A method for applying an image onto a receiving medium uses an ultraviolet curable phase change ink. The method includes the steps of pre-curing the ultraviolet curable ink and post-curing the ultraviolet curable ink. An ink jet apparatus is configured to perform the above mentioned method.
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8. An ink jet printer for applying an image onto a receiving medium, the ink jet printer comprising:
an ink jet print head configured to jet droplets of an ultraviolet curable phase change ink;
a first source of uv radiation, adapted to in operation provide a first beam of uv radiation;
a second source of uv radiation, adapted to in operation provide a second beam of uv radiation;
a transport mechanism configured to move the receiving medium relative to the ink jet print head and the first and second sources of uv radiation in a paper transport direction, and
a controller for in operation controlling the intensity of the first beam to have first intensity and controlling the second beam to have a second intensity, wherein the second intensity is higher than the first intensity,
wherein the first and second sources of radiation are positioned such that the first and second beams partially overlap.
1. A method for applying an image onto a receiving medium, the method comprising the steps of:
a) jetting droplets of an ultraviolet curable phase change ink from an ink jet print head at elevated temperature onto the receiving medium, wherein the elevated temperature is a temperature above a phase transition temperature, the phase transition temperature being the temperature below which the ink is in an immobilized state;
b) allowing the deposited droplets of ink to cool to a temperature below the phase transition temperature, the droplets of ink thereby changing from the liquid state into the immobilized state;
c) pre-curing the deposited droplets of ink by irradiating the droplets of ink with a first beam of uv radiation, the first beam having a first intensity; and
d) post-curing the deposited ink by irradiating the droplets of ink with a second beam of uv radiation, the second beam having a second intensity,
wherein pre-curing is done before post-curing,
wherein the intensity of the first beam is controlled such that at least in the pre-curing step, the temperature of the ink does not exceed the phase transition temperature,
wherein the second intensity is higher than the first intensity, and
wherein the first beam and the second beam overlap.
2. The method according to
3. The method according to
5. The method according to
6. The method according to
7. The method according to
providing the first beam of uv radiation by a first source of uv radiation;
providing the second beam of uv radiation by a second source of uv radiation; and
moving the first source of uv radiation and the second source of uv radiation in the main scanning direction in a synchronous way.
9. The ink jet printer according to
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This application is a Continuation of International Application No. PCT/EP2014/067659, filed on Aug. 19, 2014, and for which priority is claimed under 35 U.S.C. §120. PCT/EP2014/067659 claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(a) to Application No. 13181796.7, filed in Europe on Aug. 27, 2013. The entire contents of each of the above-identified applications are hereby incorporated by reference into the present application.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method for applying an image using a UV curable phase change ink and an ink jet printer suitable for performing such a method. In particular, the present invention relates to a method for applying an image comprising two curing steps, i.e. a pre-cure step and a post-cure step, wherein the two curing steps are performed using a first beam of UV radiation and a second beam of UV radiation, respectively.
2. Description of Background Art
Methods for applying an image onto a recording medium using a UV curable ink are known in the art. Generally, such methods comprise the step of applying the UV curable ink onto a recording medium, e.g. by jetting droplets of the ink using an ink jet printer.
After the ink has been applied onto the receiving medium, the ink is hardened by irradiating the ink with a suitable source of radiation, preferably UV radiation. It is known in the art that, when the layer of UV curable ink applied onto the receiving medium is relatively thick, it may not be possible to suitably cure the UV curable ink in one step. For example, the part of the ink layer close to the receiving medium may not completely cure. This problem may be addressed by curing the ink in a two-step procedure, as is explained for example in U.S. Application Publication No. 2008/0174648. Hence, it is known that applying UV radiation to a UV curable ink is required to suitably cure the ink.
However, irradiating a layer of ink applied onto a receiving medium using one or more sources of radiation may cause unwanted side-effects, for example in the case where UV curable phase change inks are used in the printing process. UV curable phase change inks may be fluid at elevated temperature and may be solid or semi-solid at lower temperatures. This type of ink may be jetted as a fluid at elevated temperate and may cool down after it has been applied onto the receiving medium, thereby transforming into a solid or semi-solid. When the temperature of UV curable phase change ink applied onto the receiving medium increases too much, the ink on the receiving medium may (partially) fluidize. This may cause print artifacts. For example, the gloss level of the resulting print after curing may be negatively influenced. In addition, coalescence of the ink may occur if the ink fluidizes before it is sufficiently cured. Hence, it may be difficult to cure a layer of UV curable phase change ink such that the ink is completely cured without obtaining print artifacts.
