernatant was discarded, a 7.5 M urea buffer solution I (7.5 M urea, 10 mM sodium dihydrogen phosphate, 20 mM NaCl, 1 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.0) was added, and a precipitate was dispersed well with the above-described ultrasonic disrupter (level 7) manufactured by SMT. Thereafter, the precipitate was dissolved for 120 minutes with a shaker (200 rpm, 60° C.) manufactured by TAITEC CORPORATION. The protein solution after dissolution was centrifuged (11,000×g, 10 minutes, room temperature) with the above-described centrifuge manufactured by TOMY SEIKO Co., Ltd., and a supernatant was dialyzed with water using a dialysis tube (cellulose tube 36/32 manufactured by Sanko Junyaku Co., Ltd.). Aggregate protein (white) obtained after dialysis was collected by centrifugation, and water was removed by a freeze dryer, so as to collect freeze-dried powder. The purification degree of the target protein ADF3Kai-Large-NRSH1 (about 101.1 kDa) in the obtained freeze-dried powder was checked by analyzing images of the results of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (CBB staining) of said protein powder using Totallab (nonlinear dynamics Ltd.). As a result, the purification degree of ADF3Kai-Large-NRSH1 was about 85%.
2. Solvent
(1) Polar Solvent
As the solvent, polar solvents that are used for acrylic fiber polymerization and acrylic fiber spinning solutions, and as solvents for polyimide polymerization were examined mainly.
DMA: N,N-dimethylacetamide
DMF: N,N-dimethylformamide
DMI: 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone
NMP: N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
HFIP: hexafluoroisopropanol
DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide
Formic acid
Butylene carbonate
Propylene carbonate
γ-butyrolactone
Hexamethyl phosphoramide
(2) Dissolution Promoter (Inorganic Salt)
The following inorganic salts were examined.
Alkali metal halides: LiCl, LiBr
Alkaline-earth metal halide: CaCl2
Alkaline-earth metal nitrate: Ca(NO3)2
Sodium thiocyanate: NaSCN
<Experiment 1>
As shown in Table 1, the solubility tests were performed using systems that added inorganic salts to polar solvents. The temperature was set at 100° C. The concentration of the polypeptide (protein) derived from natural spider silk proteins was set at 4 mass %. The solubility evaluations shown in Table 1 and in subsequent Tables below were performed based on the following standards. In Table 1, the mass % of the inorganic salt is the mass ratio of the inorganic salt relative to the total mass of the polar solvent and the inorganic salt.
[Solubility Evaluation Standards]
A: Dissolved
B: Mostly dissolved, but undissolved substances remained partially
C: Undissolved
TABLE 1
Solubility in the case of
using additive (mass %)
Inorganic salt
Ultrapure
Polar solvent
(mass %)
Solubility
EtOH*1
MeOH*1
water
DMSO
Without salt
A
23
A
14
A
90
A
LiCl
10
A
60
A
52
A
90
A
LiBr
10
A
33
A
30
A
90
A
Ca(NO3)2
95.5
A
74
A
78
A
90
A
CaCl2
13.6
A
57
A
39
A
90
A
NaSCN
13.6
A
33
A
25
A
90
A
DMF
Without salt
C
—*4
—
—
(~150° C.)
LiCl
14.4
A
62
A
45
A
90
A
LiBr
10
A
27
A
21
A
90
A
Ca(NO3)2
77.7
A
72
A
67
A
90
A
CaCl2
7.1
A
25
A
14
A
90
A
NaSCN
27.8
A
36
A
35
A
90
A
HFIP*2
Without salt
A
47
A
38
A
40
A
DMA
Without salt
C
—
—
—
LiCl
11.1
C
—
—
—
NMP
Without salt
C
—
—
—
LiCl
10
C
—
—
—
DMI
Without salt
C
—
—
—
LiCl
14.2
C
—
—
—
Butylene
Without salt
C
—
—
—
carbonate
LiCl
8.7
C
—
—
—
Propylene
Without salt
C
—
—
—
carbonate
LiCl
8.3
C
—
—
—
Ethylene
Without salt
C
—
—
—
carbonate
LiCl
7.7
C
—
—
—
γ-butyrolactone
Without salt
C
—
—
—
LiCl
8.9
C
—
—
—
Hexamethyl
Without salt
C
—
—
—
PhosPhoramide
LiCl
9.7
C
—
—
—
Formic acid*3
Without salt
Decomposed
—
—
—
LiCl
29.1
Decomposed
—
—
—
(Note 1) EtOH indicates ethyl alcohol, and MeOH indicates methyl alcohol.
