Disclosed herein are systems and methods for providing waveguide display devices utilizing overlapping integrated dual axis (ida) waveguides. One embodiment includes a waveguide display device including: a first input image source providing first image light; a second input image source provide second image light; a first ida waveguide; and a second ida waveguide. The first ida waveguide and the second ida waveguide may include an overlapping region where a first two-dimensionally expanded first image light, a second two-dimensionally expanded first image light, a first two-dimensionally expanded second image light, and a second two-dimensionally expanded second image light is ejected towards an eyebox. Advantageously, resolution may be enhanced and field of view may be expanded through the use of overlapping ida waveguides.

Patent
   12140764
Priority
Feb 15 2019
Filed
Jun 02 2023
Issued
Nov 12 2024
Expiry
Feb 18 2040
Assg.orig
Entity
Large
0
2475
currently ok
1. A waveguide display device comprising:
a first input image source providing first image light;
a second input image source providing second image light;
a first ida waveguide comprising:
an input coupler for incoupling the first image light into a tir path in the first ida waveguide via a first pupil;
a first grating with a first k-vector; and
a second grating with a second k-vector different than the first k-vector and sharing a multiplexed region with the first grating,
wherein the first grating and the second grating together provide two-dimensional beam expansion to the first image light, and
wherein the portions of the first grating and the second grating sharing the multiplexed region together extract the two-dimensionally expanded first image light towards an eyebox; and
a second ida waveguide comprising:
an input coupler for incoupling the second image light into a tir path in the second ida waveguide via a second pupil;
a first grating with a first k-vector; and
a second grating with a second k-vector different than the first k-vector and sharing a multiplexed region with the first grating,
wherein the first grating and the second grating together provide two-dimensional beam expansion to the second image light, and
wherein the portions of the first grating and the second grating sharing the multiplexed region together extract the two-dimensionally expanded second image light towards the eyebox.
2. The waveguide display device of claim 1, wherein a first portion of the incoupled first image light is passed to the first grating of the first ida waveguide which provides beam expansion to the incoupled first image light in a first direction and passes the first direction beam expanded light onto the multiplexed region,
wherein the portion of the second grating of the first ida waveguide in the multiplexed region is configured to provide beam expansion in a second direction different from the first direction to produce a first two-dimensionally expanded first image light,
wherein a second portion of the incoupled first image light is passed to the second grating of the first ida waveguide which provides beam expansion to the incoupled first image light in a third direction to produce a third direction expanded first image light,
wherein the portion of the first grating of the first ida waveguide in the multiplexed region is configured to provide beam expansion in a fourth direction different from the third direction to produce a second two-dimensionally expanded first image light, and
wherein the multiplexed region of the first ida waveguide is configured to extract the first two-dimensionally expanded first image light and the second two-dimensionally expanded first image light from the first ida waveguide towards the eyebox.
3. The waveguide display device of claim 2, wherein a first portion of the incoupled second image light is passed to the first grating of the second ida waveguide which provides beam expansion to the incoupled second image light in a first direction and passes the first direction beam expanded light onto the multiplexed region,
wherein the portion of the second grating of the second ida waveguide in the multiplexed region is configured to provide beam expansion in a second direction different from the first direction to produce a first two-dimensionally expanded second image light,
wherein a second portion of the incoupled second image light is passed to the second grating of the second ida waveguide which provides beam expansion to the incoupled second image light in a third direction to produce a third direction expanded second image light,
wherein the portion of the first grating of the second ida waveguide in the multiplexed region is configured to provide beam expansion in a fourth direction different from the third direction to produce a second two-dimensionally expanded second image light,
wherein the multiplexed region of the second ida waveguide is configured to extract the first two-dimensionally expanded second image light and the second two-dimensionally expanded second image light from the second ida waveguide towards the eyebox, and
wherein the first ida waveguide and the second ida waveguide comprise an overlapping region where the first two-dimensionally expanded first image light, the second two-dimensionally expanded first image light, the first two-dimensionally expanded second image light, and the second two-dimensionally expanded second image light is ejected towards the eyebox.
4. The waveguide display device of claim 3, wherein the first two-dimensionally expanded first image light and the second two-dimensionally expanded first image light create a first field of view, and wherein the first two-dimensionally expanded second image light and the second two-dimensionally expanded second image light create a second field of view, and wherein the first field of view and second field of view include an overlapping region which combines the resolution of the first field of view and the second field of view.
5. The waveguide display device of claim 4, wherein the first field of view includes first non-overlapping regions on opposite sides of the overlapping region and wherein the second field of view includes second non-overlapping regions on opposite sides of the overlapping region.
6. The waveguide display device of claim 2, wherein the first portion corresponds to a first field of view portion and the second portion corresponds to a second field of view portion, and wherein the first field of view portion and second field of view portion each make up half of the total viewable field of view.
7. The waveguide display device of claim 1, wherein the first pupil and the second pupil are spatially separated.
8. The waveguide display device of claim 7, wherein the first pupil and the second pupil are positioned in different areas of a head band.
9. The waveguide display device of claim 8, wherein the first ida waveguide and the second ida waveguide are partially disposed on the head band and partially disposed on an eyepiece.
10. The waveguide display device of claim 1, wherein the first ida waveguide and the second ida waveguide have orthogonal principal axis.
11. The waveguide display device of claim 1, wherein the first grating and second grating of the first ida waveguide have at least one of different aspect ratios, different grating clock angles, or different grating pitches.
12. The waveguide display device of claim 1, wherein the first grating and the second grating of the second ida waveguide have at least one of different aspect ratios, different grating clock angles, or different grating pitches.
13. The waveguide display device of claim 1, wherein the first ida waveguide and the second ida waveguide are integrated onto a first eyepiece.
14. The waveguide display device of claim 13, further comprising:
a third input image source providing third image light;
a fourth input image source providing fourth image light;
a third ida waveguide comprising:
an input coupler for incoupling the third image light into a tir path in the first ida waveguide via a third pupil;
a first grating with a first k-vector; and
a second grating with a second k-vector different than the first k-vector and sharing a multiplexed region with the first grating,
wherein a first portion of the incoupled third image light is passed to the first grating which provides beam expansion to the incoupled third image light in a first direction and passes the first direction beam expanded light onto the multiplexed region,
wherein the portion of the second grating in the multiplexed region is configured to provide beam expansion in a second direction different from the first direction to produce a first two-dimensionally expanded third image light,
wherein a second portion of the incoupled third image light is passed to the second grating which provides beam expansion to the incoupled third image light in a third direction to produce a second two-dimensionally expanded third image light, and
wherein the multiplexed region is configured to extract the first two-dimensionally expanded third image light and the second two-dimensionally expanded third image light from the third ida waveguide towards an eyebox; and
a fourth ida waveguide comprising:
an input coupler for incoupling the fourth image light into a tir path in the fourth ida waveguide via a fourth pupil;
a first grating with a first k-vector; and
a second grating with a second k-vector different than the first k-vector and sharing a multiplexed region with the first grating,
wherein a first portion of the incoupled fourth image light is passed to the first grating which provides beam expansion to the incoupled fourth image light in a first direction and passes the first direction beam expanded light onto the multiplexed region,
wherein the portion of the second grating in the multiplexed region is configured to provide beam expansion in a second direction different from the first direction to produce a first two-dimensionally expanded fourth image light,
wherein a second portion of the incoupled fourth image light is passed to the second grating which provides beam expansion to the incoupled fourth image light in a third direction to produce a second two-dimensionally expanded fourth image light,
wherein the multiplexed region is configured to extract the first two-dimensionally expanded fourth image light and the second two-dimensionally expanded fourth image light from the fourth ida waveguide towards the eyebox, and
wherein the third ida waveguide and the fourth ida waveguide comprise an overlapping region where the first two-dimensionally expanded third image light, the second two-dimensionally expanded third image light, the first two-dimensionally expanded fourth image light, and the second two-dimensionally expanded fourth image light is ejected towards the eyebox.
15. The waveguide display device of claim 14, wherein the third ida waveguide and the fourth ida waveguide are integrated onto a second eyepiece.
16. The waveguide display device of claim 15, wherein the first eyepiece and the second eyepiece are positioned below a head band.
17. The waveguide display device of claim 16, wherein the first eyepiece is configured to eject light into a user's first eye and the second eyepiece is configured to eject light into a user's second eye.
18. The waveguide display device of claim 17, wherein the first two-dimensionally expanded first image light and the second two-dimensionally expanded first image light create a first field of view, and wherein the first two-dimensionally expanded second image light and the second two-dimensionally expanded second image light create a second field of view, and wherein the first field of view and the second field of view include a first overlapping region which combines the resolution of the first field of view and the second field of view, and
wherein the first two-dimensionally expanded third image light and the second two-dimensionally expanded third image light create a third field of view, and wherein the first two-dimensionally expanded fourth image light and the second two-dimensionally expanded fourth image light create a fourth field of view, and wherein the third field of view and the fourth field of view include a second overlapping region which combines the resolution of the third field of view and the fourth field of view.
19. The waveguide display device of claim 18, wherein the center of the user's first eye and the center of the user's second eye are separated by an interpupillary distance, and wherein the center of the first overlapping region and the center of the second overlapping region are separated by the interpupillary distance.

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/659,410 entitled “Wide Angle Waveguide Display,” filed Apr. 15, 2022, which, claims priority U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/176,064 entitled “Wide Angle Waveguide Display,” filed Apr. 16, 2021, and claims priority as a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/328,727 entitled “Methods and Apparatuses for Providing a Holographic Waveguide Display Using Integrated Gratings,” filed on May 24, 2021, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/794,071 entitled “Methods and Apparatuses for Providing a Holographic Waveguide Display Using Integrated Gratings,” filed Feb. 18, 2020, which claims the benefit of and priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/806,665 entitled “Methods and Apparatuses for Providing a Color Holographic Waveguide Display Using Overlapping Bragg Gratings,” filed Feb. 15, 2019 and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/813,373 entitled “Improvements to Methods and Apparatuses for Providing a Color Holographic Waveguide Display Using Overlapping Bragg Gratings,” filed Mar. 4, 2019, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

The present invention generally relates to waveguide devices and, more specifically, to holographic waveguide displays.

Waveguides can be referred to as structures with the capability of confining and guiding waves (i.e., restricting the spatial region in which waves can propagate). One subclass includes optical waveguides, which are structures that can guide electromagnetic waves, typically those in the visible spectrum. Waveguide structures can be designed to control the propagation path of waves using a number of different mechanisms. For example, planar waveguides can be designed to utilize diffraction gratings to diffract and couple incident light into the waveguide structure such that the incoupled light can proceed to travel within the planar structure via total internal reflection (TIR).

Fabrication of waveguides can include the use of material systems that allow for the recording of holographic optical elements within or on the surface of the waveguides. One class of such material includes polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) mixtures, which are mixtures containing photopolymerizable monomers and liquid crystals. A further subclass of such mixtures includes holographic polymer dispersed liquid crystal (HPDLC) mixtures. Holographic optical elements, such as volume phase gratings, can be recorded in such a liquid mixture by illuminating the material with two mutually coherent laser beams. During the recording process, the monomers polymerize, and the mixture undergoes a photopolymerization-induced phase separation, creating regions densely populated by liquid crystal (LC) micro-droplets, interspersed with regions of clear polymer. The alternating liquid crystal-rich and liquid crystal-depleted regions form the fringe planes of the grating.

Waveguide optics, such as those described above, can be considered for a range of display and sensor applications. In many applications, waveguides containing one or more grating layers encoding multiple optical functions can be realized using various waveguide architectures and material systems, enabling new innovations in near-eye displays for Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR), compact Heads Up Displays (HUDs) for aviation and road transport, and sensors for biometric and laser radar (LIDAR) applications. As many of these applications are directed at consumer products, there is a growing requirement for efficient low cost means for manufacturing holographic waveguides in large volumes.

Various embodiments are directed to a waveguide display device including: a first input image source providing first image light; a second input image source provide second image light; a first IDA waveguide including: an input coupler for incoupling the first image light into a TIR path in the first IDA waveguide via a first pupil; a first grating with a first K-vector; and a second grating with a second K-vector different than the first K-vector and sharing a multiplexed region with the first grating, where the first grating and the second grating together provide two-dimensional beam expansion to the first image light, and where the second grating in the multiplexed region extracts the two-dimensionally expanded first image light towards an eyebox; and a second IDA waveguide including: an input coupler for incoupling the second image light into a TIR path in the second IDA waveguide via a second pupil; a first grating with a first K-vector; and a second grating with a second K-vector different than the first K-vector and sharing a multiplexed region with the first grating, where the first grating and the second grating together provide two-dimensional beam expansion to the second image light, and where the second grating in the multiplexed region extracts the two-dimensionally expanded second image light towards the eyebox.

In various other embodiments, a first portion of the incoupled first image light is passed to the first grating of the first IDA waveguide which provides beam expansion to the incoupled first image light in a first direction and passes the first direction beam expanded light onto the multiplexed region, where the portion of the second grating of the first IDA waveguide in the multiplexed region is configured to provide beam expansion in a second direction different from the first direction to produce a first two-dimensionally expanded first image light, where a second portion of the incoupled first image light is passed to the second grating of the first IDA waveguide which provides beam expansion to the incoupled first image light in a third direction to produce a third direction expanded second image light, where the portion of the first grating of the first IDA waveguide in the multiplexed region is configured to provide beam expansion in a fourth direction different from the third direction to produce a second two-dimensionally expanded first image light, and where the multiplexed region of the first IDA waveguide is configured to extract the first two-dimensionally expanded first image light and the second two-dimensionally expanded first image light from the first IDA waveguide towards an eyebox.

In still various other embodiments, a first portion of the incoupled second image light is passed to the first grating of the second IDA waveguide which provides beam expansion to the incoupled second image light in a first direction and passes the first direction beam expanded light onto the multiplexed region, where the portion of the second grating of the second IDA waveguide in the multiplexed region is configured to provide beam expansion in a second direction different from the first direction to produce a first two-dimensionally expanded second image light, where a second portion of the incoupled second image light is passed to the second grating of the second IDA waveguide which provides beam expansion to the incoupled second image light in a third direction to produce a third direction expanded second image light, where the portion of the first grating of the second IDA waveguide in the multiplexed region is configured to provide beam expansion in a fourth direction different from the third direction to produce a second two-dimensionally expanded second image light, where the multiplexed region of the incoupled second image light is configured to extract the first two-dimensionally expanded second image light and the second two-dimensionally expanded second image light from the second IDA waveguide towards the eyebox, where the first IDA waveguide and the second IDA waveguide comprise an overlapping region where the first two-dimensionally expanded first image light, the second two-dimensionally expanded first image light, the first two-dimensionally expanded second image light, and the second two-dimensionally expanded second image light is ejected towards the eyebox.

In still various other embodiments, the first two-dimensionally expanded first image light and the second two-dimensionally expanded first image light create a first field of view, where the first two-dimensionally expanded second image light and the second two-dimensionally expanded second image light create a second field of view, and where the first field of view and second field of view include an overlapping region which combines the resolution of the first field of view and the second field of view.

In still various other embodiments, the first field of view includes first non-overlapping regions on opposite sides of the overlapping region and wherein the second field of view includes second non-overlapping regions on opposite sides of the overlapping region.

In still various other embodiments, the first pupil and the second pupil are spatially separated.

In still various other embodiments, the first pupil and the second pupil are positioned in different areas of a head band.

In still various other embodiments, the first IDA waveguide and the second IDA waveguide are partially disposed-on the headband and partially disposed on an eyepiece.

In still various other embodiments, the first IDA waveguide and the second IDA waveguide have orthogonal principal axis.

In still various other embodiments, the first grating and second grating of the first IDA waveguide have at least one of different aspect ratios, different grating clock angles, or different grating pitches.

In still various other embodiments, the first grating and the second grating of the second IDA waveguide have at least one of different aspect ratios, different grating clock angles, or different grating pitches.

In still various other embodiments, the first IDA waveguide and the second IDA waveguide are integrated onto a first eyepiece.

In still various other embodiments, the waveguide display device, further includes: a third input image source providing third image light; a fourth input image source provide fourth image light; a third IDA waveguide including: an input coupler for incoupling the third image light into a TIR path in the first IDA waveguide via a third pupil; a first grating with a first K-vector; and a second grating with a second K-vector different than the first K-vector and sharing a multiplexed region with the first grating, where a first portion of the incoupled third image light is passed to the first grating which provides beam expansion to the incoupled third image light in a first direction and passes the first direction beam expanded light onto the multiplexed region, where the portion of the second grating in the multiplexed region is configured to provide beam expansion in a second direction different from the first direction to produce a first two-dimensionally expanded third image light, where a second portion of the incoupled third image light is passed to the second grating which provides beam expansion to the incoupled third image light in a third direction to produce a second two-dimensionally expanded third image light, and where the multiplexed region is configured to extract the first two-dimensionally expanded third image light and the second two-dimensionally expanded third image light from the third IDA waveguide towards an eyebox; and a fourth IDA waveguide including: an input coupler for incoupling the fourth image light into a TIR path in the fourth IDA waveguide via a fourth pupil; a first grating with a first K-vector; and a second grating with a second K-vector different than the first K-vector and sharing a multiplexed region with the first grating, where a first portion of the incoupled fourth image light is passed to the first grating which provides beam expansion to the incoupled fourth image light in a first direction and passes the first direction beam expanded light onto the multiplexed region, where the portion of the second grating in the multiplexed region is configured to provide beam expansion in a second direction different from the first direction to produce a first two-dimensionally expanded fourth image light, where a second portion of the incoupled fourth image light is passed to the second grating which provides beam expansion to the incoupled fourth image light in a third direction to produce a second two-dimensionally expanded fourth image light, and where the multiplexed region is configured to extract the first two-dimensionally expanded fourth image light and the second two-dimensionally expanded fourth image light from the fourth IDA waveguide towards the eyebox, where the third IDA waveguide and the fourth IDA waveguide comprise an overlapping region where the first two-dimensionally expanded third image light, the second two-dimensionally expanded third image light, the first two-dimensionally expanded fourth image light, and the second two-dimensionally expanded fourth image light is ejected towards the eyebox.

In still various other embodiments, the third IDA waveguide and the fourth IDA waveguide are integrated onto a second eyepiece.

In still various other embodiments, the first eyepiece and the second eyepiece are positioned below the headband.

In still various other embodiments, the first eyepiece is configured to eject light into a user's first eye and the second eyepiece is configured to eject light into a user's second eye.

In still various other embodiments, the first two-dimensionally expanded first image light and the second two-dimensionally expanded first image light create a first field of view, and wherein the first two-dimensionally expanded second image light and the second two-dimensionally expanded second image light create a second field of view, and wherein the first field of view and the second field of view include a first overlapping region which combines the resolution of the first field of view and the second field of view, and where the first two-dimensionally expanded third image light and the second two-dimensionally expanded third image light create a third field of view, and wherein the first two-dimensionally expanded fourth image light and the second two-dimensionally expanded fourth image light create a fourth field of view, and wherein the third field of view and the fourth field of view include a second overlapping region which combines the resolution of the third field of view and the fourth field of view.

In still various other embodiments, the center of the user's first eye and the center of the user's second eye are separated by an interpupillary distance, and wherein the center of the first overlapping region and the center of the second overlapping region are separated by the interpupillary distance.

The patent or application file contains at least one drawing executed in color. Copies of this patent or patent application publication with color drawing(s) will be provided by the Office upon request and payment of the necessary fee.

The description and claims will be more fully understood with reference to the following figures and data graphs, which are presented as exemplary embodiments of the invention and should not be construed as a complete recitation of the scope of the invention.

FIG. 1 conceptually illustrates a waveguide display in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 2 conceptually illustrates a color waveguide display having two blue-green diffracting waveguides and two green-red diffracting waveguides in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

FIGS. 3A-3C conceptually illustrate integrated gratings in accordance with various embodiments of the invention.

FIGS. 4A-4C schematically illustrate ray propagation through a grating structure having an input grating and two integrated gratings in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

FIGS. 5A-5E conceptually illustrate various grating vector configurations in accordance with various embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 6 conceptually illustrates a schematic plan view of a grating architecture having an input grating and integrated gratings in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 7 shows a flow diagram conceptually illustrating a method of displaying an image in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 8 shows a flow diagram conceptually illustrating a method of displaying an image utilizing integrated gratings containing multiple gratings in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 9 conceptually illustrates a profile view of two overlapping waveguide portions implementing integrated gratings in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 10 conceptually illustrates a schematic plan view of a grating architecture having two sets of integrated gratings in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 11 conceptually illustrates a plot of diffraction efficiency versus angle for a waveguide for diffractions occurring at different field-of-view angles in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 12 shows the viewing geometry provided by a waveguide in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 13 conceptually illustrates the field-of-view geometry for a binocular display with binocular overlap between the left and right eye images provided by a waveguide in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

FIGS. 14-19 schematically illustrate the operation of an example IDA waveguide.

FIGS. 20A and 20B illustrate a comparison between a waveguide display without overlapping gratings and a waveguide display including IDA gratings.

FIG. 21 illustrates a k-space representation of an example IDA grating.

FIG. 22A schematically illustrates an IDA grating device in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 22B illustrates the FoV of FIG. 22A in relation to a circular region.

FIG. 23A schematically illustrates an IDA grating device including two overlapping air-spaced waveguides in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 23B illustrates the eyebox of FIG. 23A in relation to a circular region.

FIG. 24A illustrates an IDA grating device including two overlapping spaced waveguides in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 24B illustrates the eyebox of FIG. 24A in relation to a circular region.

FIG. 25 schematically illustrates a binocular display supported by a headband including overlapping spaced waveguides in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

For the purposes of describing embodiments, some well-known features of optical technology known to those skilled in the art of optical design and visual displays have been omitted or simplified in order to not obscure the basic principles of the invention. Unless otherwise stated, the term “on-axis” in relation to a ray or a beam direction refers to propagation parallel to an axis normal to the surfaces of the optical components described in relation to the invention. In the following description the terms light, ray, beam, and direction may be used interchangeably and in association with each other to indicate the direction of propagation of electromagnetic radiation along rectilinear trajectories. The term light and illumination may be used in relation to the visible and infrared bands of the electromagnetic spectrum. Parts of the following description will be presented using terminology commonly employed by those skilled in the art of optical design. As used herein, the term grating may encompass a grating comprised of a set of gratings in some embodiments. For illustrative purposes, it is to be understood that the drawings are not drawn to scale unless stated otherwise.

Waveguide displays in accordance with various embodiments of the invention can be implemented using many different techniques. Waveguide technology can enable low cost, efficient, and versatile diffractive optical solutions for many different applications. One commonly used waveguide architecture includes an input grating for coupling light from an image source into a TIR path in the waveguide, a fold grating for providing beam expansion in a first direction, and an output grating for providing a second beam expansion in a direction orthogonal to the first direction and extracting the pupil-expanded beam from the waveguide for viewing from an exit pupil or eyebox. While effective at two-dimensional beam expansion and extraction, this arrangement typically demands a large grating area. When used with birefringent gratings, this architecture can also suffer from haze that arises from millions of grating interactions in the fold. A further issue is image nonuniformity due to longer light paths incurring more beam interactions with the substrates of the waveguide. As such, many embodiments of the invention are directed towards wide angle, low cost, efficient, and compact waveguide displays.

In many embodiments, the waveguide display includes at least one input grating and at least two integrated gratings, each capable of performing the functions of traditional fold and output gratings. In further embodiments, a single multiplexed input grating is implemented to provide input light with two bifurcated paths. In other embodiments, two input gratings are implemented to provide bifurcated optical paths. In addition to the different configurations of the input grating(s), the integrated gratings can also be configured in various ways. In some embodiments, the integrated gratings contain crossed grating vectors and can be configured to provide beam expansion in two directions and beam extraction for light coming from the input grating(s). In several embodiments, the integrated gratings are configured as overlapping gratings with crossed grating vectors. The integrated nature of the grating architecture can allow for a compact waveguide display that is suitable for various applications, including but not limited to AR, VR, HUD, and LIDAR applications. As can readily be appreciated, the specific architecture and implementation of the waveguide display can depend on the specific requirements of a given application. For example, in some embodiments, the waveguide display is implemented with integrated gratings to provide a binocular field-of-view of at least 50° diagonal. In further embodiments, the waveguide display is implemented with integrated gratings to provide a binocular field-of-view of at least ˜100° diagonal. Waveguide displays, grating architecture, HPDLC materials, and manufacturing processes in accordance with various embodiments of the invention are discussed below in further detail.