Therefore a need exists for applying an image using an UV curable phase change ink that mitigates the above mentioned problems.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide such a method. It is another object of the present invention to provide an ink jet printer suitable for performing such a method. The object is achieved in a method for applying an image onto a receiving medium, the method comprising the steps of:
In the method according to the present invention, in step a) droplets of an ultraviolet (UV) curable phase change ink are applied onto a receiving medium. For example, the droplets may be applied onto the receiving medium by jetting the droplets of the ink using an ink jet apparatus. The ink jet apparatus may comprise a print head. The print head may comprise an orifice, through which droplets of the UV curable phase change ink are applied. The print head may further comprise a pressure chamber comprising a quantity of the ink. The print head may further comprise an actuator configured to generate a pressure in the fluid in the pressure chamber. Due to the pressure generated in the pressure chamber, a droplet of ink may be ejected. The ink jet may further comprise an ink reservoir.
The ink that is used in the method according to the present invention is a phase change ink. A phase change ink is an ink that is liquid at an elevated temperature and is in an immobilized state at a lower temperature. For example, the phase change ink may be in the liquid phase at a temperature above the phase change temperature T1. T1 may be e.g. 40° C.; 60° C.; 75° C. or 95° C. At lower temperatures, such as temperatures below the phase transition temperature T1, the phase change ink may be in a phase different than the liquid phase, i.e. an immobilized state. In the liquid phase, also referred to as a fluid state, the ink composition is able to flow. For example, the ink in the fluid state may be jetted using an ink jet print head. In addition, when a droplet of ink in the liquid state is applied onto a recording medium, the ink may flow over the surface of the recording medium. In this way, the droplet of ink may spread.
In the method according to the present invention, in step b), the deposited droplets of ink are allowed to cool to a temperature below the phase transition temperature T1, the droplets of ink thereby changing from the liquid state into the immobilized state. Below the phase transition temperature T1, the ink may be in an immobilized state. The immobilized state may be a state where the ink cannot flow. In the immobilized state, the position and shape of the droplet may be substantially fixed. As a consequence, the droplet may not spread over the surface. Examples of an immobilized state are the solid phase and the semi-solid phase. An example of a semi-solid phase is a gelled phase. In the ink reservoir and in the pressure chamber, the ink may be in the fluid state and therefore may be at a temperature of at least the phase transition temperature T1. To bring the ink at a temperature of at least the phase transition temperature T1 and to maintain the desired temperature, the ink jet apparatus may be provided with a heating mechanism to heat the ink. For example, the ink reservoir may be provided with heating mechanism to heat the phase change ink. Alternatively or additionally, the pressure chamber may be provided with heating mechanism for heating the pressure chamber and the ink inside the pressure chamber.
The ink in accordance with the present invention is a UV curable ink. UV curable inks are known in the art. UV curable inks are inks that comprise at least one UV curable component. The UV curable component may be curable upon irradiation of the ink by UV radiation. Curing of the ink is also known in the art as hardening of the ink. UV curable components may be, e.g. UV curable monomers and/or oligomers. Non-limiting examples of UV curable monomers are acrylate monomers, methacrylate monomers and epoxy monomers. The monomers may be monofunctional monomers (i.e. monomers comprising one radiation curable moiety), or the monomers may be multifunctional monomers (i.e. monomers comprising two or more radiation curable moieties).
The UV curable ink composition may additionally comprise at least one photo-initiator for initiating curing (e.g. initiating a polymerization reaction) upon curing of the ink composition. The UV curable ink composition may additionally comprise at least one inhibitor for preventing polymerization of the curable components of the ink, thereby increasing the shelf life of the ink.
The UV curable ink composition may further comprise a colorant. The colorant may be a pigment, a mixture of pigments, a dye, a mixture of dyes, a mixture of a dye and a pigment or a mixture of more than one dye and more than one pigment. Pigments are preferred, because of their superior color fastness with respect to dyes.
The UV curable phase change ink composition may comprise at least one component that provides the ink composition with phase change properties. For example, the ink composition may comprise a component that solidifies at a temperature lower than the phase transition temperature T1. For example, the ink may comprise a meltable wax. The meltable wax may be a liquid at a temperature above the phase transition temperature T1 and may solidify at the phase transition temperature T1. The meltable wax may be a reactive wax, such as a radiation curable wax, or may be a non-reactive wax. A radiation curable wax may be a wax that comprises a functional chemical group that is capable of undergoing a polymerization reaction upon exposure to radiation. The radiation curable wax may comprise, for example an acrylate functional group or a methacrylate functional group.
Incorporating a component that may solidify may result in the formation of a solidifiable ink, i.e. a hot melt ink. A hot melt ink is an example of a phase change ink. When a droplet of ink solidifies, the droplet of ink gets into the immobilized state and hence, the droplet may no longer flow and therefore, spread of a droplet and inter-droplet smearing may be prevented.