(Note 2) Since HFIP has a low boiling point, the dissolution was performed at 37° C. Further, no salt (LiCl) could be dissolved in HFIP.
(Note 3) The decomposition of protein by formic acid was confirmed by a mass spectrum.
(Note 4) In Table 1, [—] means that no experiment was performed.
As is apparent from Table 1, the solvents containing any of (i)-(iii) below were found to be superior selectively.
(i) Dimethyl sulfoxide: DMSO
(ii) Dimethyl sulfoxide: DMSO with an inorganic salt
(iii) N,N-dimethylformamide: DMF with an inorganic salt
Further, the systems that added any of ethyl alcohol, methyl alcohol and ultrapure water to the substances (i)-(iii) above also were found to have high solubility.
Next, the spinnability was examined with respect to the solvents that had been ranked A in the solubility evaluation standards in Table 1. Wet spinning was adopted for the spinnability tests. Whether or not undrawn yarns could be produced under the following conditions was a criterion for judging the spinnability: in the spinning process shown in
<Experiment 2>
An experiment of increasing the concentration of the polypeptide (protein) derived from natural spider silk proteins was performed. It was checked whether proteins at concentrations of 40 mass %, 45 mass % and 50 mass % could be dissolved in solvents at 100° C. Table 2 shows the results. Incidentally, dissolved solutions of DMF (LiCl concentration: 14.4 mass %) and DMSO (LiCl concentration: 10 mass %) were stable even if they are lowered to room temperature (25° C.), and kept the dissolved state.
TABLE 2
Without addition
With addition of LiCl
Protein concentration
of LiCl
LiCl concentration
(mass %)
40
45
50
40
45
50
(mass %)
Formic acid
Decomposed*1
—*3
—
Decomposed*1
—
—
29.1
DMF
—
—
—
A
A
B
14.4
DMSO
—
—
—
A
B
B
10
HFIP*2
B
B
B
—
—
—
0.2 or less
(Note 1) The decomposition of protein by formic acid was confirmed by a mass spectrum.
(Note 2) Since HFIP has a low boiling point, the dissolution was performed at 37° C.
(Note 3) In Table 2, [—] means that no experiment was performed.
From Table 2, it was found that addition of the inorganic salt to DMSO allowed the protein to be dissolved sufficiently and favorably up to 40 mass % (the boundary of solubility was 43 mass %), and addition of the salt to DMF allowed the protein to be dissolved sufficiently and favorably up to 45 mass % (the boundary of solubility was 48 mass %).
<Experiment 3>
Next, the protein was dissolved at 100° C. using DMSO, and the temperature was kept at 100° C. or the temperature of the polypeptide solution was decreased to low temperatures and maintained for three hours so as to observe the stability. Table 3 shows the results.
TABLE 3
LiCl concentration
Protein concentration
Temperature (° C.)
(mass %)
(mass %)
25
50
80
100
0
20
Gel
Gel
A
A
25
Gel
Gel
A
A
0.9
20
Gel
B
A
A
2.7
20
Gel
A
A
A
3.6
20
A
A
A
A
30
Gel
B
B
A
45
Gel
B
B
A
4.5
20
A
A
A
A
5.4
20
A
A
A
A
10
20
A
A
A
A
30
A
A
A
A
40
A
A
A
A
From Table 3, it was confirmed that, if the LiCl concentration is 10 mass %, the solubility is stable in practical temperatures ranging from 25 to 100° C. when the protein concentration is 40 mass % or less.
(1) Spinning Solution (Dope Solution)
The protein used in Example 1 was used to produce a spinning solution (dope solution). First, freeze-dried powder (protein) was added to DMSO (100° C.) containing 10 mass % LiCl so that the concentration of the freeze-dried powder became 20 mass %. After 6 hours of dissolution using a rotator, dusts and bubbles were removed. The viscosity of the protein solution was 1,200 cP (centipoises). Thus, the spinning solution (dope solution) was prepared.
