energy storage systems and methods use medium voltage (MV) electrical heat exchangers to increase the efficiency of the energy storage system and/or reduce emission of pollutants. MV electrical heat exchangers use medium range voltages to heat a fluid, such as a gas or liquid. The heated fluid is used in the energy storage system to either drive a turbine generator directly or indirectly, such as by generating steam to drive the turbine generator. The electricity used to power the MV electrical heat exchangers can be from renewable energy sources, such as solar or wind-powered sources, further increasing efficiency of the energy storage system.
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1. An energy storage system comprising:
a reservoir storing a fluid for heating;
a medium voltage electrical heat exchanger connected to the reservoir for heating the fluid, wherein the medium voltage electrical heat exchanger comprises one or more medium voltage resistive heating elements, wherein each of the medium voltage resistive heating elements is driven with a voltage between 601 v and 69,000 v, inclusive;
a turbine driven by the heated fluid; and
an electrical generator connected to the turbine for generating electricity,
wherein the one or more medium voltage resistive heating elements each comprise:
an outer metal sheath;
a resistive wire; and
a dielectric core positioned within the outer metal sheath, wherein the dielectric core comprises:
a first series of two or more axially-aligned, outer tubular dielectric bodies positioned end-to-end; and
a second series of two or more axially-aligned, inner tubular dielectric bodies,
wherein:
the inner tubular dielectric bodies are positioned end-to-end in the sheath and are nested inside the outer tubular dielectric bodies;
the inner tubular dielectric bodies define an interior passageway and the resistive wire is positioned in the interior passageway; and
the inner tubular dielectric bodies are longitudinally staggered relative to the outer tubular dielectric bodies.
18. A method for storing energy comprising:
storing a fluid for heating in a reservoir;
heating the fluid with a medium voltage electrical heat exchanger connected to the reservoir, wherein the medium voltage electrical heat exchanger comprises one or more medium voltage resistive heating elements, wherein each of the medium voltage resistive heating elements is driven with a voltage between 601 v and 69,000 v, inclusive, and wherein the one or more medium voltage resistive heating elements each comprise:
an outer metal sheath;
a resistive wire; and
a dielectric core positioned within the outer metal sheath, wherein the dielectric core comprises:
a first series of two or more axially-aligned, outer tubular dielectric bodies positioned end-to-end; and
a second series of two or more axially-aligned, inner tubular dielectric bodies,
wherein:
the inner tubular dielectric bodies are positioned end-to-end in the sheath and are nested inside the outer tubular dielectric bodies;
the inner tubular dielectric bodies define an interior passageway and the resistive wire is positioned in the interior passageway; and
the inner tubular dielectric bodies are longitudinally staggered relative to the outer tubular dielectric bodies;
driving a turbine by the heated fluid; and
generating electricity with an electrical generator that is connected to the turbine.
2. The energy storage system of
3. The energy storage system of
the reservoir comprises compressed gas as the fluid; and
the compressed gas from the reservoir flows to the medium voltage electrical heat exchanger,
whereupon the medium voltage electrical heat exchanger heats the gas upon decompression of the gas; and
the turbine is powered by flow of the decompressed gas.
4. The energy storage system of
the reservoir comprises a first tank; and
the fluid in the first tank comprises molten salt.
5. The energy storage system of
6. The energy storage system of
a compressor for compressing the gas for storage in the reservoir;
an auxiliary tank for storing a second fluid to be heated, wherein the second fluid is heated with heat generated from compression of the gas by the compressor; and
a second medium voltage electrical heat exchanger for heating the second fluid in the auxiliary tank, wherein the second medium voltage electrical heat exchanger comprises one or more medium voltage heating elements, wherein each of the medium voltage resistive heating elements is driven with a voltage between 601 v and 69,000 v, inclusive.
9. The energy storage system of
10. The energy storage system of
the first tank stores the molten salt heated in the concentrated solar power receiver; and
the medium voltage electrical heat exchanger is for heating the molten salt in the first tank.
11. The energy storage system of
12. The energy storage system of
13. The energy storage system of
14. The energy storage system of
a steam generator for generating steam with the molten salt in the first tank;
a second tank for storing the molten salt after the molten salt is used to generate the steam,
wherein the molten salt in the second tank is fed to the concentrated solar power receiver for solar heating; and
a second medium voltage electrical heat exchanger for heating the molten salt in the second tank, wherein the second medium voltage electrical heat exchanger comprises one or more medium voltage resistive heating elements, wherein each of the medium voltage resistive heating elements is driven with a voltage between 601 v and 69,000 v, inclusive.