Additionally or alternatively, the ink composition may comprise a gelling agent. An ink comprising a gelling agent may be in the liquid phase above a gelling temperature of the gelling agent and may be in the gelled state below the gelling temperature of the gelling agent. The gelling temperature of the gelling agent may be the phase transition temperature T1. The gelled phase is a phase where a gel exists as a dynamic equilibrium between a solid gellant and a fluid. The gel phase is a dynamic networked assembly of molecular components held together by non-covalent interactions. Upon formation of the gelled phase, the viscosity of the ink composition may increase. A higher viscosity prevents flow of the droplet and may thereby immobilize the droplet. Thus, also gelling of a droplet of ink may prevent spread of a droplet and inter-droplet smearing.
Thus both gelling and solidification are suitable phase changes to immobilize the ink and to prevent spread of a droplet and inter-droplet smearing and both phase changes may be suitably applied in an ink such as a radiation curable ink. In general, any phase change that diminishes the flowability of a droplet of ink upon cooling of the ink may be suitably applied.
The phase change property of the radiation curable ink may allow stabilizing the droplets applied onto the receiving medium before they are cured. E.g. when a phase change radiation curable ink is used for applying an image onto a receiving medium, it may not be necessary to cure immediately after the droplet has landed onto the receiving medium; there may be a time interval in between application of the droplets onto the receiving medium and curing, without droplet smearing occurring.
The radiation curable ink may be cured by irradiating the ink. The ink may be irradiated with suitable radiation, for example UV radiation. The radiation may induce a chemical reaction in the ink composition. For example, the radiation may initiate a polymerization reaction in the ink, which results in hardening of the ink composition, thereby fixing the ink composition.
In the method according to the present invention, curing of the ink is performed in at least two steps. In the method, in step c), the deposited droplets of ink are pre-cured by irradiating the droplets of ink with a first beam of UV radiation, the first beam having a first intensity. In the pre-curing step, the radiation, such as the UV radiation, may be provided by a suitable radiation source, such as a lamp, e.g. a UV lamp. The source of UV radiation may produce a first beam of UV radiation. This first beam may have a first intensity. The intensity of the beam may refer to the irradiance; i.e. the total amount of radiation locally received onto the receiving medium per unit area.
In the method, in step d), the deposited ink is post-cured by irradiating the droplets of ink with a second beam of UV radiation, the second beam having a second intensity. In the post-curing step, the radiation, such as the UV radiation, may be provided by a suitable radiation source, such as a lamp, e.g. a UV lamp. The source of UV radiation may produce a second beam of UV radiation. This second beam may have a second intensity. The intensity of the beam refers to the amount of energy applied by the beam to the receiving medium per unit area.
By performing the pre-curing and the post-curing, the image applied onto the receiving medium may be suitably cured. After the radiation curable phase change ink has been cured, a network has been formed within the ink and the radiation curable ink is then no longer fluid. After curing, the ink composition may no longer become fluid at the phase transition temperature T1. Furthermore, by fixing the ink composition, the ink layer has become firmly attached to the receiving medium and is not easily removed anymore from the receiving medium. The cured image may have a gloss appearance after curing, a matt gloss appearance or a semi-gloss appearance.
In the method according to the present invention, pre-curing is done before post-curing. Hence, after the ink has been applied onto the recording medium, the ink is first pre-cured and afterwards, post-cured.
In the method according to the present invention, the intensity of the first beam is controlled such that at least in the pre-curing step, the temperature of the ink does not exceed the phase transition temperature T1. The first beam of UV radiation may comprise UV radiation of a plurality of wavelengths. The total amount of radiation may result in heating of the ink, when the ink is irradiated by the first beam. When the ink is heated, the temperature of the ink may rise. Depending e.g. on the amount of heat supplied to the ink by the first beam of radiation, the temperature of the ink may rise to a temperature above the phase change temperature T1. In the pre-curing step, the ink may be at most partially cured. Network formation between the polymerizable components present in the ink is not yet finished and unreacted polymerizable compound may still be present. Therefore, if in the pre-curing step the temperature of the ink rises to a temperature above the phase transition temperature T1, then (part of) the ink may undergo a phase change and return to the fluid state. Such phase change may influence the gloss of the image. Therefore, the intensity of the first beam is controlled such that, at least in the pre-curing step, the temperature of the ink does not exceed the phase transition temperature T1. The person skilled in the art will understand how the intensity of the beam can be suitably controlled. For example, the amount of radiation emitted by a source of radiation may be controlled. Alternatively, the type of source may be suitably selected. Alternatively or additionally, the distance between the ink deposited on the recording medium and the source of radiation may be suitably selected. Furthermore, a suitable filter may be applied to reduce the intensity of the radiation emitted by a source with a predetermined factor.
When the ink is cured in the post-cure step, the ink may be completely cured. When the ink has been completely cured, i.e. when essentially all polymerizable compound has been polymerized and the ink layer has hardened, heating of the ink layer may not result in a partial phase change anymore. Thus, the second intensity, i.e. the intensity of the second beam used in the post-curing step, may be higher than the first intensity of the first beam.