Optical Waveguide and Grating Structures

Optical structures recorded in waveguides can include many different types of optical elements, such as but not limited to diffraction gratings. Gratings can be implemented to perform various optical functions, including but not limited to coupling light, directing light, and preventing the transmission of light. In many embodiments, the gratings are surface relief gratings that reside on the outer surface of the waveguide. In other embodiments, the grating implemented is a Bragg grating (also referred to as a volume grating), which are structures having a periodic refractive index modulation. Bragg gratings can be fabricated using a variety of different methods. One process includes interferential exposure of holographic photopolymer materials to form periodic structures. Bragg gratings can have high efficiency with little light being diffracted into higher orders. The relative amount of light in the diffracted and zero order can be varied by controlling the refractive index modulation of the grating, a property that can be used to make lossy waveguide gratings for extracting light over a large pupil.

One class of Bragg gratings used in holographic waveguide devices is the Switchable Bragg Grating (SBG). SBGs can be fabricated by first placing a thin film of a mixture of photopolymerizable monomers and liquid crystal material between substrates. The substrates can be made of various types of materials, such glass and plastics. In many cases, the substrates are in a parallel configuration. In other embodiments, the substrates form a wedge shape. One or both substrates can support electrodes, typically transparent tin oxide films, for applying an electric field across the film. The grating structure in an SBG can be recorded in the liquid material (often referred to as the syrup) through photopolymerization-induced phase separation using interferential exposure with a spatially periodic intensity modulation. Factors such as but not limited to control of the irradiation intensity, component volume fractions of the materials in the mixture, and exposure temperature can determine the resulting grating morphology and performance. As can readily be appreciated, a wide variety of materials and mixtures can be used depending on the specific requirements of a given application. In many embodiments, HPDLC material is used. During the recording process, the monomers polymerize, and the mixture undergoes a phase separation. The LC molecules aggregate to form discrete or coalesced droplets that are periodically distributed in polymer networks on the scale of optical wavelengths. The alternating liquid crystal-rich and liquid crystal-depleted regions form the fringe planes of the grating, which can produce Bragg diffraction with a strong optical polarization resulting from the orientation ordering of the LC molecules in the droplets.

The resulting volume phase grating can exhibit very high diffraction efficiency, which can be controlled by the magnitude of the electric field applied across the film. When an electric field is applied to the grating via transparent electrodes, the natural orientation of the LC droplets can change, causing the refractive index modulation of the fringes to lower and the hologram diffraction efficiency to drop to very low levels. Typically, the electrodes are configured such that the applied electric field will be perpendicular to the substrates. In a number of embodiments, the electrodes are fabricated from indium tin oxide (ITO). In the OFF state with no electric field applied, the extraordinary axis of the liquid crystals generally aligns normal to the fringes. The grating thus exhibits high refractive index modulation and high diffraction efficiency for P-polarized light. When an electric field is applied to the HPDLC, the grating switches to the ON state wherein the extraordinary axes of the liquid crystal molecules align parallel to the applied field and hence perpendicular to the substrate. In the ON state, the grating exhibits lower refractive index modulation and lower diffraction efficiency for both S- and P-polarized light. Thus, the grating region no longer diffracts light. Each grating region can be divided into a multiplicity of grating elements such as for example a pixel matrix according to the function of the HPDLC device. Typically, the electrode on one substrate surface is uniform and continuous, while electrodes on the opposing substrate surface are patterned in accordance to the multiplicity of selectively switchable grating elements.

Typically, the SBG elements are switched clear in 30 μs with a longer relaxation time to switch ON. The diffraction efficiency of the device can be adjusted, by means of the applied voltage, over a continuous range. In many cases, the device exhibits near 100% efficiency with no voltage applied and essentially zero efficiency with a sufficiently high voltage applied. In certain types of HPDLC devices, magnetic fields can be used to control the LC orientation. In some HPDLC applications, phase separation of the LC material from the polymer can be accomplished to such a degree that no discernible droplet structure results. An SBG can also be used as a passive grating. In this mode, its chief benefit is a uniquely high refractive index modulation. SBGs can be used to provide transmission or reflection gratings for free space applications. SBGs can be implemented as waveguide devices in which the HPDLC forms either the waveguide core or an evanescently coupled layer in proximity to the waveguide. The substrates used to form the HPDLC cell provide a total internal reflection (TIR) light guiding structure. Light can be coupled out of the SBG when the switchable grating diffracts the light at an angle beyond the TIR condition.

In some embodiments, LC can be extracted or evacuated from the SBG to provide a surface relief grating (SRG) that has properties very similar to a Bragg grating due to the depth of the SRG structure (which is much greater than that practically achievable using surface etching and other conventional processes commonly used to fabricate SRGs). The LC can be extracted using a variety of different methods, including but not limited to flushing with isopropyl alcohol and solvents. In many embodiments, one of the transparent substrates of the SBG is removed, and the LC is extracted. In further embodiments, the removed substrate is replaced. The SRG can be at least partially backfilled with a material of higher or lower refractive index. Such gratings offer scope for tailoring the efficiency, angular/spectral response, polarization, and other properties to suit various waveguide applications.

Waveguides in accordance with various embodiments of the invention can include various grating configurations designed for specific purposes and functions. In many embodiments, the waveguide is designed to implement a grating configuration capable of preserving eyebox size while reducing lens size by effectively expanding the exit pupil of a collimating optical system. The exit pupil can be defined as a virtual aperture where only the light rays which pass though this virtual aperture can enter the eyes of a user. In some embodiments, the waveguide includes an input grating optically coupled to a light source, a fold grating for providing a first direction beam expansion, and an output grating for providing beam expansion in a second direction, which is typically orthogonal to the first direction, and beam extraction towards the eyebox. As can readily be appreciated, the grating configuration implemented waveguide architectures can depend on the specific requirements of a given application. In some embodiments, the grating configuration includes multiple fold gratings. In several embodiments, the grating configuration includes an input grating and a second grating for performing beam expansion and beam extraction simultaneously. The second grating can include gratings of different prescriptions, for propagating different portions of the field-of-view, arranged in separate overlapping grating layers or multiplexed in a single grating layer. Furthermore, various types of gratings and waveguide architectures can also be utilized.

In several embodiments, the gratings within each layer are designed to have different spectral and/or angular responses. For example, in many embodiments, different gratings across different grating layers are overlapped, or multiplexed, to provide an increase in spectral bandwidth. In some embodiments, a full color waveguide is implemented using three grating layers, each designed to operate in a different spectral band (red, green, and blue). In other embodiments, a full color waveguide is implemented using two grating layers, a red-green grating layer and a green-blue grating layer. As can readily be appreciated, such techniques can be implemented similarly for increasing angular bandwidth operation of the waveguide. In addition to the multiplexing of gratings across different grating layers, multiple gratings can be multiplexed within a single grating layer—i.e., multiple gratings can be superimposed within the same volume. In several embodiments, the waveguide includes at least one grating layer having two or more grating prescriptions multiplexed in the same volume. In further embodiments, the waveguide includes two grating layers, each layer having two grating prescriptions multiplexed in the same volume. Multiplexing two or more grating prescriptions within the same volume can be achieved using various fabrication techniques. In a number of embodiments, a multiplexed master grating is utilized with an exposure configuration to form a multiplexed grating. In many embodiments, a multiplexed grating is fabricated by sequentially exposing an optical recording material layer with two or more configurations of exposure light, where each configuration is designed to form a grating prescription. In some embodiments, a multiplexed grating is fabricated by exposing an optical recording material layer by alternating between or among two or more configurations of exposure light, where each configuration is designed to form a grating prescription. As can readily be appreciated, various techniques, including those well known in the art, can be used as appropriate to fabricate multiplexed gratings.

In many embodiments, the waveguide can incorporate at least one of: angle multiplexed gratings, color multiplexed gratings, fold gratings, dual interaction gratings, rolled K-vector gratings, crossed fold gratings, tessellated gratings, chirped gratings, gratings with spatially varying refractive index modulation, gratings having spatially varying grating thickness, gratings having spatially varying average refractive index, gratings with spatially varying refractive index modulation tensors, and gratings having spatially varying average refractive index tensors. In some embodiments, the waveguide can incorporate at least one of: a half wave plate, a quarter wave plate, an anti-reflection coating, a beam splitting layer, an alignment layer, a photochromic back layer for glare reduction, and louvre films for glare reduction. In several embodiments, the waveguide can support gratings providing separate optical paths for different polarizations. In various embodiments, the waveguide can support gratings providing separate optical paths for different spectral bandwidths. In a number of embodiments, the gratings can be HPDLC gratings, switching gratings recorded in HPDLC (such switchable Bragg Gratings), Bragg gratings recorded in holographic photopolymer, or surface relief gratings. In many embodiments, the waveguide operates in a monochrome band. In some embodiments, the waveguide operates in the green band. In several embodiments, waveguide layers operating in different spectral bands such as red, green, and blue (RGB) can be stacked to provide a three-layer waveguiding structure. In further embodiments, the layers are stacked with air gaps between the waveguide layers. In various embodiments, the waveguide layers operate in broader bands such as blue-green and green-red to provide two-waveguide layer solutions. In other embodiments, the gratings are color multiplexed to reduce the number of grating layers. Various types of gratings can be implemented. In some embodiments, at least one grating in each layer is a switchable grating.

Waveguides incorporating optical structures such as those discussed above can be implemented in a variety of different applications, including but not limited to waveguide displays. In various embodiments, the waveguide display is implemented with an eyebox of greater than 10 mm with an eye relief greater than 25 mm. In some embodiments, the waveguide display includes a waveguide with a thickness between 2.0-5.0 mm. In many embodiments, the waveguide display can provide an image field-of-view of at least 50° diagonal. In further embodiments, the waveguide display can provide an image field-of-view of at least 70° diagonal. The waveguide display can employ many different types of picture generation units (PGUs). In several embodiments, the PGU can be a reflective or transmissive spatial light modulator such as a liquid crystal on Silicon (LCoS) panel or a micro electromechanical system (MEMS) panel. In a number of embodiments, the PGU can be an emissive device such as an organic light emitting diode (OLED) panel. In some embodiments, an OLED display can have a luminance greater than 4000 nits and a resolution of 4 k×4 k pixels. In several embodiments, the waveguide can have an optical efficiency greater than 10% such that a greater than 400 nit image luminance can be provided using an OLED display of luminance 4000 nits. Waveguides implementing P-diffracting gratings (e.g., gratings with high efficiency for P-polarized light) typically have a waveguide efficiency of 5%-6.2%. Since P-diffracting or S-diffracting gratings can waste half of the light from an unpolarized source such as an OLED panel, many embodiments are directed towards waveguides capable of providing both S-diffracting and P-diffracting gratings to allow for an increase in the efficiency of the waveguide by up to a factor of two. In some embodiments, the S-diffracting and P-diffracting gratings are implemented in separate overlapping grating layers. Alternatively, a single grating can, under certain conditions, provide high efficiency for both p-polarized and s-polarized light. In several embodiments, the waveguide includes Bragg-like gratings produced by extracting LC from HPDLC gratings, such as those described above, to enable high S and P diffraction efficiency over certain wavelength and angle ranges for suitably chosen values of grating thickness (typically, in the range 2-5 μm).

Optical Recording Material Systems

HPDLC mixtures generally include LC, monomers, photoinitiator dyes, and coinitiators. The mixture (often referred to as syrup) frequently also includes a surfactant. For the purposes of describing the invention, a surfactant is defined as any chemical agent that lowers the surface tension of the total liquid mixture. The use of surfactants in PDLC mixtures is known and dates back to the earliest investigations of PDLCs. For example, a paper by R. L Sutherland et al., SPIE Vol. 2689, 158-169, 1996, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, describes a PDLC mixture including a monomer, photoinitiator, coinitiator, chain extender, and LCs to which a surfactant can be added. Surfactants are also mentioned in a paper by Natarajan et al, Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics and Materials, Vol. 5 No. I 89-98, 1996, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Furthermore, U.S. Pat. No. 7,018,563 by Sutherland; et al., discusses polymer-dispersed liquid crystal material for forming a polymer-dispersed liquid crystal optical element having: at least one acrylic acid monomer; at least one type of liquid crystal material; a photoinitiator dye; a coinitiator; and a surfactant. The disclosure of U.S. Pat. No. 7,018,563 is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

The patent and scientific literature contains many examples of material systems and processes that can be used to fabricate SBGs, including investigations into formulating such material systems for achieving high diffraction efficiency, fast response time, low drive voltage, and so forth. U.S. Pat. No. 5,942,157 by Sutherland, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,751,452 by Tanaka et al. both describe monomer and liquid crystal material combinations suitable for fabricating SBG devices. Examples of recipes can also be found in papers dating back to the early 1990s. Many of these materials use acrylate monomers, including:

Acrylates offer the benefits of fast kinetics, good mixing with other materials, and compatibility with film forming processes. Since acrylates are cross-linked, they tend to be mechanically robust and flexible. For example, urethane acrylates of functionality 2 (di) and 3 (tri) have been used extensively for HPDLC technology. Higher functionality materials such as penta and hex functional stems have also been used.

Modulation of Material Composition

High luminance and excellent color fidelity are important factors in AR waveguide displays. In each case, high uniformity across the FOV can be desired. However, the fundamental optics of waveguides can lead to non-uniformities due to gaps or overlaps of beams bouncing down the waveguide. Further non-uniformities may arise from imperfections in the gratings and non-planarity of the waveguide substrates. In SBGs, there can exist a further issue of polarization rotation by birefringent gratings. In applicable cases, the biggest challenge is usually the fold grating where there are millions of light paths resulting from multiple intersections of the beam with the grating fringes. Careful management of grating properties, particularly the refractive index modulation, can be utilized to overcome non-uniformity.

Out of the multitude of possible beam interactions (diffraction or zero order transmission), only a subset contributes to the signal presented at the eye box. By reverse tracing from the eyebox, fold regions contributing to a given field point can be pinpointed. The precise correction to the modulation that is needed to send more into the dark regions of the output illumination can then be calculated. Having brought the output illumination uniformity for one color back on target, the procedure can be repeated for other colors. Once the index modulation pattern has been established, the design can be exported to the deposition mechanism, with each target index modulation translating to a unique deposition setting for each spatial resolution cell on the substrate to be coated/deposited. The resolution of the deposition mechanism can depend on the technical limitations of the system utilized. In many embodiments, the spatial pattern can be implemented to 30 micrometers resolution with full repeatability.

Compared with waveguides utilizing surface relief gratings (SRGs), SBG waveguides implementing manufacturing techniques in accordance with various embodiments of the invention can allow for the grating design parameters that impact efficiency and uniformity, such as but not limited to refractive index modulation and grating thickness, to be adjusted dynamically during the deposition process without the need for a different master. With SRGs where modulation is controlled by etch depth, such schemes would not be practical as each variation of the grating would entail repeating the complex and expensive tooling process. Additionally, achieving the required etch depth precision and resist imaging complexity can be very difficult.

Deposition processes in accordance with various embodiments of the invention can provide for the adjustment of grating design parameters by controlling the type of material that is to be deposited. Various embodiments of the invention can be configured to deposit different materials, or different material compositions, in different areas on the substrate. For example, deposition processes can be configured to deposit HPDLC material onto an area of a substrate that is meant to be a grating region and to deposit monomer onto an area of the substrate that is meant to be a non-grating region. In several embodiments, the deposition process is configured to deposit a layer of optical recording material that varies spatially in component composition, allowing for the modulation of various aspects of the deposited material. The deposition of material with different compositions can be implemented in several different ways. In many embodiments, more than one deposition head can be utilized to deposit different materials and mixtures. Each deposition head can be coupled to a different material/mixture reservoir. Such implementations can be used for a variety of applications. For example, different materials can be deposited for grating and non-grating areas of a waveguide cell. In some embodiments, HPDLC material is deposited onto the grating regions while only monomer is deposited onto the non-grating regions. In several embodiments, the deposition mechanism can be configured to deposit mixtures with different component compositions.

In some embodiments, spraying nozzles can be implemented to deposit multiple types of materials onto a single substrate. In waveguide applications, the spraying nozzles can be used to deposit different materials for grating and non-grating areas of the waveguide. In many embodiments, the spraying mechanism is configured for printing gratings in which at least one the material composition, birefringence, and/or thickness can be controlled using a deposition apparatus having at least two selectable spray heads. In some embodiments, the manufacturing system provides an apparatus for depositing grating recording material optimized for the control of laser banding. In several embodiments, the manufacturing system provides an apparatus for depositing grating recording material optimized for the control of polarization non-uniformity. In several embodiments, the manufacturing system provides an apparatus for depositing grating recording material optimized for the control of polarization non-uniformity in association with an alignment control layer. In a number of embodiments, the deposition workcell can be configured for the deposition of additional layers such as beam splitting coatings and environmental protection layers. Inkjet print heads can also be implemented to print different materials in different regions of the substrate.

As discussed above, deposition processes can be configured to deposit optical recording material that varies spatially in component composition. Modulation of material composition can be implemented in many different ways. In a number of embodiments, an inkjet print head can be configured to modulate material composition by utilizing the various inkjet nozzles within the print head. By altering the composition on a “dot-by-dot” basis, the layer of optical recording material can be deposited such that it has a varying composition across the planar surface of the layer. Such a system can be implemented using a variety of apparatuses including but not limited to inkjet print heads. Similar to how color systems use a palette of only a few colors to produce a spectrum of millions of discrete color values, such as the CMYK system in printers or the additive RGB system in display applications, inkjet print heads in accordance with various embodiments of the invention can be configured to print optical recording materials with varying compositions using only a few reservoirs of different materials. Different types of inkjet print heads can have different precision levels and can print with different resolutions. In many embodiments, a 300 DPI (“dots per inch”) inkjet print head is utilized. Depending on the precision level, discretization of varying compositions of a given number of materials can be determined across a given area. For example, given two types of materials to be printed and an inkjet print head with a precision level of 300 DPI, there are 90,001 possible discrete values of composition ratios of the two types of materials across a square inch for a given volume of printed material if each dot location can contain either one of the two types of materials. In some embodiments, each dot location can contain either one of the two types of materials or both materials. In several embodiments, more than one inkjet print head is configured to print a layer of optical recording material with a spatially varying composition. Although the printing of dots in a two-material application is essentially a binary system, averaging the printed dots across an area can allow for discretization of a sliding scale of ratios of the two materials to be printed. For example, the amount of discrete levels of possible concentrations/ratios across a unit square is given by how many dot locations can be printed within the unit square. As such, there can be a range of different concentration combinations, ranging from 100% of the first material to 100% of the second material. As can readily be appreciated, the concepts are applicable to real units and can be determined by the precision level of the inkjet print head. Although specific examples of modulating the material composition of the printed layer are discussed, the concept of modulating material composition using inkjet print heads can be expanded to use more than two different material reservoirs and can vary in precision levels, which largely depends on the types of print heads used.

Varying the composition of the material printed can be advantageous for several reasons. For example, in many embodiments, varying the composition of the material during deposition can allow for the formation of a waveguide with gratings that have spatially varying diffraction efficiencies across different areas of the gratings. In embodiments utilizing HPDLC mixtures, this can be achieved by modulating the relative concentration of liquid crystals in the HPDLC mixture during the printing process, which creates compositions that can produce gratings with varying diffraction efficiencies when the material is exposed. In several embodiments, a first HPDLC mixture with a certain concentration of liquid crystals and a second HPDLC mixture that is liquid crystal-free are used as the printing palette in an inkjet print head for modulating the diffraction efficiencies of gratings that can be formed in the printed material. In such embodiments, discretization can be determined based on the precision of the inkjet print head. A discrete level can be given by the concentration/ratio of the materials printed across a certain area. In this example, the discrete levels range from no liquid crystal to the maximum concentration of liquid crystals in the first PDLC mixture.

The ability to vary the diffraction efficiency across a waveguide can be used for various purposes. A waveguide is typically designed to guide light internally by reflecting the light many times between the two planar surfaces of the waveguide. These multiple reflections can allow for the light path to interact with a grating multiple times. In many embodiments, a layer of material can be printed with varying composition of materials such that the gratings formed have spatially varying diffraction efficiencies to compensate for the loss of light during interactions with the gratings to allow for a uniform output intensity. For example, in some waveguide applications, an output grating is configured to provide exit pupil expansion in one direction while also coupling light out of the waveguide. The output grating can be designed such that when light within the waveguide interact with the grating, only a percentage of the light is refracted out of the waveguide. The remaining portion continues in the same light path, which remains within TIR and continues to be reflected within the waveguide. Upon a second interaction with the same output grating again, another portion of light is refracted out of the waveguide. During each refraction, the amount of light still traveling within the waveguide decreases by the amount refracted out of the waveguide. As such, the portions refracted at each interaction gradually decreases in terms of total intensity. By varying the diffraction efficiency of the grating such that it increases with propagation distance, the decrease in output intensity along each interaction can be compensated, allowing for a uniform output intensity.

Varying the diffraction efficiency can also be used to compensate for other attenuation of light within a waveguide. All objects have a degree of reflection and absorption. Light trapped in TIR within a waveguide are continually reflected between the two surfaces of the waveguide. Depending on the material that makes up the surfaces, portions of light can be absorbed by the material during each interaction. In many cases, this attenuation is small, but can be substantial across a large area where many reflections occur. In many embodiments, a waveguide cell can be printed with varying compositions such that the gratings formed from the optical recording material layer have varying diffraction efficiencies to compensate for the absorption of light from the substrates. Depending on the substrates, certain wavelengths can be more prone to absorption by the substrates. In a multi-layered waveguide design, each layer can be designed to couple in a certain range of wavelengths of light. Accordingly, the light coupled by these individual layers can be absorbed in different amounts by the substrates of the layers. For example, in a number of embodiments, the waveguide is made of a three-layered stack to implement a full color display, where each layer is designed for one of red, green, and blue. In such embodiments, gratings within each of the waveguide layers can be formed to have varying diffraction efficiencies to perform color balance optimization by compensating for color imbalance due to loss of transmission of certain wavelengths of light.

In addition to varying the liquid crystal concentration within the material in order to vary the diffraction efficiency, another technique includes varying the thickness of the waveguide cell. This can be accomplished through the use of spacers. In many embodiments, spacers are dispersed throughout the optical recording material for structural support during the construction of the waveguide cell. In some embodiments, different sizes of spacers are dispersed throughout the optical recording material. The spacers can be dispersed in ascending order of sizes across one direction of the layer of optical recording material. When the waveguide cell is constructed through lamination, the substrates sandwich the optical recording material and, with structural support from the varying sizes of spacers, create a wedge-shaped layer of optical recording material. spacers of varying sizes can be dispersed similar to the modulation process described above. Additionally, modulating spacer sizes can be combined with modulation of material compositions. In several embodiments, reservoirs of HPDLC materials each suspended with spacers of different sizes are used to print a layer of HPDLC material with spacers of varying sizes strategically dispersed to form a wedge-shaped waveguide cell. In a number of embodiments, spacer size modulation is combined with material composition modulation by providing a number of reservoirs equal to the product of the number of different sizes of spacers and the number of different materials used. For example, in one embodiment, the inkjet print head is configured to print varying concentrations of liquid crystal with two different spacer sizes. In such an embodiment, four reservoirs can be prepared: a liquid crystal-free mixture suspension with spacers of a first size, a liquid crystal-free mixture-suspension with spacers of a second size, a liquid crystal-rich mixture-suspension with spacers of a first size, and a liquid crystal-rich mixture-suspension with spacers of a second size. Further discussion regarding material modulation can be found in U.S. application Ser. No. 16/203,071 filed Nov. 18, 2018 entitled “SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR MANUFACTURING WAVEGUIDE CELLS.” The disclosure of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/203,491 is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.