(2) Spinning-Drawing Processes
The method shown in
(3) Physical Property Measurement
(a) The fiber diameter was measured using an optical microscope.
(b) Tensile test
The strength, the initial elastic modulus (obtained based on the measurement of inclinations of 20 points: inclinations were measured at 20 points with an interval of 50 msec and the maximum inclination was defined as the initial elastic modules), and the elongation of the fiber were measured using a tensile tester (small table-top tester EZ-S manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation) under an ambient temperature of 25° C. and a relative humidity of 60%, and the toughness was calculated. The sample was attached to a cardboard form, the distance between grippers was 20 mm, and the tensile speed was 10 mm/min. The load cell capacity was 1 N, and the gripper was a clip type. The measured value was an average of five samples (n=5). The formula for calculating toughness was as follows:
Toughness=[E/(r2×π×L)×1000](unit: MJ/m3),
where
E Fracture energy (unit: J)
r Fiber radius (unit: mm)
π Pi
L Distance between grippers in tensile test measurement.
Table 4 summaries various physical properties of the fibers. Further,
The spinning solution identical to that in Example 2 was filled in a cylinder and extruded from a nozzle 0.3 mm in diameter at a speed of 1.4 ml/h using a syringe pump, and thereafter the solvent was extracted in a 100 mass % methanol coagulation liquid, so as to produce an undrawn yarn. The length of the coagulation liquid bath was 250 mm, and the take-up speed was 2.2 m/min. Next, as drawing, the undrawn yarn was drawn to 3.5 times in hot water at 50° C. The take-up speed was 7.7 m/min. Thereafter, the yarn was drawn to 1.25 times by dry-heat drawing at 160° C. The method shown in
Various physical properties of the obtained fiber were measured as described above, and Table 4 summarizes the results.
TABLE 4
Maximum point
Maximum
Initial elastic
Displacement
test force
point stress
modulus
at rupture
Diameter
Toughness
(mN)
(MPa)
(GPa)
point (%)
(mm)
(MJ/m3)
Ex. 2
70.5
213.7
6.2
35.2
0.0205
59.1
Ex. 3
119.1
313.3
9.4
19.9
0.0220
52.6
The spinning solution was produced in the same manner as in Example 2 except that the protein concentration was 7 mass % and only DMSO was used as the solvent. The spinning device shown in
(1) Extrusion-Coagulation Processes
Diameter of extrusion nozzle: 0.3 mm
Extrusion speed: 3.0 ml/h
Temperature of coagulation liquid in the bath: 10° C.
(2) First-Stage Drawing
The first-stage drawing was performed in hot water at 50° C., at a draw ratio of 2.5 times and a take-up speed of 5.5 m/min (55 rpm) for 3.5 minutes.
(3) Second-Stage Drawing
The second-stage drawing was performed in a dry-heating furnace at 190° C., at a feeding speed of 20 rpm and a take-up speed of 31 rpm (draw ratio: 1.55 times).
(4) Physical Properties of the Obtained Drawn Yarn
The physical properties of the obtained drawn yarn were measured as described above. As a result, the average diameter of the single fiber was 22.0 μm, the maximum point stress was 99.2 MPa, the initial elastic modulus was 3.5 GPa, the displacement at rupture point (elongation) was 8.7%, and the toughness was 6.8 MJ/m3.
The spinning solution was produced in the same manner as in Example 2 except that the protein concentration was 10 mass % and only DMSO was used as the solvent. In the case where the solvent does not contain a dissolution promoter such as an inorganic salt, a high concentration of protein results in gelation. Because of this, the syringe 31 shown in
(1) Extrusion-Coagulation Processes
Temperature of syringe heater: 60° C.
Diameter of extrusion nozzle: 0.2 mm
Extrusion speed: 4.0 ml/h
Temperature of coagulation liquid in the bath: 10° C.
(2) First-Stage Drawing
The first-stage drawing was performed in hot water at 50° C., at a draw ratio of 3.5 times and a take-up speed of 7.7 m/min (77 rpm) for 4 minutes.
(3) Second-Stage Drawing
The second-stage drawing was performed in a dry-heating furnace at 180° C., at a feeding speed of 20 rpm and a take-up speed of 26 rpm (draw ratio: 1.3 times).