In an embodiment, the first beam has a first main wavelength and the second beam has a second main wavelength. The first beam of radiation, emitted by the first source of radiation, may emit a first spectrum of radiation, the spectrum having a certain width. The first spectrum may have a maximum; i.e. a wavelength which is present in the beam at higher intensity than other wavelengths. This maximum will be referred to as the first main wavelength. Because the first main wavelength is emitted at a higher intensity compared to other wavelengths present in the spectrum of the radiation of the first beam, the first main wavelength may have the strongest influence on the curing process, compared to the other wavelengths. The first main wavelength may be in the UV range, for example in the UV-A range (410 nm-315 nm), the UV-B range (315 nm-280 nm) or the UV-C range (280 nm-100 nm). The second beam of radiation, emitted by the second source of radiation, may emit a second spectrum of radiation, the spectrum having a certain width. The second spectrum may have a maximum; i.e. a wavelength which is present in the beam at higher intensity than other wavelengths. This maximum will be referred to as the second main wavelength. Because the second main wavelength is emitted at a higher intensity compared to other wavelengths present in the spectrum of the radiation of the second beam, the second main wavelength may influence the curing process most, compared to the other wavelengths emitted by the second source of radiation. The second main wavelength may be in the UV range, for example in the UV-A range (410 nm-315 nm), the UV-B range (315 nm-280 nm) or the UV-C range (280 nm-100 nm).
Further, in the embodiment, the first main wavelength is different from the second main wavelength. The radiation of the first beam may have a main wavelength different from the main wavelength of the second beam of UV radiation. The ink composition may comprise a number of components, some of which may be able to absorb UV radiation, such as radiation of the first main wavelength and/or radiation of the second main wavelength. When UV radiation is absorbed by UV curable monomers or oligomers, or by photoinitiators present in the ink composition, this may result in polymerization of the curable polymers and/or oligomers and may result in curing of the ink. However, other components in the ink, for example pigments, may also absorb UV radiation. UV absorption by pigments may not result in curing of the ink. If there are components, e.g. pigments, present in the ink composition that absorbs the UV radiation emitted by the first beam of radiation, then curing may be slower at the part of the ink layer close to the receiving medium (lower part of the ink layer) and faster at the upper part of the ink layer. Hence, the ink layer may not be properly cured. Therefore, in the method according to the present invention, a pre-curing step is performed using a first beam of UV radiation. The first main wavelength may penetrate deep into the layer of ink and may cure also the inside of the ink layer. The first curing step may induce gentle curing of the ink layer. In other words, part of the polymerizable moieties in the ink may become polymerized during the pre-curing step. However, the ink layer may not become completely cured during the pre-curing step. The partial curing may further immobilize the ink. After the pre-curing step, the ink is cured in a post-curing step, using UV light having a second wavelength, the second wavelength being different from the first wavelength. This second UV radiation may not penetrate through the ink layer and may only cure an upper part of the ink layer. However, the second curing step may induce faster curing than the first curing step. In addition, the upper part of the layer may be in contact with oxygen in the air. The presence of oxygen may hamper the curing process and hence, post-curing may provide additional radiation to at least the upper layer of the print to properly cure said upper layer.
The first main wavelength and the second main wavelength may be suitably selected, e.g. based on the absorption spectra of the photo-initiator, the polymerizable compound(s) and other components present in the ink, such as pigments.
By applying the pre-curing as well as the post-curing step, the ink layer may become efficiently cured and hence, the thick layer of ink may be cured in a two-step curing process.
In a further embodiment, the first main wavelength is larger than the second main wavelength. Radiation having a larger wavelength may be less efficiently absorbed by components in the ink that do not polymerize upon curing, such as pigments. Hence, a larger wavelength may penetrate deeper into the ink layer and may therefore be suitably applied to pre-cure the layer of ink.
In an embodiment, the ink comprises a gellant. The radiation curable gelling ink composition may be a fluid at a temperature above the phase transition temperature T1. At or below the phase transition temperature T1, the gelling agent may form a gel and by forming the gel, the gelling agent may gel the ink. The ink may then be in a so-called gelled phase. Hence, the gelling agent may provide the ink with a phase change upon cooling the ink composition to a temperature below the phase transition temperature T1.
As explained above, the gelled phase may be considered a phase wherein a dynamic equilibrium exists between a solid gellant and a fluid. The gel phase is a dynamic networked assembly of molecular components held together by non-covalent interactions. The networked assembly of molecular components may be formed by the gelling agent. The fluid that is present in the networked assembly formed by the gelling agent may comprise the radiation curable component. In addition, the fluid may comprise additional ink components, such as a photoinitiator, an inhibitor and/or a colorant. Thus, when the droplet is transformed from a fluid into a gel and consequently, spreading of the droplet is prevented, the radiation curable component may still be in the fluid phase. Without wanting to be bound to any theory, it is believed that curing of the ink, which may be achieved by inducing a polymerization reaction to polymerize the radiation curable components, may occur faster if the radiation curable component is in the fluid state compared to the situation where the radiation curable component is in the solid state.