Multi-Layered Waveguide Fabrication

Waveguide manufacturing in accordance with various embodiments of the invention can be implemented for the fabrication of multi-layered waveguides. Multi-layered waveguides refer to a class of waveguides that utilizes two or more layers having gratings or other optical structures. Although the discussions below may pertain to gratings, any type of holographic optical structure can be implemented and substituted as appropriate. Multi-layered waveguides can be implemented for various purposes, including but not limited to improving spectral and/or angular bandwidths. Traditionally, multi-layered waveguides are formed by stacking and aligning waveguides having a single grating layer. In such cases, each grating layer is typically bounded by a pair of transparent substrates. To maintain the desired total internal reflection characteristics, the waveguides are usually stacked using spacers to form air gaps between the individual waveguides.

In contrast to traditional stacked waveguides, many embodiments of the invention are directed to the manufacturing of multi-layered waveguides having alternating substrate layers and grating layers. Such waveguides can be fabricated with an iterative process capable of sequentially forming grating layers for a single waveguide. In several embodiments, the multi-layered waveguide is fabricated with two grating layers. In a number of embodiments, the multi-layered waveguide is fabricated with three grating layers. Any number of grating layers can be formed, limited by the tools utilized and/or waveguide design. Compared to traditional multi-layered waveguides, this allows for a reduction in thickness, materials, and costs as fewer substrates are needed. Furthermore, the manufacturing process for such waveguides allow for a higher yield in production due to simplified alignment and substrate matching requirements.

Manufacturing processes for multi-layered waveguides having alternating transparent substrate layers and grating layers in accordance with various embodiments of the invention can be implemented using a variety of techniques. In many embodiments, the manufacturing process includes depositing a first layer of optical recording material onto a first transparent substrate. Optical recording material can include various materials and mixtures, including but not limited to HPDLC mixtures and any of the material formulations discussed in the sections above. Similarly, any of a variety of deposition techniques, such as but not limited to spraying, spin coating, inkjet printing, and any of the techniques described in the sections above, can be utilized. Transparent substrates of various shapes, thicknesses, and materials can be utilized. Transparent substrates can include but are not limited to glass substrates and plastic substrates. Depending on the application, the transparent substrates can be coated with different types of films for various purposes. Once the deposition process is completed, a second transparent substrate can then be placed onto the deposited first layer of optical recording material. In some embodiments, the process includes a lamination step to form the three-layer composite into a desired height/thickness. An exposure process can be implemented to form a set of gratings within the first layer of optical recording material. Exposure processes, such as but not limited to single-beam interferential exposure and any of the other exposure processes described in the sections above, can be utilized. In essence, a single-layered waveguide is now formed. The process can then repeat to add on additional layers to the waveguide. In several embodiments, a second layer of optical recording material is deposited onto the second transparent substrate. A third transparent substrate can be placed onto the second layer of optical recording material. Similar to the previous steps, the composite can be laminated to a desired height/thickness. A second exposure process can then be performed to form a set of gratings within the second layer of optical recording material. The result is a waveguide having two grating layers. As can readily be appreciated, the process can continue iteratively to add additional layers. The additional optical recording layers can be added onto either side of the current laminate. For instance, a third layer of optical recording material can be deposited onto the outer surface of either the first transparent substrate or the third transparent substrate.

In many embodiments, the manufacturing process includes one or more post processing steps. Post processing steps such as but not limited to planarization, cleaning, application of protective coats, thermal annealing, alignment of LC directors to achieve a desired birefringence state, extraction of LC from recorded SBGs and refilling with another material, etc. can be carried out at any stage of the manufacturing process. Some processes such as but not limited to waveguide dicing (where multiple elements are being produced), edge finishing, AR coating deposition, final protective coating application, etc. are typically carried out at the end of the manufacturing process.

In many embodiments, spacers, such as but not limited to beads and other particles, are dispersed throughout the optical recording material to help control and maintain the thickness of the layer of optical recording material. The spacers can also help prevent the two substrates from collapsing onto one another. In some embodiments, the waveguide cell is constructed with an optical recording layer sandwiched between two planar substrates. Depending on the type of optical recording material used, thickness control can be difficult to achieve due to the viscosity of some optical recording materials and the lack of a bounding perimeter for the optical recording layer. In a number of embodiments, the spacers are relatively incompressible solids, which can allow for the construction of waveguide cells with consistent thicknesses. The spacers can take any suitable geometry, including but not limited to rods and spheres. The size of a spacer can determine a localized minimum thickness for the area around the individual spacer. As such, the dimensions of the spacers can be selected to help attain the desired optical recording layer thickness. The spacers can take any suitable size. In many cases, the sizes of the spacers range from 1 to 30 μm. The spacers can be made of any of a variety of materials, including but not limited to plastics (e.g. divinylbenzene), silica, and conductive materials. In several embodiments, the material of the spacers is selected such that its refractive index does not substantially affect the propagation of light within the waveguide cell.

In many embodiments, the first layer of optical recording material is incorporated between the first and second transparent substrates using vacuum filling methods. In a number of embodiments, the layer of optical recording materials is separated in different sections, which can be filled or deposited as appropriate depending on the specific requirements of a given application. In some embodiments, the manufacturing system is configured to expose the optical recording material from below. In such embodiments, the iterative multi-layered fabrication process can include turning over the current device such that the exposure light is incident on a newly deposited optical recording layer before it is incident on any formed grating layers.

In many embodiments, the exposing process can include temporarily “erasing” or making transparent the previously formed grating layer such that they will not interfere with the recording process of the newly deposited optical recording layer. Temporarily “erased” gratings or other optical structures can behave similar to transparent materials, allowing light to pass through without affecting the ray paths. Methods for recording gratings into layers of optical recording material using such techniques can include fabricating a stack of optical structures in which a first optical recording material layer deposited on a substrate is exposed to form a first set of gratings, which can be temporarily erased so that a second set of gratings can be recorded into a second optical recording material layer using optical recording beams traversing the first optical recording material layer. Although the recording methods are discussed primarily with regards to waveguides with two grating layers, the basic principle can be applied to waveguides with more than two grating layers.

Multi-layered waveguide fabrication processes incorporating steps of temporarily erasing a grating structure can be implemented in various ways. Typically, the first layer is formed using conventional methods. The recording material utilized can include material systems capable of supporting optical structures that can be erased in response to a stimulus. In embodiments in which the optical structure is a holographic grating, the exposure process can utilize a crossed-beam holographic recording apparatus. In a number of embodiments, the optical recording process uses beams provided by a master grating, which may be a Bragg hologram recorded in a photopolymer or an amplitude grating. In some embodiments, the exposure process utilizes a single recording beam in conjunction with a master grating to form an interferential exposure beam. In addition to the processes described, other industrial processes and apparatuses currently used in the field to fabricate holograms can be used.

Once a first set of gratings is recorded, additional material layers can be added similar to the processes described above. During the exposure process of any material layer after the first material layer, an external stimulus can be applied to any previously formed gratings to render them effectively transparent. The effectively transparent grating layers can allow for light to pass through to expose the new material layer. External stimulus/stimuli can include optical, thermal, chemical, mechanical, electrical, and/or magnetic stimuli. In many embodiments, the external stimulus is applied at a strength below a predefined threshold to produce optical noise below a predefined level. The specific predefined threshold can depend on the type of material used to form the gratings. In some embodiments, a sacrificial alignment layer applied to the first material layer can be used to temporarily erase the first set of gratings. In some embodiments, the strength of the external stimulus applied to the first set of gratings is controlled to reduced optical noise in the optical device during normal operation. In several embodiments, the optical recording material further includes an additive for facilitating the process of erasing the gratings, which can include any of the methods described above. In a number of embodiments, a stimulus is applied for the restoration of an erased layer.

The clearing and restoration of a recorded layer described in the process above can be achieved using many different methods. In many embodiments, the first layer is cleared by applying a stimulus continuously during the recording of the second layer. In other embodiments, the stimulus is initially applied, and the grating in the cleared layer can naturally revert to its recorded state over a timescale that allows for the recording of the second grating. In other embodiments, the layer stays cleared after application of an external stimulus and reverts in response to another external stimulus. In several embodiments, the restoration of the first optical structure to its recorded state can be carried out using an alignment layer or an external stimulus. An external stimulus used for such restoration can be any of a variety of different stimuli, including but not limited to the stimulus/stimuli used to clear the optical structure. Depending on the composition material of the optical structure and layer to be cleared, the clearing process can vary. Further discussion regarding the multi-layered waveguide fabrication utilizing external stimuli can be found in U.S. application Ser. No. 16/522,491 filed Jul. 25, 2019 entitled “Systems and Methods for Fabricating a Multilayer Optical Structure.” The disclosure of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/522,491 is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.

Waveguides Incorporating Integrated Dual Axis (IDA) Waveguides

Waveguides in accordance with various embodiments of the invention can include different grating configurations. In many embodiments, the waveguide includes at least one input coupler and at least two integrated gratings. In some embodiments, at least two integrated gratings can be implemented to work in combination to provide beam expansion and beam extraction for light coupled into the waveguide by the input coupler. Multiple integrated gratings can be implemented by overlapping integrated gratings across different grating layers or by multiplexing the integrated gratings. In a number of embodiments, the integrated gratings are partially overlapped or multiplexed. Multiplexed gratings can include the superimposition of at least two gratings having different grating prescriptions within the same volume. Gratings having different grating prescriptions can have different grating vectors and/or grating slant with respect to the waveguide's surface. The magnitude of the grating vector of a grating can be defined as the inverse of the grating period while its direction can be defined as the direction orthogonal to the fringes of the grating.

In several embodiments, an integrated can be implemented to perform both beam expansion and beam extraction. An integrated grating can be implemented with one or more grating prescriptions. In a number of embodiments, the integrated grating is implemented with at least two grating prescriptions. In further embodiments, the integrated grating is implemented with at least three grating prescriptions. In many embodiments, two grating prescriptions within the integrated grating have similar clock angles. In some embodiments, the two grating prescriptions have different slant angles. An integrated grating in accordance with various embodiments of the invention can be implemented using a variety of types of gratings, such as but not limited to SRGs, SBGs, holographic gratings, and other types of gratings including those described in the sections above. In a number of embodiments, the integrated grating includes two surface relief gratings. In other embodiments, the integrated grating includes two holographic gratings.

The integrated grating can include at least two grating prescriptions that are at least partially overlapped or multiplexed. In further embodiments, the integrate grating includes at least two grating prescriptions that are fully overlapped or multiplexed. In a number of embodiments, the integrated grating includes multiplexed or overlapping gratings that have different sizes and/or shapes—i.e., one grating may be larger than the other, resulting in only partial multiplexing of the larger grating. As can readily be appreciated, various multiplexed and overlapping configurations may be implemented as appropriate depending on the specific requirements of a given application. Although the discussions below may describe configurations as implementing multiplexed or overlapping gratings, such gratings can be substituted for one another as appropriate depending on the application. In several embodiments, the integrated gratings are implemented by a combination of both multiplexed and overlapping gratings. For example, two or more sets of multiplexed gratings can be overlapped across two or more grating layers.

Integrated gratings in accordance with various embodiments of the invention can be utilized for various purposes including but not limited to implementing full color waveguides and addressing some key problems in conventional waveguide architectures. Other advantages include reduced material and waveguide refractive index requirements and reduced waveguide dimensions resulting from the overlapping and/or multiplexing nature of the integrated gratings. Such configurations can allow for large field-of-view waveguides, which would ordinarily incur unacceptable increases in waveguide form factor and refractive index requirements. In many embodiments, a waveguide is implemented with at least one substrate having a low refractive index. In some embodiments, the waveguide is implemented with a substrate having a refractive index of lower than 1.8. In further embodiments, the waveguide is implemented with a substrate having a refractive index of not more than ˜1.5.

Integrated gratings that can provide beam expansion and beam extraction—i.e., the functions of conventional fold and output gratings—can result in a much smaller grating area, enabling a small form factor and lower fabrication cost. By integrating the functions of beam expansion and extraction, instead of performing them serially as in traditional waveguides, beam expansion and extraction can be accomplished with ˜50% of the grating interactions normally required, cutting down haze in the same proportion in the case of birefringent gratings. A further advantage is that, as a result of the greatly shortened light paths, the number of beam bounces at glass/air interface(s) is reduced, rendering the output image less sensitive to substrate nonuniformities. This can enable higher quality images and the potential to use less expensive, lower specification substrates.

In many embodiments, the grating vectors of the input coupler and integrated gratings are arranged to provide a substantially zero resultant vector. The grating vectors of the input coupler and integrated gratings can be arranged to form a triangular configuration. In several embodiments, the grating vectors can be arranged in an equilateral triangular configuration. In some embodiments, the grating vectors can be arranged in an isosceles triangular configuration where at least two grating vectors have equal magnitudes. In further embodiments, the grating vectors are arranged in an isosceles right triangular configuration. In a number of embodiments, the grating vectors are arranged in a scalene triangular configuration. Another waveguide architecture includes integrated diffractive elements with grating vectors aligned in the same direction for providing horizontal expansion for one set of angles and extraction for a separate set of angles. In several embodiments, one or more of the integrated gratings are asymmetrical in their general shape. In some embodiments, one or more of the integrated gratings has at least one axis of symmetry in their general shape. In a number of embodiments, the gratings are designed to sandwich an electro-active material, enabling switching between clear and diffracting states for certain types of gratings such as but not limited to HPDLC gratings. The gratings can be a surface relief or a holographic type.

In many embodiments, a waveguide supporting at least one input coupler and first and second integrated gratings is implemented. The grating structures can be implemented in single- or multi-layered waveguide designs. In single-layered designs, the integrated gratings can be multiplexed. In embodiments where each integrated grating contains at least two multiplexed gratings, the multiplexed integrated gratings can contain at least four multiplexed gratings. As described above, any individual multiplexed grating can be partially or completely multiplexed with the other gratings. In some embodiments, a multi-layered waveguide is implemented with overlapping integrated gratings. In further embodiments, the integrated gratings are partially overlapped. Each of the integrated gratings can be a separate grating or multiplexed gratings.

In many embodiments, the waveguide architecture is designed to couple the input light into two bifurcated paths using an input coupler. Such configurations can be implemented in various ways. In some embodiments, a multiplexed input grating is implemented to couple input light into two bifurcated paths. In other embodiments, two input gratings are implemented to separately couple input light into two bifurcated paths. The two input gratings can be implemented in the same layer or separately in two layers. In a number of embodiments, two overlapping or partially overlapping input gratings are implemented to couple input light into two bifurcated paths. In many embodiments, the input coupler includes a prism. In further embodiments, the input coupler includes a prism and any of the input grating configuration described above.

In addition to various input coupler architectures, the first and second integrated gratings can be implemented in a variety of configurations. Integrated gratings in accordance with various embodiments of the invention can be incorporated into waveguides to perform the dual function of two-dimensional beam expansion and beam extraction. In several embodiments, the first and second integrated gratings are crossed gratings. As described above, some waveguide architectures include designs in which input light is coupled into two bifurcated paths. In such designs, the two bifurcated paths are each directed towards a different integrated grating. As can readily be appreciated, such configurations can be designed to bifurcate the input light based on various light characteristics, including but not limited to angular and spectral bandwidths. In some embodiments, light can be bifurcated based on polarization states—e.g., input unpolarized light can be bifurcated into S and P polarization paths. In many embodiments, each of the integrated gratings performs either beam expansion in a first direction or beam expansion in a second direction different from the first direction according to the field-of-view portion being propagated through the waveguide. The first and second directions can be orthogonal to one another. In other embodiments, the first and second directions are not orthogonal to one another. Each integrated grating can provide expansion of the light in a first dimension while directing the light towards the other integrated grating, which provides expansion of the light in a second dimension and extraction. For example, many grating architectures in accordance with various embodiments of the invention include an input configuration for bifurcating input light into first and second portions of light. A first integrated grating can be configured to provide beam expansion in a first direction for the first and second portions of light and to provide beam extraction for the second portion of light. Conversely, the second integrated grating can be configured to provide beam expansion in a second direction for the first and second portions of light and to provide beam extraction for the first portion of light.

In a number of embodiments, the first integrated grating includes multiplexed first and second grating prescriptions, and the second integrated grating includes multiplexed third and fourth grating prescriptions. In such embodiments, the first grating prescription can be configured to provide beam expansion in a first direction for the first portion of light and to redirect the expanded light towards the fourth grating prescription. The second grating prescription can be configured to provide beam expansion in the first direction for the second portion of light and to extract the light out of the waveguide. The third grating prescription can be configured to provide beam expansion in a second direction for the second portion of light and to redirect the expanded light towards the second grating prescription. The fourth grating prescription can be configured to provide beam expansion in the second direction for the first portion of light and to extract the light out of the waveguide. As can readily be appreciated, the integrated gratings can be implemented with overlapping grating prescriptions instead of multiplexed grating prescriptions. In many embodiments, the first and second grating prescriptions have the same clock angle but different grating slants. In some embodiments, the third and fourth grating prescriptions have the same clock angle, which is different from the clock angles of the first and second grating prescriptions. In a number of embodiments, the first, second, third, and fourth grating prescriptions all have different clock angles. In several embodiments, the first, second, third, and fourth grating prescriptions all have different grating periods. In a number of embodiments, the first and third grating prescriptions have the same grating period, and the second and fourth grating prescriptions have the same grating period.

FIG. 1 conceptually illustrates a waveguide display including an Integrated Dual Axis (IDA) waveguide in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. As shown, the apparatus 100 includes a waveguide 101 supporting an input grating 102 and a grating structure 103. Each grating can be characterized by a grating vector defining the orientation of the grating fringes in the plane of the waveguide. A grating can also be characterized by a K-vector in 3D space, which in the case of a Bragg grating is defined as the vector normal to the grating fringes. The waveguide reflecting surfaces are parallel to the XY plane of the Cartesian reference frame inset into the drawing. In some embodiments, the X and Y axes can correspond to global horizontal and vertical axes in the reference frame of a user of the display.

In the illustrative embodiment of FIG. 1, the input grating 102 includes a Bragg grating 104. In other embodiments, the input grating 102 is a surface relief grating. The input grating 102 can be implemented to bifurcate input light into two different portions. In further embodiments, the input grating 102 includes two multiplexed gratings having different grating prescriptions. In other embodiments, the input grating 102 includes two overlaid surface relief gratings. The grating structure 103 includes two effective gratings 105,106 that have different grating vectors. The gratings 105,106 can be integrated gratings implemented as surface relief gratings or volume gratings. In many embodiments, the gratings 105,106 are multiplexed in a single layer. In several embodiments, the waveguide 101 provides two effective gratings at all points across the grating structure 103 by overlaying more than two separated gratings in the grating structure. For ease of clarity, the gratings 105,106 that form the grating structure 103 will be referred to as first and second integrated gratings since their role in the grating structure includes providing beam expansion by changing the direction of the guided beam in the plane of the waveguide and beam extraction. In various embodiments, the integrated gratings 105,106 perform two-dimensional beam expansion and extraction of light from the waveguide 101. The field-of-view coupled into the waveguide can be partitioned into first and second portions, which can be bifurcated as such by the input grating 102. In many embodiments, the first and second portions correspond to positive and negative angles, vertically or horizontally. In some embodiments, the first and second portions may overlap in angle space. In a number of embodiments, the first portion of the field-of-view is expanded in a first direction by the first integrated grating and, in a parallel operation, expanded in a second direction and extracted by the second integrated grating. When a ray interacts with a grating fringe, some of the light that meets the Bragg condition is diffracted while non-diffracted light proceeds along its TIR path up to the next fringe, continuing the expansion and extraction process. Considering next the second portion of the field-of-view, the role of the gratings is reversed such that the second portion of the field is expanded in the second direction by the second integrated grating and expanded in the first direction and extracted by the first integrated grating.

In many embodiments, the integrated gratings 105,106 in the grating structure 103 can be asymmetrically disposed. In some embodiments, the integrated gratings 105,106 have grating vectors of different magnitudes. In several embodiments, the input grating 102 can have a grating vector offset from the Y-axis. In a number of embodiments, it is desirable that the vector combination of the grating vectors of the input grating 102 and the integrated gratings 105,106 in the grating structures 103 gives a resultant vector of substantially zero magnitude. As described above, the grating vectors can be arranged in an equilateral, isosceles, or scalene triangular configuration. Depending on the application, certain configurations may be more desirable.

In many embodiments, at least one grating parameter selected from the group of grating vector direction, K-vector direction, grating refractive index modulation, and grating spatial frequency can vary spatially across at least one grating implemented in the waveguide for the purposes of optimizing angular bandwidth, waveguide efficiency, and output uniformity to increase the angular response and/or efficiency. In some embodiments, at least one of the gratings implemented in the waveguide can employ rolled K-vectors—i.e., spatially varying K-vectors. In several embodiments, the spatial frequencies of the grating(s) are matched to overcome color dispersion.

The apparatus 100 of FIG. 1 further includes an input image generator. In the illustrative embodiment, the input image generator includes a laser scanning projector 107 that provides a scanned beam 107A over a field-of-view that is coupled into total internal reflection paths (TIR paths) (108A,108B, for example) in the waveguide by the input grating 102 and is directed towards the integrated gratings 105,106 to be expanded and extracted (as shown by rays 109A,109B, for example). In some embodiments, the laser projector 107 is configured to inject a scanned beam into the waveguide. In several embodiments, the laser projector 107 can have a scan pattern modified to compensate for optical distortions in the waveguide. In a number of embodiments, the laser scanning pattern and/or grating prescriptions in the input grating 102 and grating structure 103 can be modified to overcome illumination banding. In various embodiments, the laser scanning projector 107 can be replaced by an input image generator based on a microdisplay illuminated by a laser or an LED. In many embodiments, the input image can be provided by an emissive display. A laser projector can offer the advantages of improved color gamut, higher brightness, wider field-of-view, high resolution, and a very compact form factor. In some embodiments, the apparatus 100 can further include a despeckler. In further embodiments, the despeckler can be implemented as a waveguide device.

Although FIG. 1 shows a specific waveguide application implementing integrated gratings, such structures and grating architectures can be utilized for various applications. In a number of embodiments, a waveguide having integrated gratings can be implemented in a single grating layer for a full color application. In many embodiments, more than one grating layer implementing integrated gratings are implemented. Such configurations can be implemented to provide wider angular or spectral bandwidth operation. In some embodiments, a multi-layered waveguide is implemented to provide a full color application. In several embodiments, a multi-layered waveguide is implemented to provide a wider field-of-view. In many embodiments, a full color waveguide having at least a ˜50° diagonal field-of-view is implemented using integrated gratings. In some embodiments, a full color waveguide having at least a ˜100° diagonal field-of-view is implemented using integrated gratings.

FIG. 2 conceptually illustrates a color waveguide display having two blue-green diffracting waveguides and two green-red diffracting waveguides in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. FIG. 2 schematically illustrates an apparatus 200 with an architecture similar to that of FIG. 1 but includes the use of four stacked waveguides 201A-201D, including two blue-green diffracting waveguides and two green-red diffracting waveguides. As shown, the apparatus 200 includes a laser scanning projector 202 that provides scanning beams 202A-202D. In the illustrative embodiment, the waveguides providing each color band can be configured to propagate different field-of-view portions. For example, in some embodiments, each of the waveguides operating in a given color band provides a field-of-view of 35° h×35° v (50° diagonal), yielding 70° h×35° v (78° diagonal) field-of-view for each color band when the two fields of view are combined. In many embodiments, the scanning beams can be generated using red, green, and blue laser emitters with each light of two laser wavelengths selected from red, green, and blue being injected into each waveguide according to the color band intended to be propagated by the waveguide. The laser beam intensities can be modulated for the purposed of color balancing. The stacked waveguides can be arranged in any order. In several embodiments, consideration of factors such as but not limited to color crosstalk can influence the stack order. In a number of embodiments, the integrated gratings of one waveguide are partially or completely overlapped with the integrated gratings of another waveguide. As described above, the integrated gratings can be implemented in various configurations. In some embodiments, the integrated gratings are implemented across more than one grating layer. In several embodiments, each of the integrated gratings includes two multiplexed grating prescriptions.

In many embodiments, the optical geometrical requirements for combining waveguide paths for more than one field-of-view or color band can dictate an asymmetric arrangement of the gratings used in the input grating(s) and the integrated gratings. In other words, the grating vectors of the input grating and the integrated gratings are not equilaterally disposed or symmetrically disposed about the Y axis.