(4) Physical Properties of the Obtained Drawn Yarn
The physical properties of the obtained drawn yarn were measured as described above. As a result, the average diameter of the single fiber was 22.0 μm, the maximum point stress was 285.9 MPa, the initial elastic modulus was 7.6 GPa, the displacement at rupture point (elongation) was 14.8%, and the toughness was 35.5 MJ/m3.
(1) Used Protein
(I) About 4.5 g of bacteria cells of the Escherichia coli expressing the ADF4Kai protein and 30 ml of a buffer solution AI (20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4) were added to a centrifuge tube (50 ml). After dispersing the bacteria cells with a mixer (“SI-0286” manufactured by GE, level 10), the dispersion was centrifuged (10,000 rpm, 10 minutes, room temperature) with a centrifuge (“MX-305” manufactured by TOMY SEIKO Co., Ltd.), and a supernatant was discarded.
(II) To a precipitate (bacteria cells) obtained by the centrifugation, 30 ml of the buffer solution AI and 0.3 ml of 0.1 M PMSF (dissolved by isopropanol) were added. After dispersing the precipitate for 3 minutes with the above-described mixer (level 10) manufactured by GE, the bacteria cells were disrupted using an ultrasonic disrupter (“VCX500” manufactured by Sonics & Materials, Inc.) and centrifuged (10,000 rpm, 10 minutes, room temperature).
(III) To a precipitate (insoluble fraction protein) obtained by the centrifugation, 30 mL of a buffer solution B (50 mM Tris-HCl, 100 mM NaCl, pH 7.0) containing 3 w/v % of SDS was added. After dispersing the precipitate for 3 minutes with a mixer (“T18 basic ULTRA TURRAX” manufactured by IKA, level 2), the dispersion was stirred for 60 minutes with a shaker (bioshaker “BR-43FL” manufactured by TAITEC CORPORATION, 200 rpm, 37° C.). Thereafter, the stirred dispersion was centrifuged (10,000 rpm, 10 minutes, room temperature) with the above-described centrifuge manufactured by TOMY SEIKO Co., Ltd., and a supernatant was removed.
(IV) The precipitate from which the supernatant had been removed was dissolved with DMSO (containing 2M LiCl) at 80° C., stirred by a stirrer, centrifuged (11,000×g, 10 minutes, room temperature) with the above-described centrifuge manufactured by TOMY SEIKO Co., Ltd., and a supernatant was dialyzed with water using a dialysis tube (cellulose tube 36/32 manufactured by Sanko Junyaku Co., Ltd.). Aggregate protein (white) obtained after dialysis was collected by centrifugation, and water was removed by a freeze dryer, so as to collect freeze-dried powder. The purification degree of the target protein ADF4Kai (about 37.7 kDa) in the obtained freeze-dried powder was checked by analyzing images of the results of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (Oriole staining by Oriole Fluorescent Gel Stain manufacture by Bio-RAD Laboratories, Inc.) of said protein powder using ImageLab (Bio-RAD Laboratories, Inc.). As a result, the purification degree of ADF4Kai was about 75.5%.
(2) Spinning Solution (Dope Solution)
The spinning solution was produced using the ADF4Kai protein obtained above. Freeze-dried powder was added to DMSO that had been heated at 80° C. so that the concentration of the freeze-dried powder became 10.2 mass %. After 6 hours of dissolution using a rotator, dusts and bubbles were removed. The viscosity of the protein solution was 1,200 cP (centipoises). This was used as the spinning solution.
(3) Spinning-Drawing Processes
The wet spinning was preformed using the spinning solution obtained above. The spinning device shown in
(I) Extrusion-Coagulation Processes
Diameter of extrusion nozzle: 0.3 mm
Extrusion speed: 6.0 ml/h
Temperature of coagulation liquid in the bath: 4° C.
Take-up speed: 13.6 m/min
(II) First-Stage Drawing
The first-stage drawing was performed in hot water at 50° C., at a draw ratio of 1.5 times.
(III) Second-Stage Drawing
The second-stage drawing was performed in a dry-heating furnace at 180° C., at a draw ratio of 1.3 times.
(IV) Physical Properties of the Obtained Drawn Yarn
The physical properties of the obtained drawn yarn were measured as described above. As a result, the average diameter of the single fiber was 83.8 μm, the maximum point stress was 196.4 MPa, the initial elastic modulus was 6.0 GPa, the displacement at rupture point (elongation) was 14.6%, and the toughness was 24.6 MJ/m3.