The gelling agent may be suitably selected. The gelling agent may be a component capable of forming a (supra)molecular network.
A number of non-limiting examples of the gelling agent are: ketones such as laurone, stearone, di-n-dodecylketone, pyristone, 15-nonacosanone, behenone, palmitone, di-n-hexadecylketone; oligo-ester compounds, the oligo-ester compounds being the reaction product of a poly-hydroxy component, such as pentaerythritol or glycerol and an carboxylic acid comprising an alkyl chain, such as stearic acid—, palmitic acid, arachidic acid, linoleic acid or myristic acid esters; a long chain terminal alcohol, such as a C10-C40 long chain terminal alcohol, for example a C15-C30 long chain terminal alcohol, such as a C20-C25 long chain terminal alcohol. Examples of commercially available long chain terminal alcohols are Unilin® waxes, available from Baker Hughes Inc. Further non-limiting examples of gelling agents are long chain terminal carboxylic acid waxes, such as the Unicid® waxes commercially available from Baker Hughes Inc.; urethane waxes, such as ADS043 or ADS039 commercially available from American Dye Source Inc. of Baie D′ Urfe, Quebec, Canada; waxes occurring in nature, such as candelilla wax, cerilla wax or montan wax; alkyl-ester waxes, such as the Kester Wax K-AE-80, commercially available from Koster Keunen; amide waxes, such as a primary amide wax or a secondary amide wax, for example octadecane amide wax, stearylstrearate or Erucamide; or a reactive wax. Non-limiting examples of reactive waxes are acrylate waxes, such as acrylated alkyl waxes, vinylether waxes, and alkene waxes, such as oleyl arachidate. Examples of commercially available reactive waxes are reactive Licomont® waxes and reactive Ceridust® waxes, obtainable from Clariant International Ltd.
In an embodiment, the ink comprises a crystalline component and the phase transition temperature T1 is the melting temperature of the crystalline component.
When the ink is ejected, the ink is in a fluid state and hence, the temperature of the ink may be at a temperature above the phase transition temperature T1. At such temperature, a crystalline component having a melting temperature of the phase transition temperature T1 may be in the fluid state. When the ink is ejected onto a recording medium, the droplets of ink may cool down to a temperature below the phase transition temperature T1. Upon cooling down, the crystalline component may solidify and crystallize. The speed of crystallization may be influenced by the speed of cooling of the ink, which may be controlled, e.g. by controlling the temperature of the medium. When the crystalline component present in the ink composition crystallizes, crystals are formed. Crystals may influence the gloss of an image applied onto the receiving medium.
During the pre-curing step, the layer of ink may be at most partially cured. Both the part of the ink layer close to the receiving medium as well as the upper part of the ink layer (i.e. the part of the ink layer distant from the receiving medium) may be at most partially cured. When the ink layer is at most partially cured, network formation between the curable components of the ink is not yet completed. During the pre-curing step, the ink is partially cured by irradiating the ink using a first beam of radiation. This beam has a first intensity and hence, due to the radiation of the first beam, the ink may heat. In the pre-curing step, the intensity of the first beam is controlled such that the temperature of the ink does not exceed the phase transition temperature T1. As a consequence, the crystalline component having a melting temperature of the phase transition temperature T1 may not melt and may stay in the crystalline form. Without wanting to be bound to any theory, it is believed that melting of the crystalline material in an ink layer that is not yet completely cured may irreversible alter the gloss characteristic of the print. Hence, by controlling the intensity of the first beam such that the temperature of the ink does not exceed the phase transition temperature T1, the gloss characteristics of the print may be preserved.
In the post-curing step, the ink layer may be cured further. Hence, the ink may be cured to such an extent that a robust layer, comprising a network of cured ink components, is formed. Post-curing may be performed by irradiating the ink using the second beam of radiation, the second beam having a second intensity. Without wanting to be bound to any theory, it is believed that when a robust layer has been formed, the mobility of the ink components within the ink layer is very low. When the temperature of the cured layer exceeds the phase transition temperature T1, this may have no or little influence on the gloss of the print.
Optionally, the crystalline component may be a gellant. When the gellant is a crystalline component, the gellant can provide phase-change characteristics to the ink and can influence the gloss of the print. Alternatively, the crystalline component may be another component of the ink composition, e.g. a binder.
Non-limiting examples of crystalline gelling agents are ketones such as laurone, stearone, di-n-dodecylketone, pyristone, 15-nonacosanone, palmitone, di-n-hexadecylketone; long chain terminal alcohols, such as a C10-C40 long chain terminal alcohol, for example a C15-C30 long chain terminal alcohol, such as a C20-C25 long chain terminal alcohol; or urethane waxes or vinylether waxes, such as the commercially available Vectomer® monomers, obtainable from Sigma-Aldrich.