Although FIGS. 1 and 2 show specific configurations of waveguide architectures, various structures can be implemented as appropriate depending on the specific requirements of a given application. In some embodiments, a six-layered waveguide is implemented for full color applications. The six-layered waveguide can be implemented with three pairs of layers configured for color bands of red, green, and blue, respectively. In such embodiments, waveguides within each pair can be configured for different field-of-view portions.

In some embodiments, to perform beam expansion and extraction, the waveguide is designed such that each point of interaction of a ray with a grating structure occurs in a region of overlapping effective gratings. In a non-fully overlapped grating configuration, the grating structures will have regions in which the first and second effective gratings only partially overlap such that some rays interact with only one of the effective gratings. In many embodiments, the grating structures are formed from two multiplexed gratings. The first of the multiplexed grating 300, which is shown in FIG. 3A, multiplexes a first effective grating 301 with one 302 having a different effective grating vector (or clock angle). The second multiplexed grating 310, which is shown in FIG. 3B, multiplexes a second effective grating 311 with one 312 having a different effective grating vector. FIGS. 3A-3B are intended to illustrate the relative orientations of the multiplexed gratings and do not represent the shapes of the gratings as implemented. In some embodiments, the gratings 301,302 and 311,312 may differ in shape from each other. In the embodiments of FIGS. 3A-3B, the grating vector (clock angle) of the second multiplexed grating is identical to the first grating vector of the first multiplexed grating. Likewise, the grating vector of the first multiplexed grating is identical to the second grating vector of the second multiplexed grating. Turning now to FIG. 3C, it should be apparent that when the gratings are overlapped 320, there are two gratings of different clock angles at any point in the grating structures (e.g., in the regions of partial overlap—labeled by numerals 2-4 in FIG. 3C) of the effective gratings. In the regions of full overlap (labelled by numeral 1 in FIG. 3C) of the effective gratings, there will be four gratings overlapping any point in the grating structures. However, in such regions, each pair of gratings having the same clock angle results in only two overlapping effective gratings. It should be appreciated from the above description that, in many embodiments, the two pairs of multiplexed gratings could be implemented as one multiplexed grating formed from the four gratings 301,302 and 311, 312.

FIGS. 4A-4C schematically illustrate ray propagation through a grating structure 400 having an input grating 401 and two integrated gratings 402,403 in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. The ray propagation is illustrated using unfolded ray paths to clarify the interaction between the rays and gratings. As shown in the schematic diagram of FIG. 4A, light from a first portion of the FOV shows a ray 404A coupled into a TIR path in the waveguide by the input grating 401, a TIR ray 405A leading to the first integrated grating 402, a TIR ray 406A diffracted by the first integrated grating 403 (which also provides beam expansion in a first direction), and a ray 407A diffracted out of the waveguide by the second integrated grating 403 (which also provides beam expansion in a second direction). Turning now to the propagation of the second portion of the FOV, which is shown in FIG. 4B, the ray path includes a ray 404B coupled into a TIR path in the waveguide by the input grating 401, a TIR ray 405B leading to the second integrated grating 403, a TIR ray 406B diffracted by the second integrated grating 403 (which also provides beam expansion in the second direction), and a TIR ray 407B diffracted out of the waveguide by the first integrated grating 402 (which also provides beam expansion in the first direction). FIG. 4C shows the combined paths of FIGS. 4A-4B with the integrated gratings overlaid. FIG. 4C also shows the partial overlapping nature of the integrated gratings along the paths of the rays. As can readily be appreciated, such configurations can be modified as appropriate depending on the specific requirements of a given application. Gratings of various shapes can be utilized. An integrated grating can include two multiplexed gratings, one providing the function of a traditional fold grating and another for extracting the light similar to a traditional output grating. Each of the two multiplexed gratings within a single integrated grating can be configured to act on different portions of light bifurcated by the input configuration. In a number of embodiments, the two multiplexed gratings within a single integrated grating can have different shapes—i.e., certain areas of one or both of the gratings are not multiplexed. In some embodiments, more than two gratings are multiplexed for a single integrated grating. In many embodiments, the integrated gratings are multiplexed in a single grating layer. In several embodiments, the integrated gratings are fully multiplexed or overlapped. In other embodiments, only portions of the integrated gratings are multiplexed overlapped.

As described above, grating architectures including those implementing integrated gratings can be described and visualized using grating vectors. In many embodiments, three grating vectors, which can represent traditional input, fold, and output functions, can be implemented with a substantially zero resultant vector. FIG. 5A conceptually illustrates a grating vector configuration with a substantially zero resultant vector in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. As shown, the configuration 500 includes three grating vectors 501-503 represented as k1, k2, and k3, respectively. With three grating vectors, configurations having a substantially zero resultant vector can provide various triangular configurations, such as but not limited to equilateral triangles, isosceles triangles, and scalene triangles. In the case of architectures utilizing integrated gratings, more than one triangular configuration can be visualized. FIG. 5B conceptually illustrates one such embodiment. As shown, the configuration 510 illustrates two triangular configurations. One triangular configuration is formed by grating vectors k1, k2, and k3 (511-513), and a second configuration is formed by grating vectors k1, k4, and k5 (511, 514, and 515). In the illustrative embodiment, grating vector k1 represents the function of the input coupler, grating vectors k2 and k5 represent the functions of a first integrated grating, and grating vectors k4 and k3 represent the functions of a second integrated grating.

In many embodiments, the grating vector configuration implemented can include various triangular configurations. Typically, the magnitudes of the grating vectors can dictate the resulting triangular configuration. In some embodiments, an equilateral triangular configuration is implemented where all grating vectors are of similar, or substantially similar, magnitude. In cases where integrated gratings are implemented, the configuration can include two triangular configurations. In a number of embodiments, the grating vector configuration includes at least one isosceles triangle where at least two of the grating vectors have similar, or substantially similar, magnitudes. FIG. 5C conceptually illustrates a grating vector configuration with two isosceles triangles in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. As shown, the configuration 520 forms two isosceles triangles due to grating vectors k2-k5 having similar magnitudes. In several embodiments, the grating configuration includes at least one scalene triangle. FIG. 5D conceptually illustrates a grating vector configuration with two scalene triangles in accordance an embodiment of the invention. As shown, the configuration 530 forms two scalene triangles. In the illustrative embodiment, the two scalene triangles are mirrored—i.e., grating vectors k2 and k4 are equal in magnitude, and grating vectors k3 and k5 are equal in magnitude. FIG. 5E conceptually illustrates a grating vector configuration with two different scalene triangles in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. As shown, the configuration 540 includes two different scalene triangles with grating vectors k2-k5 having different magnitudes.

Although FIGS. 5A-5E illustrate specific grating vector configurations, various other configurations can be implemented as appropriate depending on the specific requirements of a given application. For example, in some embodiments, the input coupler is implemented to have two different grating vectors. Such configurations utilize an input grating having two different grating prescriptions, which can implemented using overlapping or multiplexed grating prescriptions. In the embodiments illustrated in FIGS. 5B-5E, the configurations shown can be due to the implementation of integrated gratings. In many embodiments, grating vectors k2 and k5 represent the functions of a first integrated grating, and grating vectors k4 and k3 represent the functions of a second integrated grating. In several embodiments, each grating vector ki represent a different grating prescription. For example, many grating architectures in accordance with various embodiments of the invention can implement integrated gratings that each contain two different grating prescriptions. In such cases, grating vectors k2 and k5 can respectively represent the two different grating prescriptions of a first integrated grating, and grating vectors k4 and k3 can respectively represent the two different grating prescriptions of a second integrated grating.

FIG. 6 conceptually illustrates a schematic plan view of a grating architecture 600 having an input grating and integrated gratings in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. As shown, the grating architecture 600 includes an input coupler 601. The input coupler 601 can be a Bragg grating or a surface relief grating. In many embodiments, the input coupler 601 includes at least two gratings. In such embodiments, individual input gratings can be configured to couple in different portions of input light, which can be based on angular or spectral characteristics. In some embodiments, the input couple 601 includes two overlapped gratings. In other embodiments, the input coupler 601 includes two multiplexed gratings. The grating architecture 600 further includes first (bold lines) and second (dashed lines) integrated gratings. In the illustrative embodiment, the first integrated grating includes a first grating 602 having a first grating prescription and a second grating 603 having a second grating prescription. As shown, the second grating 603 is smaller than the first grating 602 and can be entirely multiplexed within the volume of the first grating 602. In some embodiments, the first and second gratings 602,603 are overlapped across different grating layers. In several embodiments, the first and second gratings 602,603 are adjacent or nearly adjacent one another and are neither overlapped nor multiplexed. In a number of embodiments, the first and second gratings 602,603 have the same clock angles but different grating prescriptions.

In many embodiments, the configuration of the first integrated grating is applied similarly to the second integrated grating but flipped about an axis. For example, the illustrative embodiment in FIG. 6 shows the second integrated grating having third 604 and fourth 605 gratings with shapes corresponding to the first and second gratings 602,603, respectively. The third grating 604 has a third grating prescription, and the fourth grating 605 has a fourth grating prescription. Similar to the first integrated grating, the third and fourth gratings 604,605 can have the same clock angles but different grating prescriptions. In a number of embodiments, the first and second gratings 602,603 are clocked at an angle different from the third and fourth gratings 604,605. Again, the overlapping and multiplexing nature of the third and fourth gratings 604,605 can be implemented in a similar manner as the first and second gratings 602,603.

In the illustrative embodiment of FIG. 6, the first and third integrated gratings are partially overlapped with one another such that the second and fourth gratings 603,605 are also partially overlapped. In the illustrative embodiment, the second and fourth gratings 603,605 are multiplexed within the first and third gratings 602,604, and, as such, the waveguide architecture includes an area 606 where four grating prescriptions are active. In embodiments where the first and second integrated gratings are implemented in a single layer, area 606 would contain four multiplexed gratings. In other embodiments, the first and second integrated gratings are implemented across different grating layers.

During operation, input light incident on the input grating 601 can be bifurcated into two portions of light traveling in TIR paths within the waveguide. One portion can be directed towards the first grating 602 while the other portion can be directed towards the third grating 604. The first grating 602 can be configured to provide beam expansion in a first direction for incident light and to redirect the incident light towards the fourth grating 605. The fourth grating 605 can be configured to provide beam expansion in a second direction for incident light and to extract the light out of the waveguide. On the other hand, the third grating 604 can be configured to provide beam expansion in the second direction for incident light and to redirect the incident light towards the second grating 603. The second grating 603 can be configured to provide beam expansion in the first direction for incident light and to extract the light out of the waveguide.

FIG. 7 shows a flow diagram conceptually illustrating a method of displaying an image in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. Referring to the flow diagram, the method 700 includes providing (701) a waveguide supporting an input grating, a first integrated grating, and a second integrated grating. In many embodiments, the first integrated grating partially overlaps the second integrated grating. In some embodiments, the integrated gratings are fully overlapped. The first and second integrated gratings can include multiplexed pairs of different K-vector gratings. A first field-of-view portion can be coupled (702) into the waveguide via the input grating and directed towards the first integrated grating. A second field-of-view portion can be coupled (703) into the waveguide via the input grating and directed towards the second integrated grating. The first field-of-view portion light can be expanded (704) in a first direction using the first integrated grating. The first field-of-view portion light can be expanded in a second direction and extracted (705) from the waveguide using the second integrated grating. The second field-of-view portion light can be expanded in the second direction (706) using the second integrated grating to create two-dimensionally expanded light. The second field-of-view portion light can be expanded in the first direction and extracted (707) from the waveguide using the first integrated grating. In some embodiments, the portions of the first integrated grating and the second integrated grating sharing a multiplexed region together extract the two-dimensionally expanded light towards the eyebox.

As described in the sections above, integrated gratings can be implemented in a variety of different ways. In many embodiments, an integrated grating is implemented with two gratings that have the same clock angle but different grating prescriptions. In further embodiments, the two gratings are multiplexed. FIG. 8 shows a flow diagram conceptually illustrating a method of displaying an image utilizing integrated gratings containing multiple gratings in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. Referring to the flow diagram, the method 800 includes providing (801) a waveguide supporting an input grating, first and second gratings having a first clock angle, and third and fourth gratings having a second clock angle, where the first and third grating at least partially overlaps. In many embodiments, the first integrated grating partially overlaps the second integrated grating. In some embodiments, the integrated gratings are fully overlapped. The first and second integrated gratings can include multiplexed pairs of different K-vector gratings. A first field-of-view portion can be coupled (802) into the waveguide via the input grating and directed towards the first grating. A second field-of-view portion can be coupled (803) into the waveguide via the input grating and directed towards the third grating. The first field-of-view portion light can be expanded (804) in a first direction using the first grating and redirected towards the fourth grating. The first field-of-view portion light can be expanded in a second direction and extracted (805) from the waveguide using the fourth grating. The second field-of-view portion light can be expanded in the second direction (806) using the third grating and redirected towards the second grating. The second field-of-view portion light can be expanded in the first direction and extracted (807) from the waveguide using the second grating.

Although FIGS. 6-8 illustrate specific waveguide configurations and methods of displaying an image, many different methods can be implemented in accordance with various embodiments of the invention. For example, in some embodiments, more than one input grating is utilized. In other embodiments, the input configuration includes a prism. Such methods and implemented waveguides can also be configured to improve performance and/or provide various different functions. In many embodiments, the waveguide apparatus includes at least one grating with spatially-varying pitch. In some embodiments, each grating has a fixed K vector. In a number of embodiments, at least one of the gratings is a rolled k-vector grating according to the embodiments and teachings disclosed in the cited references. Rolling the K-vectors can allow the angular bandwidth of the grating to be expanded without the need to decrease the grating thickness or to utilize multiple grating layers. In some embodiments a rolled K-vector grating includes a waveguide portion containing discrete grating elements having differently aligned K-vectors. In some embodiments, a rolled K-vector grating comprises a waveguide portion containing a single grating element within which the K-vectors undergo a smooth monotonic variation in direction. In some of the embodiments describe rolled K-vector gratings are used to input light into the waveguide. In some embodiments, waveguides having two integrated gratings can be implemented as single-layered or multi-layered waveguides. In several embodiments, a multi-layered waveguide is implemented with more than two integrated gratings. As can readily be appreciated, the specific architecture and configuration implemented can depend on a number of different factors. In some embodiments, the position of the input grating relative to the integrated gratings can be dictated by various factors, including but not limited to projector relief and the input pupil diameter and vergence. In many applications, it is desirable for the distance between the input grating and the integrated gratings to be minimized to provide a waveguide having a small form factor. The field ray angle paths required to fill the eyebox typically dominate the waveguide height. In many cases, the height of waveguide grows non-linearly with projector relief. In some embodiments, the pupil diameter does not have a significant impact on the footprint of the waveguide. A converging or diverging pupil can be used to reduce the local angle response at any location on the input grating.

In some embodiments, the waveguide configuration implemented can depend on the configuration of the input image generator/projector. FIG. 9 conceptually illustrates a profile view 900 of two overlapping waveguide portions implementing integrated gratings in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. In the illustrative embodiment, the two-layered waveguide is designed for a high field-of-view application implemented with a converging projector pupil input beam, indicated by rays 901. As shown, the apparatus includes a first waveguide 902 containing a first grating layer 903 having a first set of two integrated gratings and a second waveguide 904 containing a second grating layer 905 having a second set of two integrated gratings that partially overlaps the first set of two integrated gratings. The grating layers 903,905 having integrated gratings can operate according to the principles discussed in the sections above. The output beam from the waveguides is generally indicated by rays 906 intersecting the eyebox 907. In the illustrated embodiment, the eyebox has dimensions 10.5 mm.×9.5 mm, an eye relief of 13.5 mm, and a laser projector to waveguide separation of 12 mm. As can readily be appreciated, such dimensions and specifications can be specifically tailored depending on the requirements of a given application.

FIG. 10 conceptually illustrates a schematic plan view 1000 of a grating architecture having two sets of integrated gratings in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. As shown, the grating configuration includes first and second input gratings 1001,1002, forming the combined input grating area 1003 indicated by the shaded area. In some embodiments, each of the input gratings includes a set of multiplexed or overlapping gratings. The grating configuration further includes a first set of grating structures having first and second integrated gratings 1004,1005 and a second set of grating structures having third and fourth integrated gratings 1006,1007. In the illustrative embodiment, each set of integrated gratings is shaped and disposed asymmetrically. Such configurations can be implemented as appropriate depending on several factors. In the embodiment of FIG. 10, the asymmetrical grating architecture can be implemented for operation with a converging projector pupil configuration, such as the one shown in FIG. 9. Furthermore, different grating characteristics can be implemented and tuned for different applications. FIG. 11 conceptually illustrates a plot 1100 of diffraction efficiency versus angle for a waveguide for diffractions occurring at different field-of-view angles in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. As shown, the waveguide is tuned to have three different peak diffraction efficiencies, with two different peaks 1101,1102 for the “fold” interaction and one 1103 for the “output.” In some embodiments, light undergoes a dual interaction within the grating. Such gratings can be designed to have high diffraction efficiencies for two different incident angles. Turning back to FIG. 10, the first and second set of grating structures can be implemented as partially overlapping structures, forming a combined output grating area 1008 as indicated by the shaded area. The eyebox 1009 is overlaid on the drawing and is indicated by the dark shaded area. In the illustrative embodiment, the waveguide apparatus is configured to provide a FOV of 120 degrees diagonal. As shown in FIGS. 9-10, in some embodiments, displays providing a FOV of 120 degrees diagonal can be configured with a projector to waveguide distance of 12 mm and an eye relief of 13.5 mm, which is compatible with many glasses inserts. In some embodiments, the display provides an eyebox of 10.5 mm.×9.5 mm, which can provide easy wearability. FIG. 12 shows the viewing geometry of such a waveguide. As can readily be appreciated, the grating configuration illustrated by FIG. 10 can be implemented in a variety of waveguide architectures. In some embodiments, both input gratings and both sets of grating structures are implemented in a single grating layer, with the overlapping portions multiplexed. In several embodiments, the first input grating and the first set of grating structures are implemented in a first grating layer while the second input grating and the second set of grating structures are implemented in a second grating layer. In a number of embodiments, the first, second, third, and fourth integrated gratings are implemented across four grating layers.

FIG. 13 conceptually illustrates the field-of-view geometry for a binocular display with binocular overlap between the left and right eye images provided by a waveguide in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. Binocular displays utilizing various grating architectures, such as the one described in FIGS. 9-10. can be implemented. In the illustrated embodiment, the waveguide is a color waveguide that includes a stack of four waveguides: two blue-green layers and two green-red layers. Each of the waveguides can provide a field-of-view of 35° h×35° v (˜50° diagonal) for a single-color band, yielding 70° h×35° v (˜78° diagonal) field-of-view for each color band. Each waveguide set for the left and right eyes can be overlapped by 50° horizontally to achieve ˜100° diagonal binocular field-of-view. As can readily be appreciated, various binocular configurations can be implemented as appropriated depending on the specific requirements of a given application. In many embodiments, the waveguide is raked at an angle of at least 5°, which can facilitate the implementation of some binocular overlapped field-of-view applications. In further embodiments, the waveguide is raked at an angle of at least 10°. In some embodiments, the field-of-views for both the left and right eyes are completely overlapped.

In some embodiments, a prism may be used as an alternative to the input grating. In many embodiments, this can require that an external grating is provided for grating vector closure purposes. In several embodiments, the external grating may be disposed on the surface of the prism. In some embodiments, the external grating may form part of a laser despeckler disposed in the optical train between the laser projector and the input prims. The use of a prism to couple light into a waveguide has the advantage of avoiding the significant light loss and restricted angular bandwidth resulting from the use of a rolled K-vector grating. A practical rolled K-vector input grating typically cannot match the much large angular bandwidth of the fold grating, which can be around 40 degrees or more.

Although the drawings may indicate a high degree of symmetry in the grating geometry and layout of the gratings in the different wavelength channels, the grating prescriptions and footprints can be asymmetric. The shapes of the input, fold, or output gratings can depend on the waveguide application and could be of any polygonal geometry subject to factors such as the required beam expansion, output beam geometry, beam uniformity, and ergonomic factors.

In some embodiments, directed at displays using unpolarized light sources, the input gratings can combine gratings orientated such that each grating diffracts a particular polarization of the incident unpolarized light into a waveguide path. Such embodiments may incorporate some of the embodiments and teachings disclosed in the PCT application PCT/GB2017/000040 “METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR PROVIDING A POLARIZATION SELECTIVE HOLOGRAPHIC WAVGUIDE DEVICE” by Waldern et al., the disclosure of which is incorporated herein in by reference in its entirety. The output gratings can be configured in a similar fashion so that the light from the waveguide paths is combined and coupled out of the waveguide as unpolarized light. For example, in some embodiments, the input grating and output grating each combine crossed gratings with peak diffraction efficiency for orthogonal polarizations states. In a number of embodiments, the polarization states are S-polarized and P-polarized. In several embodiments, the polarization states are opposing senses of circular polarization. The advantage of gratings recorded in liquid crystal polymer systems, such as SBGs, in this regard is that owing to their inherent birefringence, they exhibit strong polarization selectivity. However, other grating technologies that can be configured to provide unique polarization states can also be used.

In some embodiments using gratings recorded in liquid crystal polymer material systems, at least one polarization control layer overlapping at least one of the fold gratings, input gratings, or output gratings may be provided for the purposes of compensating for polarization rotation in any the gratings, particularly the fold gratings, which can result in polarization rotation. In many embodiments, all of the gratings are overlaid by polarization control layers. In a number of embodiments, polarization control layers are applied to the fold gratings only or to any other subset of the gratings. The polarization control layer may include an optical retarder film. In some embodiments based on HPDLC materials, the birefringence of the gratings may be used to control the polarization properties of the waveguide device. The use of the birefringence tensor of the HPDLC grating, K-vectors, and grating footprints as design variables opens up the design space for optimizing the angular capability and optical efficiency of the waveguide device. In some embodiments, a quarter wave plate can be disposed on a glass-air interface of the wave guide rotates polarization of a light ray to maintain efficient coupling with the gratings. In further embodiments, the quarter wave plate is a coating that is applied to substrate waveguide. In some waveguide display embodiments, applying a quarter wave coating to a substrate of the waveguide may help light rays retain alignment with the intended viewing axis by compensating for skew waves in the waveguide. In some embodiments, the quarter wave plate may be provided as a multi-layer coating.

As used in relation to any of the embodiments described herein, the term grating may encompass a grating that includes a set of gratings. For example, in some embodiments, the input grating and output grating each include two or more gratings multiplexed into a single layer. It is well established in the literature of holography that more than one holographic prescription can be recorded into a single holographic layer. Methods for recording such multiplexed holograms are well known to those skilled in the art. In some embodiments, the input grating and output grating may each include two overlapping gratings layers that are in contact or vertically separated by one or more thin optical substrate. In several embodiments, the grating layers are sandwiched between glass or plastic substrates. In a number of embodiments, two or more such gratings layers may form a stack within which total internal reflection occurs at the outer substrate and air interfaces. In some embodiments, the waveguide may include just one grating layer. In many embodiments, electrodes may be applied to faces of the substrates to switch gratings between diffracting and clear states. The stack may further include additional layers such as beam splitting coatings and environmental protection layers.

In some embodiments, the fold grating angular bandwidth can be enhanced by designing the grating prescription to facilitate dual interaction of the guided light with the grating. Exemplary embodiments of dual interaction fold gratings are disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/620,969 entitled “WAVEGUIDE GRATING DEVICE.”

Advantageously, to improve color uniformity, gratings for use in the invention can be designed using reverse ray tracing from the eyebox to the input grating via the output grating and fold grating. This process allows the required physical extent of the gratings, in particular the fold grating, to be identified. Unnecessary grating real-state which contribute to haze can be eliminated. Ray paths can be optimized for red, green, and blue, each of which follow slightly different paths because of dispersion effects between the input and output gratings via the fold grating.