(1) Used Protein
(I) About 4.5 g of bacteria cells of the Escherichia coli expressing the MaSp2_N protein and 30 ml of a buffer solution AI (20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4) were added to a centrifuge tube (50 ml). After dispersing the bacteria cells with a mixer (“SI-0286” manufactured by GE, level 10), the dispersion was centrifuged (10,000 rpm, 10 minutes, room temperature) with a centrifuge (“MX-305” manufactured by TOMY SEIKO Co., Ltd.), and a supernatant was discarded.
(II) To a precipitate (bacteria cells) obtained by the centrifugation, 30 ml of the buffer solution AI and 0.3 ml of 0.1 M PMSF (dissolved by isopropanol) were added. After dispersing the precipitate for 3 minutes with the above-described mixer (level 10) manufactured by GE, the bacteria cells were disrupted using an ultrasonic disrupter (“VCX500” manufactured by Sonics & Materials, Inc.) and centrifuged (10,000 rpm, 10 minutes, room temperature).
(III) To a precipitate (insoluble fraction protein) obtained by the centrifugation, 30 mL of a buffer solution B (50 mM Tris-HCl, 100 mM NaCl, pH 7.0) containing 3 w/v % of SDS was added. After dispersing the precipitate for 3 minutes with a mixer (“T18 basic ULTRA TURRAX” manufactured by IKA, level 2), the dispersion was stirred for 60 minutes with a shaker (bioshaker “BR-43FL” manufactured by TAITEC CORPORATION, 200 rpm, 37° C.). Thereafter, the stirred dispersion was centrifuged (10,000 rpm, 10 minutes, room temperature) with the above-described centrifuge manufactured by TOMY SEIKO Co., Ltd., and a supernatant was removed.
(IV) The precipitate, from which the supernatant had been removed, was dissolved with DMSO (containing 2M LiCl) at 80° C., stirred by a stirrer, centrifuged (11,000×g, 10 minutes, room temperature) with the above-described centrifuge manufactured by TOMY SEIKO Co., Ltd., and the obtained supernatant was dialyzed with water using a dialysis tube (cellulose tube 36/32 manufactured by Sanko Junyaku Co., Ltd.). Aggregate protein (white) obtained after dialysis was collected by centrifugation, and water was removed by a freeze dryer, so as to collect freeze-dried powder. The purification degree of the target protein MaSp2_N (about 31.7 kDa) in the obtained freeze-dried powder was checked by analyzing images of the results of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (Oriole staining) of said protein powder using ImageLab (Bio-RAD Laboratories, Inc.). As a result, the purification degree of MaSp2_N was about 68.1%.
(2) Spinning Solution (Dope Solution)
The spinning solution was produced using the MaSp2_N protein obtained above. Freeze-dried powder was added to DMSO that had been heated at 40° C. so that the concentration of the freeze-dried powder became 18 mass %. After 6 hours of dissolution using a rotator, dusts and bubbles were removed. The viscosity of the protein solution was 1,200 cP (centipoises). This was used as the spinning solution.
(3) Spinning-Drawing Processes
The wet spinning was preformed using the spinning solution obtained above. The spinning device shown in
(I) Extrusion-Coagulation Processes
Diameter of extrusion nozzle: 0.2 mm
Extrusion speed: 2.0 ml/h
Temperature of coagulation liquid in the bath: 10° C.
Take-up speed: 2.5 m/min
(II) First-Stage Drawing
The first-stage drawing was performed in hot water at 50° C., at a draw ratio of 2.5 times.
(III) Second-Stage Drawing
The second-stage drawing was performed in a dry-heating furnace at 80° C., at a draw ratio of 1.85 times.
(IV) Physical Properties of the Obtained Drawn Yarn
The physical properties of the obtained drawn yarn were measured as described above. As a result, the average diameter of the single fiber was 35 μm, the maximum point stress was 236.7 MPa, the initial elastic modulus was 5.7 GPa, the displacement at rupture point (elongation) was 14.9%, and the toughness was 26.5 MJ/m3.