15. The energy storage system of
16. The energy storage system of
17. The energy storage system of
19. The method of
20. The method of
the reservoir comprises compressed gas as the fluid; and
the compressed gas from the reservoir flows to the medium voltage electrical heat exchanger, whereupon the medium voltage electrical heat exchanger heats the gas upon decompression of the gas; and
the turbine is powered by flow of the decompressed gas.
21. The method of
22. The method of
23. The method of
compressing the gas for storage in the reservoir with a compressor;
storing a second fluid to be heated in an auxiliary tank, wherein the second fluid is heated with heat generated from compression of the gas by the compressor; and
heating the second fluid in the auxiliary tank with a second medium voltage electrical heat exchanger, wherein the second medium voltage electrical heat exchanger comprises one or more medium voltage heating elements, wherein each of the medium voltage resistive heating elements is driven with a voltage between 601 v and 69,000 v, inclusive.
24. The method of
25. The method of
the first tank stores the molten salt heated in the concentrated solar power receiver; and
the medium voltage electrical heat exchanger is for heating the molten salt in the first tank.
26. The method of
27. The method of
generating steam by a steam generator using the molten salt in the first tank;
storing the molten salt in a second tank after the molten salt is used to generate the steam, wherein the molten salt in the second tank is fed to the concentrated solar power receiver for solar heating; and
heating the molten salt in the second tank with a second medium voltage electrical heat exchanger, wherein the second medium voltage electrical heat exchanger comprises one or more medium voltage resistive heating elements, wherein each of the medium voltage resistive heating elements is driven with a voltage between 601 v and 69,000 v, inclusive.
28. The method of
29. The method of
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The growth of renewable energy sources is driving the need for new technologies to store electricity due to the random nature of the availability of renewable power. For example, it is not always sunny or windy; conversely, it may be sunny or windy when added power it not needed on the power grid. There are currently a number of techniques for storing electricity for later user. These energy storage systems include: mechanical storage of energy via compressed air or flywheel; electrical storage using super capacitors or superconducting energy magnets; electromechanical means such as various battery technologies; chemical storage by producing hydrogen or synthetic natural gas; and thermal storage where energy is either stored as hot water or molten salt, or used to change the phase of a material.
While providing renewable energy benefits, many of the systems are inefficient in various ways and/or have deleterious effects. For example, compressed air energy storage (CAES) systems often use natural gas to heat the compressed air upon decompression, which results in the emission of air pollution in the form of NOx and CO2. Also, hot water energy systems also often use gas or coal to heat the large quantities of water that is needed to the desired temperature, which are non-renewable energy sources.
In one general aspect, the present invention is directed to energy storage systems that use medium voltage (MV) electrical heat exchangers to increase the efficiency of the energy storage system and/or reduce emission of pollutants. MV electrical heat exchangers use medium range voltages, i.e., 601 to 69,000 volts, to heat a fluid, such as a gas or liquid. The heated fluid is used in the energy storage system to either drive a turbine generator directly or indirectly, such as by generating steam to drive the turbine generator. MV electrical heat exchangers are advantageous because nearly 100% of the energy produced is absorbed directly by the heated fluid, allowing for very efficient conversion of electricity into heat. Furthermore, the electricity used to power the MV electrical heat exchangers can be from renewable energy sources, such as solar or wind-powered sources, further increasing efficiency of the energy storage system.
Various embodiments of the present invention are described herein by way of example in conjunction with the following figures, wherein:
In one general aspect, the present invention is directed to energy storage systems that use medium voltage (MV) electrical heating systems or heat exchangers (MVHEs). MV heaters are metal-sheathed resistive heating elements that operate at voltages from 601 volts to 69,000 volts, for example. MV heating provides tremendous efficiencies in converting electricity to heat in comparison to traditional low voltage (LV) systems. For example, a LV system operating at 480 VAC and producing 1 megawatt of heat would require of 1200 amps, which would be cost prohibitive. On the other hand, a MV system producing 1 megawatt of heat, but operating at 4160 VAC, would require only approximately 140 amps of power. This lower amperage lowers the overall equipment costs and eliminates the need for large power transformers that would be required to reduce the voltage down to 480 VAC to operate the heaters in a LV system.