In many embodiments, the gratings are holographic gratings, such as a switchable or non-switchable Bragg Gratings. In some embodiments, gratings embodied as SBGs can be Bragg gratings recorded in a holographic polymer dispersed liquid crystal (e.g., a matrix of liquid crystal droplets), although SBGs may also be recorded in other materials. In several embodiments, the SBGs are recorded in a uniform modulation material, such as POLICRYPS or POLIPHEM having a matrix of solid liquid crystals dispersed in a liquid polymer. The SBGs can be switching or non-switching in nature. In some embodiments, at least one of the input, fold, and output gratings may be electrically switchable. In many embodiments, it is desirable that all three grating types are passive, that is, non-switching. In its non-switching form, an SBG has the advantage over conventional holographic photopolymer materials of being capable of providing high refractive index modulation due to its liquid crystal component. Exemplary uniform modulation liquid crystal-polymer material systems are disclosed in United State Patent Application Publication No.: US2007/0019152 by Caputo et al and PCT Application No.: PCT/EP2005/006950 by Stumpe et al., both of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. Uniform modulation gratings are characterized by high refractive index modulation (and hence high diffraction efficiency) and low scatter. In some embodiments, the input coupler, the fold grating, and the output grating are recorded in a reverse mode HPDLC material. Reverse mode HPDLC differs from conventional HPDLC in that the grating is passive when no electric field is applied and becomes diffractive in the presence of an electric field. The reverse mode HPDLC may be based on any of the recipes and processes disclosed in PCT Application No.: PCT/GB2012/000680, entitled “IMPROVEMENTS TO HOLOGRAPHIC POLYMER DISPERSED LIQUID CRYSTAL MATERIALS AND DEVICES.” The gratings may be recorded in any of the above material systems but used in a passive (non-switching) mode. The advantage of recording a passive grating in a liquid crystal polymer material is that the final hologram benefits from the high index modulation afforded by the liquid crystal. Higher index modulation translates to high diffraction efficiency and wide angular bandwidth. The fabrication process is identical to that used for switched but with the electrode coating stage being omitted. LC polymer material systems are highly desirable in view of their high index modulation. In some embodiments, the gratings are recorded in HPDLC but are not switched.

In many embodiments, two spatially separated input couplers may be used to provide two separate waveguide input pupils. In some embodiments, the input coupler is a grating. In several embodiments, the input coupler is a prism. In embodiments using an input coupler prism based on prisms only, the conditions for grating reciprocity can be addressed using the pitch and clock angles of the fold and output gratings.

In many embodiments, the source of data modulated light used with the above waveguide embodiments includes an Input Image Node (“IIN”) incorporating a microdisplay. The input grating can be configured to receive collimated light from the IIN and to cause the light to travel within the waveguide via total internal reflection between the first surface and the second surface to the fold grating. Typically, the IIN integrates, in addition to the microdisplay panel, a light source and optical components needed to illuminate the display panel, separate the reflected light, and collimate it into the required FOV. Each image pixel on the microdisplay can be converted into a unique angular direction within the first waveguide. The instant disclosure does not assume any particular microdisplay technology. In some embodiments, the microdisplay panel can be a liquid crystal device or a MEMS device. In several embodiments, the microdisplay may be based on Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) technology. Such emissive devices would not require a separate light source and would therefore offer the benefits of a smaller form factor. In some embodiments, the IIN may be based on a scanned modulated laser. The IIN projects the image displayed on the microdisplay panel such that each display pixel is converted into a unique angular direction within the substrate waveguide according to some embodiments. The collimation optics contained in the IIN may include lens and mirrors, which may be diffractive lenses and mirrors. In some embodiments, the IIN may be based on the embodiments and teachings disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/869,866 entitled “HOLOGRAPHIC WIDE-ANGLE DISPLAY,” and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/844,456 entitled “TRANSPARENT WAVEGUIDE DISPLAY.” In several embodiments, the IIN contains beamsplitter for directing light onto the microdisplay and transmitting the reflected light towards the waveguide. In many embodiments, the beamsplitter is a grating recorded in HPDLC and uses the intrinsic polarization selectivity of such gratings to separate the light illuminating the display and the image modulated light reflected off the display. In some embodiments, the beam splitter is a polarizing beam splitter cube. In a number of embodiments, the IIN incorporates a despeckler. The despeckler can be a holographic waveguide device based on the embodiments and teachings of U.S. Pat. No. 8,565,560 entitled “LASER ILLUMINATION DEVICE.” The light source can be a laser or LED and can include one or more lenses for modifying the illumination beam angular characteristics. The image source can be a micro-display or laser-based display. LED can provide better uniformity than laser. If laser illumination is used, there is a risk of illumination banding occurring at the waveguide output. In some embodiments, laser illumination banding in waveguides can be overcome using the techniques and teachings disclosed in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/071,277 entitled “METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR GENERATING INPUT IMAGES FOR HOLOGRAPHIC WAVEGUIDE DISPLAYS.” In some embodiments, the light from the light source is polarized. In one or more embodiments, the image source is a liquid crystal display (LCD) micro display or liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS) micro display.

The principles and teachings of the invention in combination with other waveguide inventions by the inventors as disclosed in the reference documents incorporated by reference herein may be applied in many different display and sensor devices. In some embodiments directed at displays, a waveguide display according to the principles of the invention can be combined with an eye tracker. In some embodiments, the eye tracker is a waveguide device overlaying the display waveguide and is based on the embodiments and teachings of PCT/GB2014/000197 entitled “HOLOGRAPHIC WAVEGUIDE EYE TRACKER,” PCT/GB2015/000274 entitled “HOLOGRAPHIC WAVEGUIDE OPTICALTRACKER,” and PCT Application No.:GB2013/000210 entitled “APPARATUS FOR EYE TRACKING.”

In some embodiments of the invention directed at displays, a waveguide display according to the principles of the invention further includes a dynamic focusing element. The dynamic focusing element may be based on the embodiments and teachings of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/176,572 entitled “ELECTRICALLY FOCUS TUNABLE LENS.” In some embodiments, a waveguide display according to the principles of the invention can further include a dynamic focusing element and an eye tracker, which can provide a light field display based on the embodiments and teachings disclosed in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/125,089 entitled “HOLOGRAPHIC WAVEGUIDE LIGHT FIELD DISPLAYS.”

In some embodiments of the invention directed at displays, a waveguide according to the principles of the invention may be based on some of the embodiments of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/869,866 entitled “HOLOGRAPHIC WIDEANGLE DISPLAY,” and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/844,456 entitled “TRANSPARENT WAVEGUIDE DISPLAY.” In some embodiments, a waveguide apparatus according to the principles of the invention may be integrated within a window, for example a windscreen-integrated HUD for road vehicle applications. In some embodiments, a window-integrated display may be based on the embodiments and teachings disclosed in United States Provisional Patent Application No.: PCT Application No.: PCT/GB2016/000005 entitled “ENVIRONMENTALLY ISOLATED WAVEGUIDE DISPLAY.” In some embodiments, a waveguide apparatus may include gradient index (GRIN) wave-guiding components for relaying image content between the IIN and the waveguide. Exemplary embodiments are disclosed in PCT Application No.: PCT/GB2016/000005 entitled “ENVIRONMENTALLY ISOLATED WAVEGUIDE DISPLAY.” In some embodiments, the waveguide apparatus may incorporate a light pipe for providing beam expansion in one direction based on the embodiments disclosed in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/177,494 entitled “WAVEGUIDE DEVICE INCORPORATING A LIGHT PIPE.”

In many embodiments, a waveguide according to the principles of the invention provides an image at infinity. In some embodiments, the image may be at some intermediate distance. In some embodiments, the image may be at a distance compatible with the relaxed viewing range of the human eye. In many embodiments, this may cover viewing ranges from about 2 meters up to about 10 meters.

The construction and arrangement of the systems and methods as shown in the various exemplary embodiments are illustrative only. Although only a few embodiments have been described in detail in this disclosure, many modifications are possible (for example, variations in sizes, dimensions, structures, shapes and proportions of the various elements, values of parameters, mounting arrangements, use of materials, colors, orientations, etc.). For example, the position of elements may be reversed or otherwise varied, and the nature or number of discrete elements or positions may be altered or varied. The present invention can incorporate the embodiments and teachings disclosed in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/778,239 “METHODS AND APPARATUSES FOR PROVIDING A SINGLE GRATING LAYER COLOR HOLOGRAPHIC WAVEGUIDE DISPLAY”, and the following US filings: U.S. Ser. No. 14/620,969 “WAVEGUIDE GRATING DEVICE”; U.S. Ser. No. 15/468,536 “WAVEGUIDE GRATING DEVICE”; U.S. Ser. No. 15/807,149 “WAVEGUIDE GRATING DEVICE”; and U.S. Ser. No. 16/178,104 “WAVEGUIDE GRATING DEVICE”, by Popovich et al., which are incorporated herein in by reference in their entireties. Accordingly, all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the present disclosure. The order or sequence of any process or method steps may be varied or re-sequenced according to alternative embodiments. Other substitutions, modifications, changes, and omissions may be made in the design, operating conditions and arrangement of the exemplary embodiments without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.

This application discloses various embodiments related to one or more Integrated Dual Axis (IDA) waveguides. Various examples of IDA waveguides are disclosed above and in U.S. Pat. No. 2020/0264378, filed Feb. 18, 2020 and entitled “Methods and Apparatuses for Providing a Holographic Waveguide Display Using Integrated Gratings” which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes. Also, various aspects related to IDA waveguides are discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 9,632,226, entitled “Methods and Apparatuses for Providing a Color Holographic Waveguide Display using integrated gratings” and filed on Feb. 12, 2015, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes. As described, an IDA waveguide may include two-fold overlapping gratings with opposing k-vectors to provide simultaneous vertical expansion, horizontal expansion, and beam extraction. The fold gratings can be multiplexed or formed in overlapping layers. Such architectures offer various benefits such as reducing grating real estate in waveguides, and easing of the grating average refractive index requirement for a given field of view (FoV).

However, there may be a limitation on the maximum vertical FoV achievable using an IDA architecture, which may be set by the current grating recording materials. The average grating material index achieved using a monomer and liquid crystal holographic recording mixture may have a refractive index of 1.74, limiting the vertical FoV to around 40 degrees. A larger vertical FoV may be desirable in displays applications (e.g. augmented reality, virtual reality, or mixed reality displays) to accommodate up and down motions of worn displays in active use. It may be beneficial in a waveguide display employing an IDA architecture to have a large vertical FoV.

Turning to the drawings, FIGS. 14-19 schematically illustrate the operation of an example IDA waveguide. FIG. 14 schematically illustrates an IDA waveguide in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. The IDA waveguide includes an input grating 1402, a first fold grating 1404a, and a second fold grating 1404b. The first fold grating 1404a and the second fold grating 1404b meet at an overlap portion 1406. FIG. 15A schematically illustrates the first fold grating 1404a and FIG. 15B schematically illustrates the second fold grating 1404b. FIG. 16 schematically illustrates the K-vector orientation of the IDA waveguide of FIG. 14. As illustrated, the first fold grating 1404a has a K-vector of K1 and the second fold grating 1404b has a k-vector of K2. K1 and K2 may be of different orientations. In some embodiments, K1 and K2 may be of opposite orientations. The input grating 1402 has a K-vector of Kinput. In some embodiments, K1, K2, and Kinput may be all different orientations. In some embodiments, Kinput may be a vertical orientation while K1 and K2 may be off vertical orientations.

FIG. 17 illustrates the IDA grating of FIGS. 14 and 16 showing a set of input pupils 1702 of the input grating 1402. FIG. 18A illustrates the IDA waveguide of FIGS. 14 and 16 with the left input pupil 1802a. Light from a light source may be configured to be input by the left input pupil 1802a into the first fold grating 1404a. The first fold grating 1404a may provide a first direction beam expansion 1804a to the input light. The overlap region 1406 of the first fold grating 1404a and the second fold grating 1404b may provide a second direction beam expansion and output 1806a. In some embodiments, the first direction beam expansion 1804a may be in a direction orthogonal to the second direction beam expansion. The output may eject light out of the IDA waveguide. FIG. 18B illustrates the IDA grating of FIGS. 14 and 16 with the right input pupil 1802b. Light from a light source may be configured to be input by the right input pupil 1802b into the second fold grating 1404b. The second fold grating 1404b may provide a first direction beam expansion 1804b to the input light. The overlap region 1406 of the first fold grating 1404a and the second fold grating 1404b may provide a second direction beam expansion and output 1806b. In some embodiments, the first direction beam expansion 1804b may be in a direction orthogonal to the second direction beam expansion. The output may eject light out of the IDA waveguide. FIG. 18C illustrates the IDA Grating of FIGS. 14 and 16 with the center input pupil 1802c. Light from a light source may be configured to be input by the center input pupil 1802c into the first fold grating 1404a or the second fold grating 1404b. The first fold grating 1404a or second fold grating 1404b may provide a first direction beam expansion 1804c to the input light. The overlap region 1406 of the first fold grating 1404a and the second fold grating 1404b may provide a second direction beam expansion and output 1806c. In some embodiments, the first direction beam expansion 1804b may be in a direction orthogonal to the second direction beam expansion. FIG. 19 illustrates the IDA grating of FIGS. 14 and 16 with various input pupils of the input grating 1402 and the light output from the input pupils. As illustrated, the light output may cover a wide field of view (FoV) which may include most of the overlap region 1406.

FIGS. 20A and 20B illustrate a comparison between a waveguide display without overlapping gratings and a waveguide display including IDA gratings. FIG. 20A illustrates the footprint of a waveguide display without overlapping gratings. As illustrated, the waveguide display may include a width W and a height H. FIG. 20B illustrates the footprint of a waveguide display including IDA gratings. As illustrated the waveguide display may include a width 0.6 W and a height 0.9H. Thus, the waveguide display including IDA gratings may have a more compact footprint than the waveguide display without overlapping gratings.

The angular carrying capacity of a diffractive waveguide can be represented using k-space (or reciprocal lattice) formalism. FIG. 21 illustrates a k-space representation of an example IDA grating. The IDA grating may be configured to provide a horizontal FoV of 60 degrees and a vertical FoV of 40 degrees with a grating material of refractive index 1.74. The waveguide angular carrying capacity (or angular bandwidth) may represented by the space between the two concentric rings 2102a, 2102b. The outer ring 2102a indicates the maximum waveguided beam angle and the inner ring 2102b representing the total internal reflection (TIR) limit. The boxes illustrate the FoV of the display split into two equal portions (left and right).

FIG. 22A schematically illustrates an IDA grating device in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. The IDA grating device 2200 may include an IDA grating which may include an average grating material index of 1.74 providing a horizontal FoV of 50 degrees and a vertical FoV of 40 degrees. An input pupil 2202 may input an optical light into an IDA waveguide 2204. The IDA waveguide 2204 may include a crossed grating structure. The crossed grating structure may include a first grating fringes 2206a and a second grating fringes 2206b. The grating fringes 2206a, 2206b and k-vectors (e.g. vectors normal to the grating fringes 2206a, 2206b) may be symmetrically disposed about a vertical axis (in the plane of the drawing). The grating fringes 2206a, 2206b may overlap in a grating overlap region 2208 which may be overlaid by an eyebox and include a specific FoV 2210. In some embodiments, a projector can be optically coupled to the input pupil 2202 using a grating or a prism. The projector may include a light source, microdisplay, and/or projection lens. The light source may be a laser light source or a LED light source. A laser light source may offer some benefits over LED such as lower etendue which may enable higher efficiency and brightness, near-perfect collimation, compact form factor, and excellent color gamut. In many embodiments, the grating material refractive index of the IDA waveguide 2204 can be reduced by using a light source with a moderate degree of spectral dispersion such as a narrow band LED.

FIG. 22B illustrates the FoV of FIG. 22A in relation to a circular region 2216. As illustrated, the FoV 2210 may substantially overlap the eyebox. The FoV 2210 may include a portion of a circular region 2216. The FoV 2210 may include a vertical FoV 2214 and a horizontal FoV 2212. In some embodiments, the horizontal FoV 2212 may be 60° and the vertical FoV 2214 may be 40°. In some embodiments, the horizontal FoV 2212 may be 60° and the vertical FoV 2214 may be 35°.

In some embodiments, the IDA grating of the IDA grating device 2200 may include a rolled k-vector grating. The FoV coverage can be optimized by using rolled k-vector gratings. In some embodiments, the IDA grating may be optimized using spatial variation of at least one of average refractive index, grating modulation, birefringence, grating thickness, grating k-vector, grating pitch, or other grating parameters using the inkjet coating and exposure processes and reverse ray tracing methods. FoV coverage can be optimized using spatial variation of at least one of the above mentioned features. Uniformity of the light extracted from the waveguide may be optimized using spatial variation of at least one of the above grating parameters. Examples of processes of optimizing the spatial variation of gratings are described in U.S. Pat. App. Pub. No. 2019/0212588, entitled “Systems and Methods for Manufacturing Waveguide Cells” and filed on Nov. 28, 2018, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.

FIG. 23A schematically illustrates an IDA grating device including two overlapping air-spaced waveguides in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. The IDA grating device 2300 may include a first IDA waveguide 2204a and a second IDA waveguide 2204b. The first IDA waveguide 2204a may receive light from a first input pupil 2202a and the second IDA waveguide 2204b may receive light from a second input pupil 2202b. The first IDA waveguide 2204a and the second IDA waveguide 2204b may be identical to the IDA waveguide 2204 described in connection with FIG. 22A. The first IDA waveguide 2204a and the second IDA waveguide 2204b may be aligned orthogonally to each other at angles of 0° and 90° relative to the vertical axis. Other orientations of the first IDA waveguide 2204a and the second IDA waveguide 2204b have been contemplated. Each waveguide may use a separate projector to input light into the first input pupil 2202a and the second input pupil 2202b. The first IDA waveguide 2204a and the second IDA waveguide 2204b may be spaced apart by air. The first IDA waveguide 2204a may inject light into an eyebox with a first FoV 2210a and the second IDA waveguide 2204b may inject light into the eyebox with a second FoV 2210b. In some embodiments, the first IDA waveguide 2204a and the second IDA waveguide 2204b may be spaced apart by a substance other than air such as a transparent epoxy.

FIG. 23B illustrates the eyebox of FIG. 23A in relation to a circular region 2216. As illustrated, the first FoV 2210a and the second FoV 2210b may overlap the eyebox. The first FoV 2210a and the second FoV 2210b may overlap a portion of the circular region 2216. The circular region 2216 represents the overlapping FoVs 2210a, 2210b having the same dimensions with one of the IDA waveguides being rotated through 90 degrees. The corners of the FoVs 2210a, 2210b lie on the circular region 2216 of diametric equal to the rectangle diagonal. Each of the first FoV 2210a and the second FoV 2210b may include a vertical FoV and a horizontal FoV. In some embodiments, the horizontal FoV may be 60° and the vertical FoV may be 40°. In some embodiments, the horizontal FoV may be 60° and the vertical FoV may be 35°. The first FoV 2210a and the second FoV 2210b may not be sharply defined. the first FoV 2210a and the second FoV 2210b may include FoV regions outside the crossed rectangular FOV overlap areas in FIG. 23B. For example, the region 2302 of the FoV located below the first FoV 2210a may include a portion of the FoV region. Sharp FoV cut-offs may occur with laser illumination. It has been discovered that an LED light source is less likely to cause sharp FoV cut-offs. In some embodiments, an LED light source may be used which may fill in the FoV gaps in the eyebox 216. For example, in many green display embodiments, a phosphor green LED with approximately a 100 nm full width half maximum (FWHM) spectral width can be used to fill in the FoV gaps in the eyebox 216. In some embodiments, FoV coverage can be improved by sharing FoV regions between different overlapping waveguides. It may be advantageous to avoid color imbalances arising in the shared FoV regions. Stacked red, green, and blue waveguide layers may be used. It has been discovered that FoV region sharing by stacked monochromatic layers can be used to improve FoV coverage.

In some embodiments, the first FoV 210a and the second FoV 210b may be square or rectangular. In many embodiments, the first FoV 210a and the second FoV 210b may not be square or rectangular. In some embodiments, the overlapping gratings can have asymmetrically disposed k-vectors. For example, FIG. 23A if the waveguide and grating structures are identical then an axis of symmetry exists along the diagonal of the square formed by the waveguide overlap region where the first IDA waveguide 2204a and the second IDA waveguide 2204b overlap. The grating k-vectors may be symmetrically disposed around this axis. In other embodiments, the waveguide may have different dimensions and the first IDA waveguide 2204a and the second IDA waveguide 2204b may be non-orthogonal. Hence the overlap region diagonal may not necessarily provide an axis of symmetry. In such cases, the k-vectors of the two waveguides may be asymmetric.

FIG. 24A illustrates an IDA grating device including two overlapping spaced waveguides in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. The IDA grating device includes a headband 2400 which includes a first input pupil 2402a and a second input pupil 2402b. The IDA grating device 2300 may include a first IDA waveguide 2404a and a second IDA waveguide 2404b at least partially positioned in an eyepiece 2406. The first IDA waveguide 2404a may receive light from a first input pupil 2402a and the second IDA waveguide 2404b may receive light from a second input pupil 2402b. The first IDA waveguide 2404a and the second IDA waveguide 2404b share many of the features of the first IDA waveguide 2204a and the second IDA waveguide 2204b described in connection with FIG. 23A which will not be repeated in detail. The first IDA waveguide 2404a and the second IDA waveguide 2404b may be spaced apart by air. The first IDA waveguide 2404a may inject light into an eyebox with a first FoV 2410a and the second IDA waveguide 2404b may inject light into the eyebox with a second FoV 2410b. In some embodiments, the first IDA waveguide 2404a and the second IDA waveguide 2404b may be spaced apart by a substance other than air such as a transparent epoxy.

In some embodiments, the first IDA waveguide 2404a and the second IDA waveguide 2404b may be shaped to fit in a certain augmented reality lens. Each of the first IDA waveguide 2404a and the second IDA waveguide 2404b may be aligned symmetrically relative to the vertical axis providing a maximum vertical FoV 412 of 50°. As illustrated, the first IDA waveguide 2404a and the second IDA waveguide 2404b may be clocked such that one or more projectors that feed light into of the first IDA waveguide 2404a and the second IDA waveguide 2404b are located in the headband 2400. The clocked first IDA waveguide 2404a and the clocked second IDA waveguide 2404b causes the first FoV 2410a and the second FoV 2410b to be clocked.

FIG. 24B illustrates the eyebox of FIG. 24A in relation to a circular region 2216. As illustrated, the first FoV 2410a and the second FoV 2410b may include a portion of the circular region 2216. Each of the first FoV 2410a and the second FoV 2410b may include a vertical FoV and a horizontal FoV. In some embodiments, the horizontal FoV may be and the vertical FoV may be 40°. In some embodiments, the horizontal FoV may be and the vertical FoV may be 35°. As described previously in connection with FIG. 23B, the FoV cut-offs may not be sharply defined. The first FoV 2410a and the second FoV 2410b may not be sharply defined. the first FoV 2410a and the second FoV 2410b may include FoV regions outside the crossed rectangular FOV overlap areas in FIG. 24B. For example, the region 2414 of the eyebox located above the first FoV 2410a may include a portion of the FoV region. Sharp FoV cut-offs may occur with laser illumination. It has been discovered that an LED light source is less likely to cause sharp FoV cut-offs. In some embodiments, an LED light source may be used which may fill in the FoV gaps in the circular region 2216. For example, in many green display embodiments, a phosphor green LED with approximately a 100 nm full width half maximum (FWHM) spectral width can be used to fill in the FoV gaps in the circular region 2216. In some embodiments, FoV coverage can be improved by sharing FoV regions between different overlapping waveguides. It may be advantageous to avoid color imbalances arising in the shared FoV regions. Stacked red, green, and blue waveguide layers may be used. It has been discovered that FoV region sharing by stacked monochromatic layers can be used to improve FoV coverage.

In some embodiments, the first FoV 2410a and the second FoV 2410b may be square or rectangular. In many embodiments, the first FoV 2410a and the second FoV 2410b may not be square or rectangular. In some embodiments, the overlapping gratings can have asymmetrically disposed k-vectors. It should be apparent from consideration of the figures that, in some embodiments, the FoV coverage, including maximum vertical and horizontal FoV and the FoV aspect ratio, may be controlled using various combination of k-vectors and clock angles of the gratings within each waveguide and the clock angles of the overlapping waveguides. In some embodiments the same a range of useful FoV specifications, including maximum and horizontal FoV and FoV aspect ratios may be obtained from a single waveguide using variations of the above grating and waveguide parameters.