(1) Used Protein
(I) About 4.5 g of bacteria cells of the Escherichia coli expressing the Flag—92_short2 protein and 30 ml of a buffer solution AI (20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4) were added to a centrifuge tube (50 ml). After dispersing the bacteria cells with a mixer (“SI-0286” manufactured by GE, level 10), the dispersion was centrifuged (10,000 rpm, 10 minutes, room temperature) with a centrifuge (“MX-305” manufactured by TOMY SEIKO Co., Ltd.), and a supernatant was discarded.
(II) To a precipitate (bacteria cells) obtained by the centrifugation, 30 ml of the buffer solution AI and 0.3 ml of 0.1 M PMSF (dissolved by isopropanol) were added. After dispersing the precipitate for 3 minutes with the above-described mixer (level 10) manufactured by GE, the bacteria cells were disrupted using an ultrasonic disrupter (“VCX500” manufactured by Sonics & Materials, Inc.). The ultrasonic disruption was performed by repeating a 20-second processing and a 5-second pause for 8 minutes in total.
(III) The bacteria cells after ultrasonic disruption were centrifuged (11,000×g, 30 minutes, room temperature) with a centrifuge (“MX-305” manufactured by TOMY SEIKO Co., Ltd.).
(IV) To a supernatant (soluble fraction protein) obtained by the centrifugation, Ni sepharose (50% slurry, manufactured by GE Healthcare Japan Corporation, product number “17-5318-02”) was added. After dispersing the mixture for 3 minutes with a mixer (“T18 basic ULTRA TURRAX” manufactured by IKA, level 2), the dispersion was stirred for 60 minutes with a stirrer. Thereafter, the stirred dispersion was centrifuged (500×g, 5 minutes, room temperature) with the above-described centrifuge manufactured by TOMY SEIKO Co., Ltd., and a supernatant was removed. The Ni sepharose was filled in an empty column (manufactured by GE Healthcare Japan Corporation, product number “17-0435-01”) and washed with the buffer solution AI, and thereafter the Flag—92_short2 protein was eluted using an elution buffer (50 mM Tris, 50 mM NaCl, 300 mM imidazole, pH 7.5).
(V) The obtained eluate was dialyzed with water using a dialysis tube (cellulose tube 36/32 manufactured by Sanko Junyaku Co., Ltd.). The moisture of the liquid obtained after dialysis was removed using a freeze dryer, so as to collect freeze-dried powder. The purification degree of the target protein Flag—92_short2 (about 46.6 kDa) in the obtained freeze-dried powder was checked by analyzing images of the results of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (Oriole staining) of said protein powder using ImageLab (Bio-RAD Laboratories, Inc.). As a result, the purification degree of Flag—92_short2 was about 69.1%.
(2) Spinning Solution (Dope Solution)
The spinning solution was produced using the Flag—92_short2 protein obtained above. Freeze-dried powder was added to DMSO that had been heated at 45° C. so that the concentration of the freeze-dried powder became 23 mass %. After 6 hours of dissolution using a rotator, dusts and bubbles were removed. The viscosity of the protein solution was 1,200 cP (centipoises). This was used as the spinning solution.
(3) Spinning-Drawing Processes
The wet spinning was preformed using the spinning solution obtained above. The spinning device shown in
(I) Extrusion-Coagulation Processes
Diameter of extrusion nozzle: 0.2 mm
Extrusion speed: 1.0 ml/h
Temperature of coagulation liquid in the bath: 10° C.
Take-up speed: 1.65 m/min
(II) First-Stage Drawing
The first-stage drawing was performed in air at room temperature at a draw ratio of 1.5 times. The fiber obtained in this stage is referred to as a primary drawn yarn.
(III) Second-Stage Drawing
The second-stage drawing was performed in a dry-heating furnace at 160° C. at a draw ratio of 1.34 times. The fiber obtained in this stage is referred to as a secondary drawn yarn.
(IV) Physical Properties of the Obtained Drawn Yarns
The physical properties of the obtained primary drawn yarn and the secondary drawn yarn were measured as described above. Table 5 below shows the results. Further,
TABLE 5
Maximum
Initial
point
elastic
Displacement
Diam-
Tough-
stress
modulus
at rupture
eter
ness
(MPa)
(GPa)
point (%)
(μm)
(MJ/m3)
Primary
48.9
2.3
75.9
68.7
26.7
drawn yarn
Secondary
67.6
0.02
14.6
52.0
0.2
drawn yarn
<Protein Extraction>
(1) About 4.5 g of bacteria cells of the Escherichia coli expressing the ADF3Kai-Large-NRSH1 protein and 30 ml of a buffer solution AI (20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4) were added to a centrifuge tube (50 ml). After dispersing the bacteria cells with a mixer (“SI-0286” manufactured by GE, level 10), the dispersion was centrifuged (10,000 rpm, 10 minutes, room temperature) with a centrifuge (“MX-305” manufactured by TOMY SEIKO Co., Ltd.), and a supernatant was discarded.