Optionally, two or more crystalline gelling agents may be used in an ink composition. Optionally, in an ink set comprising a plurality of in compositions, such as an ink set comprising Cyan, Magenta, Yellow and black ink, the type and amount of crystalline gelling agent comprised in each of the respective ink compositions within an ink set may be varied.
In an embodiment, in step a), the print head moves in reciprocation in a main scanning direction, the main scanning direction being substantially perpendicular to a direction of paper transport.
During scanning, the print head ejecting the droplets and the receiving medium may move relative to each other in a main scanning direction. This may be done by moving a print head mounted on a carriage over the receiving medium in the main scanning direction when applying droplets of ink to the receiving medium.
In a current swath, the carriage carrying the print head and the receiving medium may move relative to one another and a pattern of droplets may be printed onto the receiving medium, thereby forming (part of) an image. After the current swath has been completed, the carriage and the receiving medium may be moved relative to each other in a paper transport direction, also known as sub scanning direction. The relative movement of the carriage and the receiving medium with respect to each other in between swaths is known as a paper step. The receiving medium may be moved such that a part of the receiving medium not yet provided with the image is positioned such that the print head may jet droplets of ink onto that part of the receiving medium when the carriage moves in the main scanning direction. Preferably, the movement in the sub scanning direction is such that the paper step is not visible in the printed image.
After the paper step has been performed, the carriage and the receiving medium may move again with respect to one another in the main scanning direction in a subsequent swath.
In a further embodiment, in step c) the first beam of UV radiation is provided by a first source of UV radiation and in step d) the second beam of UV radiation is provided by a second source of UV radiation and wherein the first source of UV radiation and the second source of UV radiation are both moved in the main scanning direction in a synchronous way.
The print head(s) as well as the sources of UV radiation may be moved in reciprocation in the main scanning direction. The print head(s) may be positioned at a distance in the paper transport direction with respect to the sources of UV radiation. In the context of the present invention, the synchronous movement of the print head and the sources of UV radiation means that the print head and the sources of UV radiation start and stop movement in the main scanning direction at the same time. The speed of movement in the main scanning direction of the print head and the sources of UV radiation may preferably be the same. Preferably, the width of the swath printed by the print head corresponds to the width of the image irradiated by the first source of UV radiation.
The print head and the sources of UV radiation may move synchronously in the same direction. Alternatively, the print head and the sources of UV radiation may move synchronously in opposite directions. By moving the print head and the sources of UV radiation in a synchronous way, the time between ejection of the ink onto the receiving medium and curing of the ink may be constant. As a consequence, the extent to which the ink has cooled down may be constant. Hence, the properties of the ink droplets may be constant and the visual appearance of the ink after curing may be constant.
If the ink comprises a crystalline component having a melting temperature of the phase transition temperature T1, the extent to which the crystalline component has formed crystals may be constant. This may prevent inhomogeneous gloss throughout the printed image after curing.
In an aspect of the invention, an ink jet printer for applying an image onto a receiving medium is provided, the ink jet printer comprising:
The ink jet apparatus according to the present invention is thus configured for performing the method according to the present invention.
The first source of UV radiation may be a lamp, such as a mercury lamp, xenon lamp, carbon arc lamp, tungsten filaments lamp, light emitting diode (LED's) and laser. The first source of UV radiation may emit a first beam having a first intensity. The intensity of the beam may be controlled by controlling the amount of energy supplied to the first source of UV radiation, by selecting a suitable source of radiation, by providing the first source of radiation with a filter reducing the intensity of the first beam to a pre-defined intensity. In addition, the intensity of the beam irradiating the ink applied onto the receiving medium may be suitable controlled by controlling the distance between the receiving medium and the source of radiation. In an embodiment, the first source may emit a first spectrum having a first main wavelength.
The second source of radiation may be a lamp such as a mercury lamp, xenon lamp, carbon arc lamp, tungsten filaments lamp, light emitting diode (LED's) and laser. The second source of UV radiation may emit a second beam having a second intensity. The intensity of the beam may be controlled as explained with respect to the first source of UV radiation. In an embodiment, the second source may emit a second spectrum having a second main wavelength.
The first beam of radiation and the second beam of radiation may be provided by two different lamps. Alternatively, the sources of radiation may be an assembly of a lamp and a filter, wherein a lamp emits the first and the second main wavelengths, the lamp being provided with two distinct filters; one filter passing a first intensity of radiation and the second filer passing a second intensity of radiation. In an embodiment, one filter may pass a first spectrum of UV radiation having a first main wavelength and the second filter may pass a second spectrum having a second main wavelength.