FIG. 25 schematically illustrates a binocular display supported by a headband including overlapping spaced waveguides in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. The binocular display includes a first eyepiece 2502a and a second eyepiece 2502b. The first eyepiece 2502a includes a first waveguide configuration 2506a and the second eyepiece 2502b includes a first waveguide configuration 2506a. The first waveguide configuration 2506a and the second waveguide configuration 2506b are identical to the configuration described in connection with FIG. 24A. A headband 2500 may be configured to incorporate multiple input pupils each with their corresponding projector. All of the projectors can be accommodated within the headband 2500. Many other arrangements for providing a binocular display based on the disclosed IDA waveguides have also been contemplated. The first waveguide configuration 2506a outputs light into a first eye 2504a and the second waveguide configuration 2506b outputs light into a second eye 2504b. The first eye 2504a and the second eye 2504b may have an interpupillary distance (IPD) of approximately 63 mm.

There may be many advantages of the IDA architectures described above. For example, one advantage of the IDA architecture discussed above is that the projectors can have lower resolutions in the overlap region. In many embodiments, the resolution in the overlap region can be enhanced by a factor of two. Doubling of resolution in the overlap regions may allow a specified optical resolution to be achieved using a projector of half the resolution in a configuration using a single projector and waveguide set up (e.g. FIG. 22A). In some embodiments, the projectors can be aligned with a half pixel offset. The maximum resolution available from the two projectors can be provided in the center field region. In some embodiments, the resolution may further be increased through the use of switching gratings configured to apply time-sequenced sub-pixel angular offset to the waveguided light. Examples of configurations which use switching gratings to achieve increased resolution are described in U.S. Pat. No. 10,942,430, entitled “Systems and Methods for Multiplying the Image Resolution of a Pixelated Display” and filed Oct. 16, 2018, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. This reference discloses apparatus and methods for multiplying the effective resolution of a waveguide grating display using switching gratings configured to apply time-sequenced sub-pixel angular offset to the waveguided image light. While applying switching gratings may increase resolution, the increased resolution is achieved through displaying different offset images at different times which may decrease the available displayed frame rate. Advantageously, the IDA architecture may apply the corresponding pixel offset simultaneously allowing higher frame rates to be achieved.

In some embodiments, the waveguide-based display may include one or more cameras. In many embodiments, the projectors can be boresight-aligned with the cameras integrated in the display. In some embodiments, the cameras may be aligned to the same sub-pixel accuracy as the projectors (e.g. half pixel accuracy) and synchronized with the projectors. In such embodiments, the display pixel offset direction may complement the camera pixel offset direction.

Combining the illumination from two projectors within the grating overlap region may result in a doubling of image brightness. However, it may be advantageous to avoid a corresponding relative dimming of non-overlapped regions (e.g. the regions of the first IDA waveguide 2204a and the second IDA waveguide 2204b that do not overlap in FIG. 23A). In general, having too many layers can impact image contrast. In many embodiments, multiplexing can be used to reduce the number of layers. In some embodiments, the waveguide-based display may include four multiplexed prescription fold/output arrangements (e.g. FIG. 23A). However, dimming may still be a potential risk in single layer multiplexed grating waveguide architectures (e.g. FIG. 22A). Optimization of the overlap geometry of the overlapping fold gratings may mitigate the risk of a dim single layer multiplexed grating waveguide architecture.

In some embodiments, the waveguide-based display may be monochromatic. In many embodiments, the apparatus discussed above can be extended to displays including two or more colors (e.g. three color displays including red, green, and blue) by providing additional monochromatic waveguide layers. In many embodiments, a two-waveguide solution can be used to display red, green, and blue. The two-waveguide solution may include one waveguide layer display red and one waveguide layer for propagating both blue and green wavelength bands.

The embodiments described here can also be applied to other waveguide devices using IDA architectures such as, for example, automotive heads up displays and waveguide sensors, such as eye tracker and LIDAR.

In many embodiments, the waveguides disclosed herein can incorporate at least one of a reflective coating, a reflection grating, an alignment layer, a polarization rotation layer, a low index clad layer, a variable refractive index layer, or a gradient index (GRIN) structure. In some embodiments, an IDA waveguide can be formed on curved substrates.

In some embodiments, IDA gratings can be recorded in material having wavelength sensitivity selected from a group containing at least two different wavelength sensitivities. In some embodiments, IDA gratings can be recorded in material having holographic exposure time including at least two different holographic exposure times.

In some embodiments, IDA gratings can support ray path lengths within the IDA grating differing by a distance shorter than the coherence length of the light source.

In many embodiments, the input coupler into the waveguide can comprise a plurality of gratings. In further embodiments, the input coupler into the waveguide can incorporate polarization selection. In further embodiments, the input coupler into the waveguide can incorporate polarization rotation.

In some embodiments, the IDA gratings can be configured as two or more grating regions or arrays of grating elements each region or element having unique spectral and/or angular prescriptions. Such configurations may be used to provide single layer color imaging system where different colors may be output using a single grating. Examples of a single layer color imaging system are disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/647,408, entitled “Grating Structures for Color Waveguides” and filed Jan. 7, 2022 which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.

In many embodiments, the IDA grating can be formed in monomer and liquid crystal material systems. In many embodiments, the gratings can be formed as an Evacuated Periodic Structure (EPS) such as an Evacuated Bragg Gratings (EBGs), as disclosed in United States Pat. App. Pub. No. US 2021/0063634 entitled “Evacuating Bragg Gratings and Methods of Manufacturing” and filed Aug. 28, 2020 which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes. Also, EPSs are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/653,818, entitled “Evacuated Periotic Structures and Methods of Manufacturing” and filed on Mar. 7, 2022, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes. In many embodiments, as described in the above incorporated references, EPSs can be at least partially backfilled with a material of higher or lower average refractive index than the average refractive index of the evacuated grating. In many embodiments, the IDA gratings can employ one or more optical layers between the grating and the substrate (e.g. one or more bias layers) for controlling coupling between waveguide substrates and gratings, as disclosed in the above incorporated references. In many embodiments, the gratings can be formed as Surface Relief Gratings (SRGs) fabricated using plasma etching and nanoimprint lithographic techniques.

Although only a few embodiments have been described in detail in this disclosure, many other embodiments have been contemplated. For example, variations in sizes, dimensions, structures, shapes and proportions of the various elements, values of parameters (e.g. FoV, clock angle, inter pupillary distance, grating average refractive index, etc.), use of materials, orientations, etc. Other substitutions, modifications, changes, arrangements, and omissions may be made in the design or embodiments without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.

While the above description contains many specific embodiments of the invention, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the invention, but rather as an example of one embodiment thereof. It is therefore to be understood that the present invention may be practiced in ways other than specifically described, without departing from the scope and spirit of the present invention. Thus, embodiments of the present invention should be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive. Accordingly, the scope of the invention should be determined not by the embodiments illustrated, but by the appended claims and their equivalents.

Popovich, Milan Momcilo, Waldern, Jonathan David, Grant, Alastair John, He, Sihui, Lao, Edward, Conley Smith, Roger Allen, Shams, Nima