(2) To a precipitate (bacteria cells) obtained by the centrifugation, 30 ml of the buffer solution AI and 0.3 ml of 0.1 M PMSF (dissolved by isopropanol) were added. After dispersing the precipitate for 3 minutes with the above-described mixer (level 10) manufactured by GE, the bacteria cells were disrupted using an ultrasonic disrupter (“VCX500” manufactured by Sonics & Materials, Inc.) and centrifuged (10,000 rpm, 10 minutes, room temperature). After discarding a supernatant, it was left for about 10 minutes in ice water to lower the temperature. The same bacteria cell disruption and centrifugation were repeated again.
<Protein Washing>
To a precipitate (insoluble fraction protein) obtained by the centrifugation, 30 mL of a buffer solution B (50 mM Tris-HCl, 100 mM NaCl, pH 7.0) containing 3 w/v % of SDS was added. After dispersing well the precipitate with the above-described ultrasonic disrupter (level 7) manufactured by SMT, the dispersion was stirred for 60 minutes with a shaker (manufactured by TAITEC CORPORATION, 200 rpm, 37° C.). Thereafter, the stirred dispersion was centrifuged (10,000 rpm, 10 minutes, room temperature) with the above-described centrifuge manufactured by TOMY SEIKO Co., Ltd., and a supernatant was discarded, whereby SDS washing granules (precipitate) were obtained.
<Protein Purification>
The SDS washing granules were suspended in each solvent shown in Table 6 below so that the concentration of the SDS washing granules became 100 mg/mL, and the suspension was subjected to heat treatment at 80° C. for one hour. Thereafter, the suspension after heat treatment was centrifuged (11000×g, 5 minutes) with the above-described centrifuge manufactured by TOMY SEIKO Co., Ltd., and a supernatant was collected. The concentration of the protein in the supernatant was measured by a BCA method. Incidentally, for the measurement of protein by the BCA method, Pierce (trademark) BCA Protein Assay Kit manufactured by TAKARA BIO INC. was used.
The ADF4Kai protein was purified in the same manner as in Example 9, except that the Escherichia coli expressing the ADF4Kai protein was used instead of the Escherichia coli expressing the ADF3Kai-Large-NRSH1 protein.
The proteins obtained in Examples 9-10 were subjected to SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. Their bands were checked by Oriole staining, and images were analyzed using an analysis software Image Lab (Bio-RAD Laboratories, Inc.), so as to calculate the purity (purification degree) of the target proteins. The table 6 below shows the results. Incidentally,
TABLE 6
Protein
ADF3Kai-Large-
NRSH1
ADF4Kai
Purification
Purity
Purification
Purity
Solvent
degree (%)
index
degree (%)
index
7.5M urea buffer
35.18
1
32.67
1
solution (pH 9.0)
DMSO (containing
44.39
1.26
60.02
1.84
1M LiCl)
DMSO (containing
42.85
1.22
75.55
2.31
2M LiCl)
DMSO (containing
51.53
1.46
76.38
2.34
3M LiCl)
The polypeptide solution of the present invention can be used as a dope solution and for polypeptide purification. Further, the artificial polypeptide fibers produced using the polypeptide solution of the present invention as a dope solution can be used suitably as reinforcing fibers of resin and metal, composite materials, and for injection molding, etc. The uses can be applied to transport device members such as cars, reinforcing fibers of tires, etc. Moreover, the artificial polypeptide fibers of the present invention can be applied to surgical threads, masks, filters, wound covering materials, regenerative medicine sheets, biosheets, etc. They can be in the form of weaves, knits, braids, nonwoven fabrics, etc.
Sato, Ryota, Sugahara, Junichi, Sekiyama, Kazuhide, Sekiyama, Kaori, Ishikawa, Mizuki, Murata, Shinya, Otomo, Kazuko
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