Preferably, the first main wavelength and the second main wavelength may both lie within the UVA range, which comprises radiation having a wavelength in the range of from 320 nm to 410 nm.
Preferably, the first main wavelength is from 410 nm-250 nm, preferably from 408 nm-320 nm, such as from 405 nm-360 nm, for example from 400 nm-380 nm. Preferably, the second main wavelength is from 405 nm-210 nm, preferably from 403 nm-300 nm, such as from 400 nm-350 nm, for example from 395 nm-375 nm.
The first intensity may be in the range of from 0.1 W/cm2-30 W/cm2, for example from 0.3 W/cm2-20 W/cm2, such as from 0.5 W/cm2-10 W/cm2.
The second intensity may be in the range of 0.5 W/cm2-40 W/cm2, for example from 1.0 W/cm2-25 W/cm2, such as from 5 W/cm2-15 W/cm2.
The second intensity may be 1.2-10 times higher than the first intensity. Preferably, the second intensity may be 1.5-7 times higher than the first intensity. For example, the second intensity may be 2-5 times higher than the first intensity, such as 3-4 times higher than the first intensity.
In an embodiment, the ink jet printer comprises a temperature regulator configured to regulate the temperature of the receiving medium.
In step b) of the method according to the present invention, the ink deposited on the receiving medium is allowed to cool down. The rate of cooling may depend on a plurality of parameters, such as the jetting temperature of the ink, the amount of ink applied onto the receiving medium, the temperature of the surroundings and/or the temperature of the receiving medium. The temperature of the ink at the moment the ink is pre-cured may depend, e.g. on the rate of cooling of the ink in step b). The temperature of the ink applied onto the receiving medium may be suitably controlled by controlling the temperature of the receiving medium, onto which the droplets of ink are applied. The temperature of the receiving medium may be controlled by a suitable temperature regulator. The temperature regulator may be configured to cool the receiving medium and/or heat the receiving medium. Any suitable type of temperature regulator may be used. For example, an electrical heating or cooling may be used. Optionally, a cooling fluid, such as water, may be used.
Further scope of applicability of the present invention will become apparent from the detailed description given hereinafter. However, it should be understood that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating preferred embodiments of the present invention, are given by way of illustration only, since various changes and modifications within the spirit and scope of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from this detailed description.
The present invention will become more fully understood from the detailed description given hereinbelow and the accompanying drawings which are given by way of illustration only, and thus are not limitative of the present invention, and wherein:
The present invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein the same reference numerals have been used to identify the same or similar elements throughout the several views.
The image receiving medium 2 may be a medium in web or in sheet form and may be composed of e.g. paper, cardboard, label stock, coated paper, plastic or textile. Alternatively, the image receiving medium 2 may also be an intermediate member, endless or not. Examples of endless members, which may be moved cyclically, are a belt or a drum. The image receiving medium 2 is moved in the sub-scanning direction Y over the flat surface 1 along four print heads 4a-4d provided with a fluid marking material.
The image receiving medium 2, as depicted in
The scanning print carriage 5 carries the four print heads 4a-4d and may be moved in reciprocation in the main scanning direction X parallel to the platen 1, such as to enable scanning of the image receiving medium 2 in the main scanning direction X. Only four print heads 4a-4d are depicted for demonstrating the invention. In practice, an arbitrary number of print heads may be employed. In any case, at least one print head 4a-4d per color of marking material is placed on the scanning print carriage 5. For example, for a black-and-white printer, at least one print head 4a-4d, usually containing black marking material is present. Alternatively, a black-and-white printer may comprise a white marking material, which is to be applied on a black image-receiving medium 2. For a full-color printer, containing multiple colors, at least one print head 4a-4d for each of the colors, usually black, cyan, magenta and yellow is present. Often, in a full-color printer, black marking material is used more frequently in comparison to differently colored marking material. Therefore, more print heads 4a-4d containing black marking material may be provided on the scanning print carriage 5 compared to print heads 4a-4d containing marking material in any of the other colors. Alternatively, the print head 4a-4d containing black marking material may be larger than any of the print heads 4a-4d, containing a differently colored marking material.
The carriage 5 is guided by the guide 6. The guide 6 may be a rod as depicted in
Each print head 4a-4d comprises an orifice surface 9 having at least one orifice 8, in fluid communication with a pressure chamber containing fluid marking material provided in the print head 4a-4d. On the orifice surface 9, a number of orifices 8 are arranged in a single linear array parallel to the sub-scanning direction Y, as is shown in
As depicted in
The ink jet printing assembly 3 may further comprise a curing mechanism 11a, 11b. As shown in
The carriage 12 is guided by a guiding 7. The guide 7 may be a rod as depicted in
The curing mechanism may be energy sources, such as actinic radiation sources, accelerated particle sources or heaters. Examples of actinic radiation sources are UV radiation sources or visible light sources. UV radiation sources are preferred, because they are particularly suited to cure UV curable inks by inducing a polymerization reaction in such inks. Examples of suitable sources of such radiation are lamps, such as mercury lamps, xenon lamps, carbon arc lamps, tungsten filaments lamps, light emitting diodes (LED's) and lasers. In the embodiment shown in
The flat surface 1, the temperature controller, the carriage 5, the print heads 4a-4d, the carriage 12 and the first and second curing mechanisms 11a, 11b are controlled by a suitable controller 10.