Patent Priority Assignee Title
Patent Priority Assignee Title
10025093, Apr 13 2016 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC Waveguide-based displays with exit pupil expander
10067347, Apr 13 2016 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC Waveguides with improved intensity distributions
10088675, May 18 2015 Rockwell Collins, Inc. Turning light pipe for a pupil expansion system and method
10088686, Dec 16 2016 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC MEMS laser scanner having enlarged FOV
10089516, Jul 31 2013 DigiLens, Inc. Method and apparatus for contact image sensing
10095045, Sep 12 2016 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC Waveguide comprising a bragg polarization grating
10107966, Sep 06 2017 International Business Machines Corporation Single-mode polymer waveguide connector assembly
10114220, Aug 03 2014 SNAP INC Exit pupil expanding diffractive optical waveguiding device
10126552, May 18 2015 Rockwell Collins, Inc. Micro collimator system and method for a head up display (HUD)
10145533, Nov 11 2005 SBG LABS, INC Compact holographic illumination device
10156681, Feb 12 2015 Digilens Inc.; Rockwell Collins Inc. Waveguide grating device
10162181, Dec 03 2015 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC Display device with optics for brightness uniformity tuning having DOE optically coupled to receive light at central and peripheral regions
10185154, Apr 07 2011 DIGILENS INC Laser despeckler based on angular diversity
10197804, Apr 25 2016 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC Refractive coating for diffractive optical elements
10209517, May 20 2013 DIGILENS INC Holographic waveguide eye tracker
10216061, Jan 06 2012 DIGILENS INC Contact image sensor using switchable bragg gratings
10234696, Jul 26 2007 DigiLens, Inc. Optical apparatus for recording a holographic device and method of recording
10241330, Sep 19 2014 DIGILENS INC Method and apparatus for generating input images for holographic waveguide displays
10241332, Oct 08 2015 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC Reducing stray light transmission in near eye display using resonant grating filter
10247943, May 18 2015 Rockwell Collins, Inc. Head up display (HUD) using a light pipe
10281725, Feb 29 2016 Seiko Epson Corporation Light flux diameter expanding element and image display device
10330777, Jan 20 2015 DIGILENS INC Holographic waveguide lidar
10345519, Apr 11 2018 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC Integrated optical beam steering system
10359627, Nov 10 2015 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC Waveguide coatings or substrates to improve intensity distributions having adjacent planar optical component separate from an input, output, or intermediate coupler
10359635, Aug 03 2014 SNAP INC Exit pupil expanding diffractive optical waveguiding device
10359736, Aug 08 2014 DIGILENS INC Method for holographic mastering and replication
10409144, Oct 09 2009 DIGILENS INC Diffractive waveguide providing structured illumination for object detection
10423222, Sep 26 2014 DIGILENS INC Holographic waveguide optical tracker
10423813, Jul 31 2013 DIGILENS INC Method and apparatus for contact image sensing
10437051, May 11 2012 Digilens Inc. Apparatus for eye tracking
10437064, Jan 12 2015 DIGILENS INC Environmentally isolated waveguide display
1043938,
10444510, Oct 11 2016 META PLATFORMS TECHNOLOGIES, LLC Opposed gratings in a waveguide display
10459145, Mar 16 2015 DIGILENS INC Waveguide device incorporating a light pipe
10459311, Jan 06 2012 DIGILENS INC Contact image sensor using switchable Bragg gratings
10509241, Sep 30 2009 Rockwell Collins, Inc Optical displays
10527797, Feb 12 2015 Digilens Inc.; Rockwell Collins Inc. Waveguide grating device
10532594, Nov 29 2017 Seiko Epson Corporation Recording apparatus
10545346, Jan 05 2017 DIGILENS INC Wearable heads up displays
10551616, Dec 09 2016 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC Display device system with tilted lens group to prevent ghost images
10560688, May 22 2017 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC Display device system with non-telecentric imaging to prevent ghost images
10569449, Sep 13 2017 META PLATFORMS TECHNOLOGIES, LLC Nanoimprint lithography system and method
10578876, Sep 10 2018 META PLATFORMS TECHNOLOGIES, LLC Waveguide having a phase-matching region
10591756, Mar 31 2015 DIGILENS INC Method and apparatus for contact image sensing
10598938, Nov 09 2018 META PLATFORMS TECHNOLOGIES, LLC Angular selective grating coupler for waveguide display
10613268, Mar 07 2017 META PLATFORMS TECHNOLOGIES, LLC High refractive index gratings for waveguide displays manufactured by self-aligned stacked process
10642058, Aug 24 2011 DIGILENS INC Wearable data display
10649119, Jul 16 2018 META PLATFORMS TECHNOLOGIES, LLC Duty cycle, depth, and surface energy control in nano fabrication
10670876, Aug 08 2014 DIGILENS INC Waveguide laser illuminator incorporating a despeckler
10678053, Apr 27 2009 DIGILENS INC Diffractive projection apparatus
10690831, Nov 20 2018 META PLATFORMS TECHNOLOGIES, LLC Anisotropically formed diffraction grating device
10690851, Mar 16 2018 DIGILENS INC Holographic waveguides incorporating birefringence control and methods for their fabrication
10690915, Apr 25 2012 Rockwell Collins, Inc.; SBG Labs, Inc. Holographic wide angle display
10690916, Oct 05 2015 DIGILENS INC Apparatus for providing waveguide displays with two-dimensional pupil expansion
10698214, Jan 17 2017 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC Optical device to improve image uniformity
10705281, Oct 05 2016 LELIS, INC , AS AGENT Mode-selectable backlight, method, and display employing directional scattering features
10712571, May 20 2013 DIGILENS INC Holograghic waveguide eye tracker
10725312, Jul 26 2007 SBG LABS, INC Laser illumination device
10732351, Apr 23 2018 META PLATFORMS TECHNOLOGIES, LLC Gratings with variable depths formed using planarization for waveguide displays
10732569, Jan 08 2018 DIGILENS INC Systems and methods for high-throughput recording of holographic gratings in waveguide cells
10746989, May 18 2015 Rockwell Collins, Inc. Micro collimator system and method for a head up display (HUD)
10747982, Jul 31 2013 Digilens Inc. Method and apparatus for contact image sensing
10795160, Sep 25 2014 Rockwell Collins, Inc Systems for and methods of using fold gratings for dual axis expansion
10823887, Jan 23 2018 META PLATFORMS TECHNOLOGIES, LLC Diffraction grating with a variable refractive index using multiple resins
10859768, Mar 24 2016 DIGILENS INC Method and apparatus for providing a polarization selective holographic waveguide device
10859837, Sep 21 2018 GOOGLE LLC Optical combiner lens for wearable heads-up display
10890707, Apr 11 2016 DIGILENS INC Holographic waveguide apparatus for structured light projection
10914950, Jan 08 2018 DIGILENS INC Waveguide architectures and related methods of manufacturing
10942430, Oct 16 2017 DIGILENS INC Systems and methods for multiplying the image resolution of a pixelated display
10983257, Nov 21 2017 META PLATFORMS TECHNOLOGIES, LLC Fabrication of self-aligned grating elements with high refractive index for waveguide displays
10983340, Feb 04 2016 DIGILENS INC Holographic waveguide optical tracker
10983346, Sep 07 2017 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC Display apparatuses, systems and methods including curved waveguides
11009699, May 11 2012 Digilens Inc. Apparatus for eye tracking
11103892, Sep 25 2018 META PLATFORMS TECHNOLOGIES, LLC Initiated chemical vapor deposition method for forming nanovoided polymers
11106048, Aug 08 2014 Digilens Inc. Waveguide laser illuminator incorporating a despeckler
11107972, Dec 11 2018 META PLATFORMS TECHNOLOGIES, LLC Nanovoided tunable optics
11137603, Jun 20 2019 META PLATFORMS TECHNOLOGIES, LLC Surface-relief grating with patterned refractive index modulation
11169314, Mar 16 2015 Digilens Inc. Waveguide device incorporating a light pipe
11175512, Apr 27 2009 Digilens Inc.; Rockwell Collins, Inc. Diffractive projection apparatus
11194098, Feb 12 2015 Digilens Inc.; Rockwell Collins Inc. Waveguide grating device
11194159, Jan 12 2015 Digilens Inc. Environmentally isolated waveguide display
11194162, Jan 05 2017 Digilens Inc. Wearable heads up displays
11204540, Oct 09 2009 Digilens Inc. Diffractive waveguide providing a retinal image
11231544, Nov 06 2015 CITIBANK, N A Metasurfaces for redirecting light and methods for fabricating
11243333, Oct 24 2018 META PLATFORMS TECHNOLOGIES, LLC Nanovoided optical structures and corresponding systems and methods
11256155, Jan 06 2012 Digilens Inc. Contact image sensor using switchable Bragg gratings
11281013, Oct 05 2015 Digilens Inc. Apparatus for providing waveguide displays with two-dimensional pupil expansion
11300795, Sep 30 2009 Digilens Inc.; Rockwell Collins, Inc. Systems for and methods of using fold gratings coordinated with output couplers for dual axis expansion
11306193, Dec 10 2018 META PLATFORMS TECHNOLOGIES, LLC Methods for forming ordered and disordered nanovoided composite polymers
11307357, Dec 28 2018 META PLATFORMS TECHNOLOGIES, LLC Overcoating slanted surface-relief structures using atomic layer deposition
11307432, Aug 08 2014 Digilens Inc. Waveguide laser illuminator incorporating a Despeckler
11320571, Nov 16 2012 DIGILENS INC Transparent waveguide display providing upper and lower fields of view with uniform light extraction
11340386, Dec 07 2018 META PLATFORMS TECHNOLOGIES, LLC Index-gradient structures with nanovoided materials and corresponding systems and methods
11378732, Mar 12 2019 DIGILENS INC Holographic waveguide backlight and related methods of manufacturing
11391950, Jun 26 2019 META PLATFORMS TECHNOLOGIES, LLC Techniques for controlling effective refractive index of gratings
11402801, Jul 25 2018 DIGILENS INC Systems and methods for fabricating a multilayer optical structure
11442222, Aug 29 2019 DIGILENS INC Evacuated gratings and methods of manufacturing
11448937, Nov 16 2012 Digilens Inc.; Rockwell Collins, Inc Transparent waveguide display for tiling a display having plural optical powers using overlapping and offset FOV tiles
11460621, Apr 25 2012 Rockwell Collins, Inc.; Digilens Inc. Holographic wide angle display
11480788, Jan 12 2015 Digilens Inc. Light field displays incorporating holographic waveguides
11487131, Apr 07 2011 Digilens Inc. Laser despeckler based on angular diversity
11513350, Dec 02 2016 DIGILENS INC Waveguide device with uniform output illumination
11543594, Feb 15 2019 DIGILENS INC Methods and apparatuses for providing a holographic waveguide display using integrated gratings
11561409, Jul 26 2007 Digilens Inc. Laser illumination device
11573483, Oct 16 2017 Digilens Inc. Systems and methods for multiplying the image resolution of a pixelated display
11586046, Jan 05 2017 Digilens Inc. Wearable heads up displays
11592614, Aug 29 2019 Digilens Inc. Evacuated gratings and methods of manufacturing
11604314, Mar 24 2016 Digilens Inc. Method and apparatus for providing a polarization selective holographic waveguide device
11709373, Aug 08 2014 Digilens Inc. Waveguide laser illuminator incorporating a despeckler
11747568, Jun 07 2019 DIGILENS INC Waveguides incorporating transmissive and reflective gratings and related methods of manufacturing
11899238, Aug 29 2019 Digilens Inc. Evacuated gratings and methods of manufacturing
2141884,
3482498,
3620601,
3741716,
3804496,
3843231,
3851303,
3885095,
3940204, Jan 23 1975 Hughes Aircraft Company Optical display systems utilizing holographic lenses
3965029, Feb 04 1974 Kent State University Liquid crystal materials
3975711, Aug 30 1974 Sperry Rand Corporation Real time fingerprint recording terminal
4028725, Apr 21 1976 Grumman Aerospace Corporation High-resolution vision system
4035068, Jun 25 1975 Xerox Corporation Speckle minimization in projection displays by reducing spatial coherence of the image light
4038110, Jun 17 1974 IBM Corporation Planarization of integrated circuit surfaces through selective photoresist masking
4066334, Jan 06 1975 National Research Development Corporation Liquid crystal light deflector
4082432, Jan 09 1975 AlliedSignal Inc Head-up visual display system using on-axis optics with image window at the focal plane of the collimating mirror
4099841, Jun 30 1976 Elliott Brothers (London) Limited Head up displays using optical combiner with three or more partially reflective films
4133152, Jun 25 1975 Set of tiles for covering a surface
4178074, Mar 28 1977 Elliott Brothers (London) Limited Head-up displays
4218111, Jul 10 1978 Hughes Aircraft Company Holographic head-up displays
4232943, Sep 13 1975 Pilkington P. E. Limited Modified Petzval lens
4248093, Apr 13 1979 The Boeing Company Holographic resolution of complex sound fields
4251137, Sep 28 1977 RCA Corporation Tunable diffractive subtractive filter
4309070, Jan 19 1979 SMITHS INDUSTRIES LIMITED, CRICKLEWOOD, LONDON, NW2 6JN, ENGLAND A BRITISH COMPANY Display apparatus
4322163, Oct 25 1977 FINGERMATRIX, INC , A NY CORP Finger identification
4386361, Sep 26 1980 MAGNESENSORS, INC Thin film SQUID with low inductance
4389612, Jun 17 1980 S H E CORPORTION Apparatus for reducing low frequency noise in dc biased SQUIDS
4403189, Aug 25 1980 S.H.E. Corporation Superconducting quantum interference device having thin film Josephson junctions
4403827, Sep 12 1980 McDonnell Douglas Corporation Process for producing a diffraction grating
4418993, May 07 1981 Real D Stereoscopic zoom lens system for three-dimensional motion pictures and television
4472037, Aug 24 1981 Real D Additive color means for the calibration of stereoscopic projection
4523226, Jan 27 1982 Real D Stereoscopic television system
4544267, Oct 25 1977 FINGERMATRIX, INC , A NY CORP Finger identification
4562463, May 15 1981 Real D Stereoscopic television system with field storage for sequential display of right and left images
4566758, May 09 1983 Tektronix, Inc Rapid starting, high-speed liquid crystal variable optical retarder
4583117, Jul 17 1984 Real D Stereoscopic video camera
4643515, Apr 01 1985 WACHOVIA BANK, NATIONAL Method and apparatus for recording and displaying edge-illuminated holograms
4647967, Jan 28 1986 AlliedSignal Inc Head-up display independent test site
4688900, Mar 19 1984 KENT STATE UNIVERSITY, KENT, OH 44242 Light modulating material comprising a liquid crystal dispersion in a plastic matrix
4711512, Jul 12 1985 WACHOVIA BANK, NATIONAL Compact head-up display
4714320, Aug 21 1980 The Secretary of State for Defence in Her Britannic Majesty's Government Display systems
4728547, Jun 10 1985 BROWN UNIVERSITY RESEARCH FOUNDATION, INC Liquid crystal droplets dispersed in thin films of UV-curable polymers
4729640, Oct 03 1984 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Liquid crystal light modulation device
4741926, Oct 29 1985 Intersil Corporation Spin-coating procedure
4743083, Dec 30 1985 Cylindrical diffraction grating couplers and distributed feedback resonators for guided wave devices
4749256, Feb 13 1987 GEC Avionics, Inc. Mounting apparatus for head-up display
4765703, Aug 05 1985 Brother Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Optical deflector
4775218, Apr 17 1987 Flight Dynamics Combiner alignment detector for head up display system
4791788, Aug 24 1987 Quantum Design, Inc. Method for obtaining improved temperature regulation when using liquid helium cooling
4792850, Nov 25 1987 Real D Method and system employing a push-pull liquid crystal modulator
4794021, Nov 13 1986 Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation Method of providing a planarized polymer coating on a substrate wafer
4799765, Mar 31 1986 Hughes Aircraft Company Integrated head-up and panel display unit
4811414, Feb 27 1987 DIGITAL BIOMETRICS, INC Methods for digitally noise averaging and illumination equalizing fingerprint images
4848093, Aug 24 1987 Quantum Design Apparatus and method for regulating temperature in a cryogenic test chamber
4852988, Sep 12 1988 Applied Science Laboratories; APPLIED SCIENCE LABORATORIES, 335 BEAR HILL ROAD WALTHAM, MASSACHUSETTS 02154 Visor and camera providing a parallax-free field-of-view image for a head-mounted eye movement measurement system
4854688, Apr 14 1988 Honeywell Inc. Optical arrangement
4860294, Mar 30 1987 Infineon Technologies AG; Infineon Technologies Fiber Optics GmbH Integrated-optical arrangement for bidirectional optical message or signal transmission
4884876, Oct 30 1983 Real D Achromatic liquid crystal shutter for stereoscopic and other applications
4890902, Mar 19 1984 KENT STATE UNIVERSITY, A UNIVERSITY CHARTERED UNDER THE LAWS OF OH Liquid crystal light modulating materials with selectable viewing angles
4928301, Dec 30 1988 The Regents of the University of California Teleconferencing terminal with camera behind display screen
4933976, Jan 25 1988 DIGITAL BIOMETRICS, INC System for generating rolled fingerprint images
4938568, Jan 05 1988 Victor Company of Japan, LTD Polymer dispersed liquid crystal film devices, and method of forming the same
4946245, Oct 01 1987 BRITISH TELECOMMUNICATIONS PUBLIC LIMITED COMPANY, A BRITISH COMPANY Optical filters
4960311, Aug 31 1989 DAI NIPPON PRINTING CO , LTD Holographic exposure system for computer generated holograms
4964701, Oct 04 1988 Raytheon Company Deflector for an optical beam
4967268, Jul 31 1989 Real D Liquid crystal shutter system for stereoscopic and other applications
4970129, Dec 19 1986 Polaroid Corporation; POLAROID CORPORATION, A CORP OF DE Holograms
4971719, Sep 22 1989 BROWN UNIVERSITY RESEARCH FOUNDATION, INC Polymer dispersed liquid crystal films formed by electron beam curing
4994204, Nov 04 1988 Kent State University Light modulating materials comprising a liquid crystal phase dispersed in a birefringent polymeric phase
5004323, Aug 30 1988 Kent State University Extended temperature range polymer dispersed liquid crystal light shutters
5007711, Nov 30 1988 Flight Dynamics Compact arrangement for head-up display components
5009483, Apr 12 1989 Optical waveguide display system
5011624, Dec 30 1987 Acrylate polymer-dispersed liquid crystal material and device made therefrom
5016953, Aug 31 1989 DAI NIPPON PRINTING CO , LTD Reduction of noise in computer generated holograms
5033814, Apr 10 1989 Nilford Laboratories, Inc. Line light source
5035734, Apr 13 1989 Oy Nokia AB Method of producing optical waveguides
5053834, Aug 31 1990 QUANTUM DESIGN, INC High symmetry dc SQUID system
5063441, Oct 11 1990 RealD Inc Stereoscopic video cameras with image sensors having variable effective position
5076664, May 23 1989 Thomson-CSF Optical device enabling the introduction of a collimated image in an observer's field of vision
5079416, Oct 26 1988 Night Vision General Partnership Compact see-through night vision goggles
5096282, Jan 05 1988 BROWN UNIVERSITY RESEARCH FOUNDATION, INC Polymer dispersed liquid crystal film devices
5099343, May 25 1989 Hughes Electronics Corporation Edge-illuminated liquid crystal display devices
5106181, Apr 12 1989 Optical waveguide display system
5109465, Jan 16 1990 Summit Technology, Inc. Beam homogenizer
5110034, Aug 30 1990 QUANTUM DESIGN, INC Superconducting bonds for thin film devices
5117285, Jan 15 1991 Regents of the University of California, The Eye contact apparatus for video conferencing
5117302, Apr 13 1990 Real D High dynamic range electro-optical shutter for steroscopic and other applications
5119454, May 23 1988 Senshin Capital, LLC Bulk optic wavelength division multiplexer
5124821, Mar 31 1987 Thomson CSF Large-field holographic binocular helmet visor
5138687, Sep 26 1989 Omron Corporation Rib optical waveguide and method of manufacturing the same
5139192, Aug 30 1990 QUANTUM DESIGN, INC Superconducting bonds for thin film devices
5142357, Oct 11 1990 RealD Inc Stereoscopic video camera with image sensors having variable effective position
5142644, Mar 08 1991 BROWN UNIVERSITY RESEARCH FOUNDATION, INC Electrical contacts for polymer dispersed liquid crystal films
5148302, Apr 10 1986 Optical modulation element having two-dimensional phase type diffraction grating
5150234, Aug 08 1988 Olympus Optical Co., Ltd. Imaging apparatus having electrooptic devices comprising a variable focal length lens
5151958, Aug 23 1990 Schofield Technologies LLC Adaptor device for coupling together optical waveguides produced by K-Na ion exchange with optical waveguides produced by Ag-Na ion exchange
5153751, Apr 27 1990 Central Glass Company, Limited; NISSAN MOTOR CO , LTD Holographic display element
5159445, Dec 31 1990 AT&T Bell Laboratories; AMERICAN TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH COMPANY, A CORP OF NY Teleconferencing video display system for improving eye contact
5160523, Jul 10 1990 Oy Nokia AB Method of producing optical waveguides by an ion exchange technique on a glass substrate
5181133, May 15 1991 RealD Inc Drive method for twisted nematic liquid crystal shutters for stereoscopic and other applications
5183545, Apr 28 1989 W L GORE & ASSOCIATES, INC Electrolytic cell with composite, porous diaphragm
5187597, Jun 29 1990 Fujitsu Limited Display unit
5193000, Aug 28 1991 RealD Inc Multiplexing technique for stereoscopic video system
5198912, Jan 12 1990 Senshin Capital, LLC Volume phase hologram with liquid crystal in microvoids between fringes
5198914, Nov 26 1991 DAI NIPPON PRINTING CO , LTD Automatic constant wavelength holographic exposure system
5200861, Sep 27 1991 3M Innovative Properties Company Lens systems
5210624, Sep 19 1989 Fujitsu Limited Heads-up display
5210801, Apr 03 1990 Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique Environmentally protected integrated optical component and its production process
5218360, May 23 1991 Northrop Grumman Systems Corporation Millimeter-wave aircraft landing and taxing system
5218480, Dec 03 1991 3M Innovative Properties Company Retrofocus wide angle lens
5224198, Sep 30 1991 RYO HOLDINGS, LLC Waveguide virtual image display
5225918, Jul 18 1990 MORI SEIKI CO , LTD Hologram scale, apparatus for making hologram scale, moving member having hologram scale assembled hologram scale and apparatus for making assembled hologram scale
5239372, Dec 31 1991 RealD Inc Stereoscopic video projection system
5240636, Apr 11 1988 Kent State University Light modulating materials comprising a liquid crystal microdroplets dispersed in a birefringent polymeric matri method of making light modulating materials
5241337, May 13 1991 Eastman Kodak Company Real image viewfinder requiring no field lens
5242476, Sep 06 1990 KABELMETAL ELECTRO GMBH, A CORP OF THE FED REP OF GERMANY Process for the preparation of glass fiber optical waveguides with increased tensile strength
5243413, Sep 02 1992 AT&T Bell Laboratories Color parallax-free camera and display
5251048, May 18 1992 Kent State University Method and apparatus for electronic switching of a reflective color display
5264950, Jan 06 1992 Kent State University Light modulating device with polarizer and liquid crystal interspersed as spherical or randomly distorted droplets in isotropic polymer
5268792, May 20 1991 Eastman Kodak Company Zoom lens
5284499, May 01 1992 CORNIGN INCORPORATED, A CORP OF NY Method and apparatus for drawing optical fibers
5289315, May 29 1991 Central Glass Company, Limited Head-up display system including a uniformly reflecting layer and a selectively reflecting layer
5295208, Feb 26 1992 UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA IN HUNTSVILLE, THE Multimode waveguide holograms capable of using non-coherent light
5296967, Mar 02 1992 3M Innovative Properties Company High speed wide angle projection TV lens system
5299289, Jun 11 1991 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Polymer dispersed liquid crystal panel with diffraction grating
5303085, Feb 07 1992 i-O Display Systems LLC Optically corrected helmet mounted display
5306923, Dec 04 1991 Avanex Corporation Optoelectric device with a very low series resistance
5309283, Mar 30 1993 3M Innovative Properties Company Hybrid, color-corrected, projection TV lens system
5313330, Aug 31 1992 3M Innovative Properties Company Zoom projection lens systems
5315324, Dec 09 1992 Delphax Systems High precision charge imaging cartridge
5315419, May 19 1992 Kent State University Method of producing a homogeneously aligned chiral smectic C liquid crystal having homeotropic alignment layers
5315440, Nov 04 1991 Eastman Kodak Company Zoom lens having weak front lens group
5317405, Mar 08 1991 Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation Display and image capture apparatus which enables eye contact
5327269, May 13 1992 Standish Industries, Inc. Fast switching 270° twisted nematic liquid crystal device and eyewear incorporating the device
5329363, Jun 15 1993 3M Innovative Properties Company Projection lens systems having reduced spherochromatism
5341230, Dec 22 1992 Delphi Technologies Inc Waveguide holographic telltale display
5343147, Sep 08 1992 Quantum Magnetics, Inc. Method and apparatus for using stochastic excitation and a superconducting quantum interference device (SAUID) to perform wideband frequency response measurements
5351151, Feb 01 1993 Optical filter using microlens arrays
5359362, Mar 30 1993 NEC Corporation Videoconference system using a virtual camera image
5363220, Jun 03 1988 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Diffraction device
5368770, Jun 01 1992 Kent State University Method of preparing thin liquid crystal films
5369511, Aug 21 1989 KHAFREN, INC Methods of and apparatus for manipulating electromagnetic phenomenon
5371626, Mar 09 1993 BETENSKY, ELLIS Wide angle binocular system with variable power capability
5400069, Jun 16 1993 Regents of the University of California, The Eye contact video-conferencing system and screen
5408346, Oct 20 1993 Kaiser Electro-Optics, Inc. Optical collimating device employing cholesteric liquid crystal and a non-transmissive reflector
5410370, Dec 27 1990 North American Philips Corporation Single panel color projection video display improved scanning
5410376, Feb 04 1994 Pulse Medical Instruments Eye tracking method and apparatus
5416510, Aug 28 1991 RealD Inc Camera controller for stereoscopic video system
5416514, Dec 27 1990 North American Philips Corporation Single panel color projection video display having control circuitry for synchronizing the color illumination system with reading/writing of the light valve
5418584, Dec 31 1992 Honeywell INC Retroreflective array virtual image projection screen
5418871, Feb 16 1993 Eastman Kodak Company Multichannel optical waveguide page scanner with individually addressable electro-optic modulators
5428480, Feb 16 1993 Eastman Kodak Company; OPCON ASSOCIATES, INC Zoom lens having weak plastic element
5437811, May 02 1991 Kent State University Liquid crystalline light modulating device and material
5438357, Nov 23 1993 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC Image manipulating teleconferencing system
5452385, Mar 09 1993 Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha Optical scanning device an optical scanning type display and an image data input/output device
5453863, May 02 1991 Kent State University Multistable chiral nematic displays
5455693, Sep 24 1992 DAI NIPPON PRINTING CO , LTD Display hologram
5455713, Jun 23 1993 3M Innovative Properties Company High performance, thermally-stabilized projection television lens systems
5462700, Nov 08 1993 AlliedSignal Inc.; Allied-Signal Inc Process for making an array of tapered photopolymerized waveguides
5463428, Feb 08 1994 RealD Inc Wireless active eyewear for stereoscopic applications
5465311, Feb 26 1992 The University of Alabama in Huntsville Side illuminated multimode waveguide
5471326, Apr 30 1993 Northrop Grumman Systems Corporation Holographic laser scanner and rangefinder
5473222, Jul 05 1994 Delphi Technologies Inc Active matrix vacuum fluorescent display with microprocessor integration
5476611, Mar 31 1992 Merck Patent Gesellschaft mit Beschraenkter Haftung Electrooptical liquid crystal system
5481321, Jan 29 1991 RealD Inc Stereoscopic motion picture projection system
5481385, Jul 01 1993 AlliedSignal Inc. Direct view display device with array of tapered waveguide on viewer side
5485313, Oct 27 1993 Intellectual Ventures I LLC Zoom lens systems
5493430, Aug 03 1994 KENT DISPLAYS, INC Color, reflective liquid crystal displays
5493448, Nov 04 1991 Eastman Kodak Company Zoom lens having weak front lens group
5496621, Apr 16 1993 Central Glass Company, Limited Glass pane with reflectance reducing coating and combiner of head-up display system
5499140, Mar 09 1993 BETENSKY, ELLIS Wide angle binocular system with variable power capability
5500671, Oct 25 1994 AT&T IPM Corp Video conference system and method of providing parallax correction and a sense of presence
5500769, Mar 09 1993 BETENSKY, ELLIS Wide angle binocular system with variable power capability
5510913, Jul 23 1992 Central Glass Company, Limited; Nippon Oil Company, Ltd. Head-up display system where polarized light from a display impinges on a glass plate containing twisted nematic liquid crystal at the plate's Brewsters angle
5515184, Nov 12 1991 UNIVERSITY OF ALAMABA IN HUNTSVILLE, THE Waveguide hologram illuminators
5516455, May 03 1993 Loctite Corporation Polymer dispersed liquid crystals in radiation curable electron-rich alkene-thiol polymer mixtures
5524272, Dec 22 1993 GTE Wireless Incorporated; AIRFONE INC Method and apparatus for distributing program material
5528720, Mar 23 1992 3M Innovative Properties Company Tapered multilayer luminaire devices
5530566, Sep 24 1992 Kent State University Polymer dispersed ferroelectric smectic liquid crystal formed by inducing a force during phase separation
5532736, Jul 31 1992 Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation Display and image capture apparatus
5532875, Mar 09 1993 BETENSKY, ELLIS Wide angle binocular system with variable power capability
5537232, Oct 05 1993 Seiko Epson Corporation Reflection hologram multiple-color filter array formed by sequential exposure to a light source
5543950, May 04 1995 Kent State University Liquid crystalline electrooptical device
5544268, Sep 09 1994 GEMFIRE CORPORATION, A CALIFORNIA CORPORATION Display panel with electrically-controlled waveguide-routing
5559637, Feb 04 1994 3M Innovative Properties Company Field curvature corrector
5572248, Sep 19 1994 Polycom, Inc Teleconferencing method and system for providing face-to-face, non-animated teleconference environment
5572250, Oct 20 1994 RealD Inc Universal electronic stereoscopic display
5576888, Mar 09 1993 BETENSKY, ELLIS Wide angle binocular system with variable power capability
5579026, May 14 1993 Olympus Optical Co., Ltd. Image display apparatus of head mounted type
5583795, Mar 17 1995 The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Army Apparatus for measuring eye gaze and fixation duration, and method therefor
5585035, Aug 06 1993 Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company Light modulating device having a silicon-containing matrix
5593615, Apr 29 1994 Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company Light modulating device having a matrix prepared from acid reactants
5604611, Oct 09 1991 Nippondenso Co., Ltd. Hologram
5606433, Aug 31 1994 DAI NIPPON PRINTING CO , LTD Lamination of multilayer photopolymer holograms
5612733, Jul 18 1994 C-Phone Corporation Optics orienting arrangement for videoconferencing system
5612734, Nov 13 1995 Regents of the University of California, The Eye contact apparatus employing a directionally transmissive layer for video conferencing
5619254, Apr 11 1995 Compact teleconferencing eye contact terminal
5619586, Dec 20 1990 Thorn EMI plc Method and apparatus for producing a directly viewable image of a fingerprint
5621529, Apr 05 1995 General Electric Company Apparatus and method for projecting laser pattern with reduced speckle noise
5621552, Aug 29 1991 Merck Patent Gesellschaft Mit Beschrankter Haftung Electrooptical liquid crystal system containing dual frequency liquid crystal mixture
5625495, Dec 07 1994 3M Innovative Properties Company Telecentric lens systems for forming an image of an object composed of pixels
5629259, Apr 11 1986 Dai Nippon Insatsu Kabushiki Kaisha Image formation on objective bodies
5631107, Feb 18 1994 Nippondenso Co., Ltd. Method for producing optical member
5633100, Nov 27 1991 E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company Holographic imaging using filters
5646785, Nov 04 1993 ELBIT SYSTEMS LTD Helmet with wind resistant visor
5648857, Feb 18 1994 Nippondenso Co., Ltd. Manufacturing method for hologram which can prevent the formation of ghant holograms due to noise light
5661577, Apr 06 1990 University of Southern California Incoherent/coherent double angularly multiplexed volume holographic optical elements