The MVHEs used in the various energy storage systems may comprise one or more MV heating elements.
As explained in the '842 application, and as shown in
Further, because moisture that accumulates in MV heating elements can cause failure, MV heating elements that employ a moisture sensor and control the heating element, particularly at start up, based on the detected moisture in the heating element, may be used. One such MV heating element control circuit is disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/866,434, entitled “Medium Voltage Heater Elements Moisture Detection Circuit,” by Chromalox Inc., filed Apr. 19, 2013, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
Such MV heating elements 20 can be used in MVHEs that are used in energy storage systems according to various embodiments of the present invention. The MVHE could be, for example, a flanged immersion heater 100 as shown in
MVHEs are advantageous to other MV heating technologies as MVHEs can be inserted directly into the heated fluid (e.g., gases, air, water, molten salt, etc.), with nearly 100% of the energy produced being absorbed directly by the fluid, allowing for very efficient conversion of electricity into heat. This enables a smart power grid by allowing the opportunity to store a precise amount of energy from the network at specific times. Such energy storages systems are described below.
MV heaters could also be used in coal power plants according to various embodiments. Because of decreased demand at night, coal power plants are typically cycled back to far less than full capacity, to about 20%, during the night, which is still more than required by the nighttime demand. The system cannot ordinarily be totally shut down at night because it would not have enough time to ramp up when demand increases in the morning, thereby making operation during the off-peak night hours inefficient.
MV heaters could also be used in molten salt energy storage systems.
As shown in
A shortcoming of photovoltaic panels is the fast-changing nature of its output (e.g., due to passing clouds), which has a destabilizing effect on the power grid. Converting the electrical energy from the photovoltaic panel(s) 314 to heat with the MV electrical heat exchanger 302, as shown in
In general aspect, therefore, the present invention is directed to energy storage systems and methods. According to various embodiments, the energy storage system comprises a reservoir storing a fluid for heating (e.g., a tank or underground cavern) and a medium voltage electrical heat exchanger connected to the reservoir for heating the fluid. The medium voltage electrical heat exchanger comprises one or more medium voltage resistive heating elements, where each of the medium voltage resistive heating elements is driven with a voltage between 601 V and 69,000 V, inclusive. The energy system also comprises a turbine driven by the heated fluid (either directly or indirectly) and an electrical generator connected to the turbine for generating electricity. The energy system may further comprise a renewable energy source (e.g., a wind-powered renewable energy source) that supplies the voltage between 601 V and 69,000 V, inclusive, to the medium voltage resistive heating elements to heat the fluid.
In various implementations, as shown in
In other implementations, the reservoir is part of a pulverized coal-fired boiler 204, as shown in
In one general aspect, the method for storing energy may comprise the steps of: (i) storing a fluid for heating in a reservoir (e.g., reservoirs 154, 204, 258 or 304); (ii) heating the fluid with a medium voltage electrical heat exchanger 182, 202, 270, 302 connected to the reservoir; (iii) driving, indirectly or directly, a turbine 164, 208, 262, 312 by the heated fluid; and (iv) generating electricity with an electrical generator 166, 210, 262, 310 that is connected to the turbine.
One skilled in the art will recognize that the herein described components (e.g., operations), devices, objects, and the discussion accompanying them are used as examples for the sake of conceptual clarity and that various configuration modifications are contemplated. Consequently, as used herein, the specific exemplars set forth and the accompanying discussion are intended to be representative of their more general classes. In general, use of any specific exemplar is intended to be representative of its class, and the non-inclusion of specific components (e.g., operations), devices, and objects should not be taken limiting.
With respect to the use of substantially any plural and/or singular terms herein, those having skill in the art can translate from the plural to the singular and/or from the singular to the plural as is appropriate to the context and/or application. The various singular/plural permutations are not expressly set forth herein for sake of clarity.