After the immobilized droplets 16 have been pre-cured, the droplets are moved underneath a second source of UV radiation 11b. This second source of UV radiation 11b emits a second beam of radiation, schematically depicted as rays of radiation 22. The radiation emitted by the second source 11b may have a second intensity. The immobilized droplets are post-cured by the rays 22 of the radiation emitted by the second source of radiation 11b. Upon post-curing the droplets 16, the droplets may be fixed onto the receiving medium and may not change shape any more, even if they are heated to a temperature above T1.
The type of the first source of UV radiation 11a and the second source of UV radiation 11b may be suitably selected.
The distance between the first source of radiation 11a and the receiving medium 2 is larger than the distance between the second source of radiation 11b and the receiving medium 2. Like in the embodiment shown in
The beam of radiation emitted by the first source of radiation 11a, schematically depicted as rays of first radiation 21, is divergent. As a consequence, the diameter of the beam emitted by the first source 11a increases with increasing distance from the first source 11a. Hence, the intensity of the beam that locally irradiates a droplet 16 decreases with increasing distance between the droplet and the source of radiation 11a. As a consequence, the intensity of the beam that irradiates the immobilized droplet 16 and thereby pre-cures the immobilized droplet applied onto the receiving medium 2 may be controlled by controlling the distance between the receiving medium 2 and the first source of radiation 11a.
Adjacent to the first filter 11c, the second filter 11d is provided. The part of the beam emitted by the general source of radiation 11 that passes through the second filter 11d provides a second beam of radiation, schematically depicted as rays of radiation 22. The radiation in the second beam of radiation has a second spectrum, the second spectrum having a second main wavelength.
Thus, the first filter 11c and the second filter 11d may each absorb a part of the radiation emitted by the general source of radiation 11, generating two different beams of radiation, each beam having a main wavelength. The first filter 11c is provided upstream in the paper transport direction compared to the second filter 11d. Hence, droplets of ink that are applied on the receiving medium 2 and are immobilized, first pass underneath the first filter 11c and are thereby irradiated by the first beam of radiation. The first beam of radiation induces pre-curing of the immobilized droplets 16. Afterwards, the pre-cured droplets pass underneath the second filter 11d and are then irradiated by the second beam of radiation. The second beam of radiation may induce post-curing of the droplet 16 of ink.
Hence, in the present embodiment the first source of radiation and the second source of radiation are suitably embodied by providing a general source of radiation 11 and a first and a second filter 11c, 11d.
For clarity reasons, the first and second beams of radiation 21a, 22a are depicted at a distance from the receiving medium. However, in practice, the first and second beams 21a, 22a irradiate the receiving medium 2 and the droplets 16 deposited thereon.
The intensity of the beam at the surface of the receiving medium 2 is not uniform. The intensity of the radiation provided by the first source of radiation 11a is strongest right underneath the source of radiation 11a and is lower at a position further removed from the source of radiation 11a. The intensity I of the first beam of radiation 21a at the various positions of the receiving medium is schematically depicted in
At a point downstream of point B, the ink may be irradiated by both the first beam of radiation 21a and the second beam of radiation 22a. When post-curing of the ink has started, the influence of the first beam 21a may be relatively small. As is shown in
The second source of radiation 11b as shown in
Detailed embodiments of the present invention are disclosed herein; however, it is to be understood that the disclosed embodiments are merely exemplary of the invention, which can be embodied in various forms. Therefore, specific structural and functional details disclosed herein are not to be interpreted as limiting, but merely as a basis for the claims and as a representative basis for teaching one skilled in the art to variously employ the present invention in virtually and appropriately detailed structure. In particular, features presented and described in separate dependent claims may be applied in combination and any combination of such claims are herewith disclosed.
Further, the terms and phrases used herein are not intended to be limiting; but rather, to provide an understandable description of the invention. The terms “a” or “an”, as used herein, are defined as one or more than one. The term plurality, as used herein, is defined as two or more than two. The term another, as used herein, is defined as at least a second or more. The terms including and/or having, as used herein, are defined as comprising (i.e., open language). The term coupled, as used herein, is defined as connected, although not necessarily directly.
The present invention being thus described, it will be obvious that the same may be varied in many ways. Such variations are not to be regarded as a departure from the spirit and scope of the present invention, and all such modifications as would be obvious to one skilled in the art are intended to be included within the scope of the following claims.
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