The herein described subject matter sometimes illustrates different components contained within, or connected with, different other components. It is to be understood that such depicted architectures are merely exemplary, and that in fact many other architectures may be implemented which achieve the same functionality. In a conceptual sense, any arrangement of components to achieve the same functionality is effectively “associated” such that the desired functionality is achieved. Hence, any two components herein combined to achieve a particular functionality can be seen as “associated with” each other such that the desired functionality is achieved, irrespective of architectures or intermedial components. Likewise, any two components so associated can also be viewed as being “operably connected,” or “operably coupled,” to each other to achieve the desired functionality, and any two components capable of being so associated can also be viewed as being “operably couplable,” to each other to achieve the desired functionality.
While particular aspects of the present subject matter described herein have been shown and described, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that, based upon the teachings herein, changes and modifications may be made without departing from the subject matter described herein and its broader aspects and, therefore, the appended claims are to encompass within their scope all such changes and modifications as are within the true spirit and scope of the subject matter described herein. It will be understood by those within the art that, in general, terms used herein, and especially in the appended claims (e.g., bodies of the appended claims) are generally intended as “open” terms (e.g., the term “including” should be interpreted as “including but not limited to,” the term “having” should be interpreted as “having at least,” the term “includes” should be interpreted as “includes but is not limited to,” etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is intended, such an intent will be explicitly recited in the claim, and in the absence of such recitation no such intent is present. For example, as an aid to understanding, the following appended claims may contain usage of the introductory phrases “at least one” and “one or more” to introduce claim recitations. However, the use of such phrases should not be construed to imply that the introduction of a claim recitation by the indefinite articles “a” or “an” limits any particular claim containing such introduced claim recitation to claims containing only one such recitation, even when the same claim includes the introductory phrases “one or more” or “at least one” and indefinite articles such as “a” or “an” (e.g., “a” and/or “an” should typically be interpreted to mean “at least one” or “one or more”); the same holds true for the use of definite articles used to introduce claim recitations.
In addition, even if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is explicitly recited, those skilled in the art will recognize that such recitation should typically be interpreted to mean at least the recited number (e.g., the bare recitation of “two recitations,” without other modifiers, typically means at least two recitations, or two or more recitations). Furthermore, in those instances where a convention analogous to “at least one of A, B, and C, etc.” is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g., “a system having at least one of A, B, and C” would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). In those instances where a convention analogous to “at least one of A, B, or C, etc.” is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g., “a system having at least one of A, B, or C” would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that typically a disjunctive word and/or phrase presenting two or more alternative terms, whether in the description, claims, or drawings, should be understood to contemplate the possibilities of including one of the terms, either of the terms, or both terms unless context dictates otherwise. For example, the phrase “A or B” will be typically understood to include the possibilities of “A” or “B” or “A and B.”
With respect to the appended claims, those skilled in the art will appreciate that recited operations therein may generally be performed in any order. Also, although various operational flows are presented in a sequence(s), it should be understood that the various operations may be performed in other orders than those which are illustrated, or may be performed concurrently. Examples of such alternate orderings may include overlapping, interleaved, interrupted, reordered, incremental, preparatory, supplemental, simultaneous, reverse, or other variant orderings, unless context dictates otherwise. Furthermore, terms like “responsive to,” “related to,” or other past-tense adjectives are generally not intended to exclude such variants, unless context dictates otherwise.
Although various embodiments have been described herein, many modifications, variations, substitutions, changes, and equivalents to those embodiments may be implemented and will occur to those skilled in the art. Also, where materials are disclosed for certain components, other materials may be used. It is therefore to be understood that the foregoing description and the appended claims are intended to cover all such modifications and variations as falling within the scope of the disclosed embodiments. The following claims are intended to cover all such modification and variations.
In summary, numerous benefits have been described which result from employing the concepts described herein. The foregoing description of the one or more embodiments has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or limiting to the precise form disclosed. Modifications or variations are possible in light of the above teachings. The one or more embodiments were chosen and described in order to illustrate principles and practical application to thereby enable one of ordinary skill in the art to utilize the various embodiments and with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the claims submitted herewith define the overall scope.
Wheeler, Mark, Heiligenstein, Adam, Molnar, Christopher
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| Dec 12 2013 | WHEELER, MARK | CHROMALOX, INC | ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS | 031781 | /0443 | |
| Dec 12 2013 | MOLNAR, CHRISTOPHER | CHROMALOX, INC | ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS | 031781 | /0443 | |
| Dec 13 2013 | Chromalox, Inc. | (assignment on the face of the patent) | / |
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