5661603, Sep 05 1994 Olympus Optical Co., Ltd. Image display apparatus including a first and second prism array
5665494, Apr 17 1991 Nippon Paint Company, Ltd. Photosensitive composition for volume hologram recording
5668614, May 01 1995 KENT STATE UNIVERSITY, A NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATION Pixelized liquid crystal display materials including chiral material adopted to change its chirality upon photo-irradiation
5668907, Jan 11 1996 Brookhaven Science Associates Thin optical display panel
5677797, Feb 04 1994 3M Innovative Properties Company Method for correcting field curvature
5680231, Jun 06 1995 Hughes Electronics Corporation Holographic lenses with wide angular and spectral bandwidths for use in a color display device
5680411, Jun 02 1993 OCLARO NORTH AMERICA , INC Integrated monolithic laser-modulator component with multiple quantum well structure
5682255, Feb 26 1993 Yeda Research & Development Co. Ltd. Holographic optical devices for the transmission of optical signals of a plurality of channels
5686931, Nov 14 1994 Rolic AG Device for displaying colors produced by controllable cholesteric color filters
5686975, Oct 18 1993 RealD Inc Polarel panel for stereoscopic displays
5691795, May 02 1991 Kent State University Polymer stabilized liquid crystalline light modulating device and material
5694230, Jun 07 1995 FLIR Systems Trading Belgium BVBA Diffractive optical elements as combiners
5695682, May 02 1991 Kent State University Liquid crystalline light modulating device and material
5701132, Mar 29 1996 University of Washington Virtual retinal display with expanded exit pupil
5706108, Jul 20 1995 Nippondenso Co., Ltd. Hologram display apparatus including a curved surface of constant curvature
5706136, Feb 28 1995 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Optical system, and image observing apparatus and image pickup apparatus using it
5707925, Apr 11 1986 Dai Nippon Insatsu Kabushiki Kaisha Image formation on objective bodies
5710645, Jan 29 1993 KREMEN, MR STANLEY H Grazing incidence holograms and system and method for producing the same
5724189, Dec 15 1995 McDonnell Douglas Corporation Methods and apparatus for creating an aspheric optical element and the aspheric optical elements formed thereby
5724463, Sep 09 1994 GEMFIRE CORPORATION, A CALIFORNIA CORPORATION Projection display with electrically controlled waveguide-routing
5726782, Oct 09 1991 Nippondenso Co., Ltd. Hologram and method of fabricating
5727098, Sep 07 1994 Oscillating fiber optic display and imager
5729242, May 08 1996 Hughes Electronics Corporation Dual PDLC-projection head-up display
5731060, Feb 12 1996 Central Glass Company, Limited Holographic laminate
5731853, Feb 24 1995 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Display device
5736424, Feb 27 1987 Lucent Technologies Inc. Device fabrication involving planarization
5742262, Jun 23 1993 Olympus Optical Co., Ltd. Image display apparatus
5745266, Oct 02 1996 Delphi Technologies Inc Quarter-wave film for brightness enhancement of holographic thin taillamp
5745301, Dec 19 1994 BETENSKY, ELLIS Variable power lens systems for producing small images
5748272, Feb 22 1993 Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation Method for making an optical device using a laser beam interference pattern
5748277, Feb 17 1995 Kent State University Dynamic drive method and apparatus for a bistable liquid crystal display
5751452, Feb 22 1993 Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation Optical devices with high polymer material and method of forming the same
5757546, Dec 03 1993 Real D Electronic stereoscopic viewer
5760931, Dec 14 1992 Nippondenso Co., Ltd. Image display unit
5760960, May 19 1995 Cornell Research Foundation, Inc Cascaded self-induced holography
5764414, Aug 19 1991 HE HOLDINGS, INC , A DELAWARE CORP ; Raytheon Company Biocular display system using binary optics
5771320, Apr 30 1996 AVAGO TECHNOLOGIES GENERAL IP SINGAPORE PTE LTD Optical switching and routing system
5790288, Apr 15 1994 Schofield Technologies LLC Transport network with high transmission capacity for telecommunications
5790314, Jan 31 1997 JDS UNIPHASE INC Grin lensed optical device
5798641, Mar 17 1997 QUANTUM DESIGN INTERNATIONAL, INC Torque magnetometer utilizing integrated piezoresistive levers
5804609, Jun 10 1992 Merck Patent Gesellschaft Mit Beschrankter Haftung; Sharp Corporation Liquid crystal composite layer of the dispersion type, method for the production thereof and liquid crystal materials used therein
5808804, Sep 17 1996 3M Innovative Properties Company Projection television lens system
5812608, May 05 1995 Nokia Technology GmbH Method and circuit arrangement for processing received signal
5822089, Jan 29 1993 KREMEN, MR STANLEY H Grazing incidence holograms and system and method for producing the same
5822127, May 15 1995 L-3 Communications Corporation Low-cost light-weight head-mounted virtual-image projection display with low moments of inertia and low center of gravity
5825448, May 19 1995 Kent State University Reflective optically active diffractive device
5831700, May 19 1995 Kent State University Polymer stabilized four domain twisted nematic liquid crystal display
5835661, Oct 19 1994 CLIO TECHNOLOGIES, INC Light expanding system for producing a linear or planar light beam from a point-like light source
5841507, Jun 07 1995 Light intensity reduction apparatus and method
5841587, Nov 27 1996 3M Innovative Properties Company LCD projection lens
5847787, Aug 05 1996 MOTOROLA SOLUTIONS, INC Low driving voltage polymer dispersed liquid crystal display device with conductive nanoparticles
5856842, Aug 26 1997 Kaiser Optical Systems Corporation Apparatus facilitating eye-contact video communications
5857043, Jun 18 1997 Corning Incorporated Variable period amplitude grating mask and method for use
5867238, Jan 11 1991 Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company Polymer-dispersed liquid crystal device having an ultraviolet-polymerizable matrix and a variable optical transmission and a method for preparing same
5867618, Jun 10 1996 SUMITOMO ELECTRIC INDUSTRIES, LTD Optical fiber grating and method of manufacturing the same
5868951, May 09 1997 Intel Corporation Electro-optical device and method
5870228, May 16 1997 3M Innovative Properties Company Projection lenses having larger back focal length to focal length ratios
5875012, Jan 31 1997 Thomson Licensing Broadband reflective display, and methods of forming the same
5877826, Feb 06 1997 Kent State University Dual frequency switchable cholesteric liquid crystal light shutter and driving waveform
5886822, Apr 18 1997 GOOGLE LLC Image combining system for eyeglasses and face masks
5892598, Jul 18 1994 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Head up display unit, liquid crystal display panel, and method of fabricating the liquid crystal display panel
5892599, Jul 07 1995 EXACT INDENTIFICATION, CORP Miniature fingerprint sensor using a trapezoidal prism and a holographic optical element
5898511, Sep 03 1992 Nippondenso Co., Ltd. Process for making holograms and holography device
5900987, Feb 13 1997 3M Innovative Properties Company Zoom projection lenses for use with pixelized panels
5900989, Aug 16 1996 3M Innovative Properties Company Mini-zoom projection lenses for use with pixelized panels
5903395, Aug 31 1994 i-O Display Systems LLC Personal visual display system
5903396, Oct 17 1997 i/O Display Systems, LLC Intensified visual display
5907416, Jan 27 1997 Raytheon Company Wide FOV simulator heads-up display with selective holographic reflector combined
5907436, Sep 29 1995 Lawrence Livermore National Security LLC Multilayer dielectric diffraction gratings
5911018, Sep 09 1994 Gemfire Corporation Low loss optical switch with inducible refractive index boundary and spaced output target
5917459, Sep 07 1996 HANGER SOLUTIONS, LLC Holographic head up display
5926147, Aug 25 1995 Nokia Technologies Oy Planar antenna design
5929946, May 23 1995 RealD Inc Retarder stack for preconditioning light for a modulator having modulation and isotropic states of polarization
5929960, Oct 17 1997 Kent State University Method for forming liquid crystal display cell walls using a patterned electric field
5930433, Jul 23 1997 AVAGO TECHNOLOGIES GENERAL IP SINGAPORE PTE LTD Waveguide array document scanner
5936776, Sep 27 1996 3M Innovative Properties Company Focusable front projection lens systems for use with large screen formats
5937115, Feb 12 1997 Hoya Corporation Switchable optical components/structures and methods for the fabrication thereof
5942157, Jul 12 1996 Leidos, Inc Switchable volume hologram materials and devices
5945893, Mar 29 1996 Nokia Technologies Oy Acoustic wave impedance element ladder filter having a reflector integral with a busbar
5949302, Sep 15 1994 Nokia Telecommunications Oy Method for tuning a summing network of a base station, and a bandpass filter
5949508, Dec 10 1997 Kent State University Phase separated composite organic film and methods for the manufacture thereof
5956113, Jan 31 1997 Thomson Licensing Bistable reflective display and methods of forming the same
5962147, Nov 26 1996 General Latex and Chemical Corporation Method of bonding with a natural rubber latex and laminate produced
5963375, Jan 31 1996 3M Innovative Properties Company Athermal LCD projection lens
5966223, Feb 26 1993 Yeda Research & Development Co., Ltd. Planar holographic optical device
5969874, May 30 1996 3M Innovative Properties Company Long focal length projection lenses
5969876, May 24 1996 3M Innovative Properties Company Projection lenses having large back focal length to focal length ratios
5973727, May 13 1997 Vuzix Corporation Video image viewing device and method
5974162, Feb 18 1994 KREMEN, MR STANLEY H Device for forming and detecting fingerprint images with valley and ridge structure
5985422, Aug 08 1996 Pelikan Produktions AG Thermo-transfer color ribbon for luminescent lettering
5986746, Feb 27 1995 KREMEN, MR STANLEY H Topographical object detection system
5991087, Feb 07 1992 i-O Display Systems LLC Non-orthogonal plate in a virtual reality or heads up display
5999089, May 13 1997 Alarm system
5999282, Nov 08 1995 JVC Kenwood Corporation Color filter and color image display apparatus employing the filter
5999314, Nov 20 1996 Central Glass Company, Limited Optical display system having a Brewster's angle regulating film
6014187, Feb 24 1995 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Display device
6023375, Aug 16 1996 3M Innovative Properties Company Projection lenses for use with large pixelized panels
6042947, Dec 25 1995 Central Glass Company, Limited Laminate including optically functioning film
6043585, Mar 29 1996 Nokia Technologies Oy Acoustic wave filter
6046585, Nov 21 1997 QUANTUM DESIGN INTERNATIONAL, INC Method and apparatus for making quantitative measurements of localized accumulations of target particles having magnetic particles bound thereto
6052540, Sep 11 1992 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Viewfinder device for displaying photographic information relating to operation of a camera
6061107, May 10 1996 Kent State University Bistable polymer dispersed cholesteric liquid crystal displays
6061463, Feb 21 1995 KREMEN, MR STANLEY H Holographic fingerprint device
6069728, Nov 05 1996 HANGER SOLUTIONS, LLC Display device and flat television screen using this device
6075626, Jun 25 1997 Denso Corporation Hologram
6078427, Dec 01 1998 KAISER ELECTRO-OPTICS, INC Smooth transition device for area of interest head-mounted display
6084998, Dec 30 1998 Alpha and Omega Imaging, LLC System and method for fabricating distributed Bragg reflectors with preferred properties
6094311, Apr 29 1996 3M Innovative Properties Company LCD projection lens
6097551, Nov 29 1996 3M Innovative Properties Company Lenses for electronic imaging systems
6104448, May 02 1991 Kent State University Pressure sensitive liquid crystalline light modulating device and material
6107943, Apr 16 1999 Rockwell Collins, Inc. Display symbology indicating aircraft ground motion deceleration
6115152, Sep 14 1998 Intel Corporation Holographic illumination system
6118908, Sep 09 1994 Gemfire Corporation Integrated optical device with phosphor in substrate pit
6121899, Apr 16 1999 Rockwell Collins, Inc. Impending aircraft tail strike warning display symbology
6124954, Jul 29 1998 Hoya Corporation Projection screen based on reconfigurable holographic optics for implementation in head-mounted displays
6127066, Nov 27 1992 Dai Nippon Printing Co., Ltd. Hologram recording sheet, holographic optical element using said sheet, and its production process
6128058, May 22 1997 Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha Liquid crystal device with patterned reactive mesogen alignment layer
6133971, Jan 31 1997 Xerox Corporation Holographically formed reflective display, liquid crystal display and projection system and methods of forming the same
6133975, May 10 1996 Kent State University Bistable liquid crystal display device using polymer stabilization
6137630, Jul 13 1998 TRANSPACIFIC IP I LTD , Thin-film multilayer systems for use in a head-up display
6141074, May 19 1995 Kent State University Four domain pixel for liquid crystalline light modulating device
6141154, Aug 22 1997 3M Innovative Properties Company Focusable, color corrected, high performance projection lens systems
6151142, Jan 29 1993 KREMEN, MR STANLEY H Grazing incidence holograms and system and method for producing the same
6154190, Feb 17 1995 Kent State University Dynamic drive methods and apparatus for a bistable liquid crystal display
6156243, Apr 25 1997 Hoya Corporation Mold and method of producing the same
6167169, Sep 09 1994 Gemfire Corporation Scanning method and architecture for display
6169594, Aug 24 1998 INTELLISENSE SYSTEMS, INC Beam deflector and scanner
6169613, Feb 26 1993 Yeda Research & Devel Co., Ltd. Planar holographic optical device for beam expansion and display
6169636, May 04 1999 3M Innovative Properties Company Focus corrector for zoom projection lenses used with pixelized panels
6172792, Jan 31 1997 Rossella Limited Method and apparatus for forming optical gratings
6176837, Apr 17 1998 Massachusetts Institute of Technology Motion tracking system
6185015, Jun 12 1997 Yeda Research & Development Co. LTD Compact planar optical correlator
6185016, Jan 19 1999 Hoya Corporation System for generating an image
6188462, Sep 02 1998 Kent State University Diffraction grating with electrically controlled periodicity
6191887, Jan 20 1999 Tropel Corporation Laser illumination with speckle reduction
6195206, Jan 13 1998 ELBIT SYSTEMS LTD Optical system for day and night use
6195209, May 04 1999 3M Innovative Properties Company Projection lenses having reduced lateral color for use with pixelized panels
6204835, May 12 1998 Kent State University Cumulative two phase drive scheme for bistable cholesteric reflective displays
6211976, Sep 14 1999 Intel Corporation Holographic projection system
6215579, Jun 24 1998 Silicon Light Machines Corporation Method and apparatus for modulating an incident light beam for forming a two-dimensional image
6218316, Oct 22 1998 U S BANK NATIONAL ASSOCIATION, AS COLLATERAL AGENT Planarization of non-planar surfaces in device fabrication
6222297, Sep 24 1999 MOOG COMPONENTS GROUP INC Pressed V-groove pancake slip ring
6222675, Dec 01 1998 KAISER ELECTRO-OPTICS, INC Area of interest head-mounted display using low resolution, wide angle; high resolution, narrow angle; and see-through views
6222971, Jul 17 1998 BROOKHAVEN SCIENCE ASSCIATES Small inlet optical panel and a method of making a small inlet optical panel
6249386, Jul 28 1998 ELBIT SYSTEMS, LTD Non-adjustable helmet mounted optical systems
6259423, Aug 26 1997 Kabushiki Kaisha Toyoto Chuo Kenkyusho Display device using organic electroluminescent elements
6259559, Mar 28 1995 Nippon Oil Company, Ltd Glass arrangement including an outside glass plate, a polarization direction changing film and an adhesive layer therebetween, and an inside glass layer
6266166, Mar 08 1999 DAI NIPPON PRINTING CO , LTD Self-adhesive film for hologram formation, dry plate for photographing hologram, and method for image formation using the same
6268839, May 12 1998 Kent State University Drive schemes for gray scale bistable cholesteric reflective displays
6269203, Mar 17 1999 II-VI Incorporated; MARLOW INDUSTRIES, INC ; EPIWORKS, INC ; LIGHTSMYTH TECHNOLOGIES, INC ; KAILIGHT PHOTONICS, INC ; COADNA PHOTONICS, INC ; Optium Corporation; Finisar Corporation; II-VI OPTICAL SYSTEMS, INC ; M CUBED TECHNOLOGIES, INC ; II-VI PHOTONICS US , INC ; II-VI DELAWARE, INC; II-VI OPTOELECTRONIC DEVICES, INC ; PHOTOP TECHNOLOGIES, INC Holographic optical devices for transmission of optical signals
6275031, Nov 21 1997 QUANTUM DESIGN INTERNATIONAL, INC Method and apparatus for making quantitative measurements of localized accumulations of magnetic particles
6278429, Sep 11 1998 Kent State University Bistable reflective cholesteric liquid crystal displays utilizing super twisted nematic driver chips
6285813, Oct 03 1997 Georgia Tech Research Corporation Diffractive grating coupler and method
6297860, Apr 29 1996 3M Innovative Properties Company Partial color-corrected projection lens system
6301056, Nov 08 1999 3M Innovative Properties Company High speed retrofocus projection television lens systems
6301057, Feb 02 1999 3M Innovative Properties Company Long focal length projection lenses
6317083, May 29 1998 Nokia Technologies Oy Antenna having a feed and a shorting post connected between reference plane and planar conductor interacting to form a transmission line
6317227, Jun 25 1997 Denso Corporation Hologram
6317228, Sep 14 1999 Intel Corporation Holographic illumination system
6317528, Aug 23 1999 Corning Incorporated Temperature compensated integrated planar bragg grating, and method of formation
6320563, Jan 21 1999 Kent State University Dual frequency cholesteric display and drive scheme
6321069, Apr 30 1997 Nokia Technologies Oy Arrangement for reducing intermodulation distortion of radio frequency signals
6323970, Sep 29 1999 Intel Corporation Method of producing switchable holograms
6323989, Jul 19 1996 E INK CORPORATION A CORP OF DE Electrophoretic displays using nanoparticles
6324014, Nov 13 1997 3M Innovative Properties Company Wide field of view projection lenses for compact projection lens systems employing pixelized panels
6327089, Sep 30 1998 Central Glass Company, Limited; Nippon Mitsubishi Oil Corporation Laminated transparent structure for reflective display
6330109, May 13 1998 Olympus Corporation Optical system comprising a diffractive optical element, and method of designing the same
6333819, May 26 1999 Saab AB Display for head mounting
6335224, May 16 2000 National Technology & Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC Protection of microelectronic devices during packaging
6339486, Oct 16 1998 Hoya Corporation Holographic technique for illumination of image displays using ambient illumination
6340540, Nov 27 1992 Dai Nippon Printing Co., Ltd. Hologram recording sheet holographic optical element using said sheet and its production process
6351273, Apr 30 1997 System and methods for controlling automatic scrolling of information on a display or screen
6351333, Sep 16 1997 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Optical element and optical system having the same
6356172, Dec 29 1999 RPX Corporation Resonator structure embedded in mechanical structure
6356674, Jan 21 1994 Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha Electrically controllable grating, and optical elements having an electrically controllable grating
6359730, Oct 21 1998 Schofield Technologies LLC Amplification of an optical WDM signal
6359737, Jul 28 2000 GM Global Technology Operations LLC Combined head-up display
6366281, Dec 06 1996 RealD Inc Synthetic panoramagram
6366369, May 25 2000 Dai Nippon Printing Co., Ltd. Transmission hologram fabrication process
6366378, May 26 1997 Schofield Technologies LLC Optical multiplexing and demultiplexing
6377238, Apr 28 1993 HOLOTOUCH, INC ; R DOUGLAS MCPHETERS Holographic control arrangement
6377321, Mar 22 1997 KENT DISPLAYS, INC Stacked color liquid crystal display device
6388797, May 29 1998 RealD Inc Electrostereoscopic eyewear
6392812, Sep 29 1999 BAE SYSTEMS PLC Head up displays
6407724, Mar 14 1997 Intel Corporation Method of and apparatus for viewing an image
6409687, Apr 17 1998 Massachusetts Institute of Technology Motion tracking system
6411444, Jun 30 1998 3M Innovative Properties Company Lenses for electronic imaging systems having long wavelength filtering properties
6414760, Oct 29 1998 HEWLETT-PACKARD DEVELOPMENT COMPANY, L P Image scanner with optical waveguide and enhanced optical sampling rate
6417971, Aug 05 1997 3M Innovative Properties Company Zoom projection lens having a lens correction unit
6421109, Oct 16 1998 Hoya Corporation Method and system for display resolution multiplication
6437563, Nov 21 1997 QUANTUM DESIGN INTERNATIONAL, INC Method and apparatus for making measurements of accumulations of magnetically susceptible particles combined with analytes
6445512, Jun 24 1998 3M Innovative Properties Company Projection television lens systems having improved modulation transfer functions
6449095, Sep 21 1999 Pioneer Corporation Optical pickup
6456584, May 15 1998 MATSUSHITA ELECTRIC INDUSTRIAL CO , LTD Optical information recording medium comprising a first layer having a phase that is reversibly changeable and a second information layer having a phase that is reversibly changeable
6470132, Sep 05 2000 Nokia Mobile Phones LTD Optical hinge apparatus
6473209, Aug 04 1999 Intel Corporation Apparatus for producing a three-dimensional image
6476974, Feb 28 2001 3M Innovative Properties Company Projection lenses for use with reflective pixelized panels
6483303, Nov 21 1997 QUANTUM DESIGN INTERNATIONAL, INC Computer program for making measurements of accumulations of magnetic particles
6486997, Oct 28 1997 3M Innovative Properties Company Reflective LCD projection system using wide-angle Cartesian polarizing beam splitter
6504518, Oct 09 1996 Shimadzu Corporation Head-up display
6504629, Mar 23 1999 Intel Corporation Method and apparatus for illuminating a display
6509937, Jul 11 1997 3M Innovative Properties Company High performance projection television lens systems
6510263, Jan 27 2000 Oerlikon Trading AG, Trubbach Waveguide plate and process for its production and microtitre plate
6518747, Feb 16 2001 QUANTUM DESIGN INTERNATIONAL, INC Method and apparatus for quantitative determination of accumulations of magnetic particles
6519088, Jan 21 2000 RealD Inc Method and apparatus for maximizing the viewing zone of a lenticular stereogram
6522794, Sep 09 1994 Gemfire Corporation Display panel with electrically-controlled waveguide-routing
6522795, May 17 2000 BROADCOM INTERNATIONAL PTE LTD Tunable etched grating for WDM optical communication systems
6524771, Jun 30 1992 Nippon Sheet Glass Co., Ltd. Optical recording film and process for production thereof
6529336, Nov 12 1998 3M Innovative Properties Company Color corrected projection lenses employing diffractive optical surfaces
6534977, Oct 21 1998 Methods and apparatus for optically measuring polarization rotation of optical wavefronts using rare earth iron garnets
6538775, Sep 16 1999 Brown University Research Foundation Holographically-formed polymer dispersed liquid crystals with multiple gratings
6545778, May 10 1909 Asahi Glass Company, Limited Holographic display device and method for producing a transmission diffusion hologram suitable for it
6545808, Feb 14 1997 COHERENT INTERNATIONAL LLC Phase mask with spatially variable diffraction efficiency
6550949, Jun 06 1996 Gentex Corporation Systems and components for enhancing rear vision from a vehicle
6552789, Nov 22 2000 Rockwell Collins, Inc Alignment detector
6557413, Sep 28 2001 Nokia Technologies Oy Micromechanical structure
6559813, Jul 01 1998 Vuzix Corporation Selective real image obstruction in a virtual reality display apparatus and method
6560019, Feb 05 1998 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Diffractive optical element and optical system having the same
6563648, Oct 20 2000 Compound Photonics Limited Compact wide field of view imaging system
6563650, Jan 17 2001 3M Innovative Properties Company Compact, telecentric projection lenses for use with pixelized panels
6567014, Nov 05 1998 Rockwell Collins, Inc Aircraft head up display system
6567573, Feb 12 1997 Hoya Corporation Switchable optical components
6577411, Nov 10 1997 MIRAGE INNOVATIONS LTD Optical system for alternative or simultaneous direction of light originating from two scenes to the eye of a viewer
6577429, Jan 15 2002 IMAX Corporation Laser projection display system
6580529, Apr 02 1998 ELBIT SYSTEMS LTD Holographic optical devices
6583838, May 10 1996 Kent State University Bistable liquid crystal display device using polymer stabilization
6583873, Sep 25 2000 The Carnegie Institution of Washington Optical devices having a wavelength-tunable dispersion assembly that has a volume dispersive diffraction grating
6587619, Aug 04 1998 Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba Optical functional devices their manufacturing method and optical communication system
6594090, Aug 27 2001 IMAX Corporation Laser projection display system
6596193, Apr 27 1992 Merck Patent GmbH Electrooptical liquid crystal system
6597176, Nov 21 1997 QUANTUM DESIGN INTERNATIONAL, INC Method and apparatus for making measurements of patterns of magnetic particles in lateral flow membranes and microfluidic systems
6597475, Mar 19 1999 Sony Corporation Image recording apparatus and image recording method as well as recording medium
6598987, Jun 15 2000 Nokia Technologies Oy Method and apparatus for distributing light to the user interface of an electronic device
6600590, Feb 20 2001 IMAX Corporation Speckle suppressed laser projection system using RF injection
6608720, Jun 02 1997 Optical instrument and optical element thereof
6611253, Sep 19 2000 FTK TECHNOLOGIES LTD Virtual input environment
6618104, Jul 28 1998 Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation Optical device having reverse mode holographic PDLC and front light guide
6624943, Sep 10 1997 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Diffractive optical element and optical system having the same
6625381, Feb 20 2001 IMAX Corporation Speckle suppressed laser projection system with partial beam reflection
6646772, Sep 14 1999 Intel Corporation Holographic illumination system
6646810, Sep 04 2001 RAMBUS DELAWARE; Rambus Delaware LLC Display backlighting apparatus
6661495, Jul 29 1998 Intel Corporation Pancake window display system employing one or more switchable holographic optical elements
6661578, Mar 02 2001 INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS & SUPPORT, INC Image display generator for a head-up display
6667134, Jul 12 1996 Leidos, Inc Electrically switchable polymer dispersed liquid crystal materials including transmissive holographic gratings
6674578, May 31 2001 Yazaki Corporation Display device for motor vehicle
6677086, Jul 12 1996 Leidos, Inc Switchable volume hologram materials and devices
6678093, Mar 15 2001 II-VI Incorporated; MARLOW INDUSTRIES, INC ; EPIWORKS, INC ; LIGHTSMYTH TECHNOLOGIES, INC ; KAILIGHT PHOTONICS, INC ; COADNA PHOTONICS, INC ; Optium Corporation; Finisar Corporation; II-VI OPTICAL SYSTEMS, INC ; M CUBED TECHNOLOGIES, INC ; II-VI PHOTONICS US , INC ; II-VI DELAWARE, INC; II-VI OPTOELECTRONIC DEVICES, INC ; PHOTOP TECHNOLOGIES, INC Optically coupled etalons and methods of making and using same
6680720, Jan 11 1999 LG DISPLAY CO , LTD Apparatus for driving liquid crystal display
6686815, Aug 11 1999 Nokia Corporation Microwave filter
6690516, Jan 31 2000 GOOGLE LLC Head mount type display device
6692666, Jul 12 1996 Leidos, Inc Switchable volume hologram materials and devices
6699407, Jul 12 1996 Leidos, Inc Switchable volume hologram materials and devices
6706086, Oct 16 2000 Neenah Gessner GmbH Dust filter bag including a highly porous backing material ply
6706451, Jul 12 1996 Leidos, Inc Switchable volume hologram materials and devices
6714329, Jan 21 2000 DAI NIPPON PRINTING CO , LTD Hologram plate and its fabrication process
6721096, Oct 28 1997 3M Innovative Properties Company Polarizing beam splitter
6730442, May 24 2000 Leidos, Inc System and method for replicating volume holograms
6731434, May 23 2001 University of Central Florida Research Foundation, Inc Compact lens assembly for the teleportal augmented reality system
6738105, Nov 02 2000 BEIJING XIAOMI MOBILE SOFTWARE CO , LTD Coherent light despeckling
6741189, Oct 06 1999 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC Keypad having optical waveguides
6744478, Dec 28 1998 Central Glass Company, Limited; Nippon Mitsubishi Oil Corporation Heads-up display system with optical rotation layers
6747781, Jun 25 2001 Silicon Light Machines Corporation Method, apparatus, and diffuser for reducing laser speckle
6748342, Apr 20 1999 Schofield Technologies LLC Method and monitoring device for monitoring the quality of data transmission over analog lines
6750941, Sep 27 1999 Nippon Mitsubishi Oil Corporation Complex diffraction device
6750995, Jul 09 2001 Enhanced volume phase grating with high dispersion, high diffraction efficiency and low polarization sensitivity
6750996, Sep 26 2001 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N V Waveguide, edge-lit illumination arrangement and display comprising such
6757105, Apr 25 2002 MIRAGE INNOVATIONS LTD Optical device having a wide field-of-view for multicolor images
6771403, Jan 22 2003 Minolta Co., Ltd. Image display apparatus
6776339, Sep 27 2002 Nokia Technologies Oy Wireless communication device providing a contactless interface for a smart card reader
6781701, Apr 10 2001 Intel Corporation Method and apparatus for measuring optical phase and amplitude
6791629, Nov 09 2000 3M Innovative Properties Company Lens systems for projection televisions
6791739, Aug 08 2001 IMAX Corporation Electro-optic despeckling modulator and method of use
6804066, May 23 2001 University of Central Florida Research Foundation, Inc Compact lens assembly for the teleportal augmented reality system
6805490, Sep 30 2002 CITIBANK, N A Method and system for beam expansion in a display device
6821457, Jul 29 1998 Leidos, Inc Electrically switchable polymer-dispersed liquid crystal materials including switchable optical couplers and reconfigurable optical interconnects
6822713, Nov 27 2000 Kent State University Optical compensation film for liquid crystal display
6825987, Jul 17 2002 C.R.F. Societa Consortile per Azioni Light guide for display devices of the head-mounted or head-up type
6829095, Jun 05 2000 Lumus, Ltd. Substrate-guided optical beam expander
6830789, Jun 09 2000 KENT DISPLAYS, INC Chiral additives for cholesteric displays
6833955, Oct 09 2001 MIRAGE INNOVATIONS LTD Compact two-plane optical device
6836369, Mar 08 2002 Denso Corporation Head-up display
6842563, Oct 22 2001 Oplux, Inc. Waveguide grating-based wavelength selective switch actuated by micro-electromechanical system
6844212, Aug 24 2001 BROADCOM INTERNATIONAL PTE LTD Grating dispersion compensator and method of manufacture
6844980, Apr 23 2001 Reveo, Inc Image display system and electrically actuatable image combiner therefor
6844989, Aug 13 2003 Samsung Electro-Mechanics Co., Ltd. Lens system installed in mobile communication terminal
6847274, Jun 09 2000 Nokia Corporation Multilayer coaxial structures and resonator formed therefrom
6847488, Apr 05 2002 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC Far-field display
6850210, Nov 12 1998 RealD Inc Parallax panoramagram having improved depth and sharpness
6853491, Nov 26 2003 eMAGIN Corporation Collimating optical member for real world simulation
6853493, Jan 07 2003 3M Innovative Properties Company Folded, telecentric projection lenses for use with pixelized panels
6861107, Jul 06 2002 Merck Patent GmbH Liquid-crystalline medium
6864861, Dec 31 1997 Compound Photonics Limited Image generator having a miniature display device
6864927, Dec 31 1996 OVONYX MEMORY TECHNOLOGY, LLC Head up display with adjustable transparency screen
6864931, Feb 17 1999 Kent State University Electrically controllable liquid crystal microstructures
6867888, Jul 12 1996 Leidos, Inc Switchable polymer-dispersed liquid crystal optical elements
6873443, Jul 09 1999 Thales Secured document, system for manufacturing same and system for reading this document
6876791, Sep 03 2001 SUMITOMO ELECTRIC INDUSTRIES, LTD Diffraction grating device
6878494, Jul 12 1996 Leidos, Inc Switchable volume hologram materials and devices
6885483, Jul 07 1998 Denso Corporation Hologram screen and a method of producing the same
6903872, May 03 2001 Intellectual Ventures I LLC Electrically reconfigurable optical devices
6909345, Jul 09 1999 Nokia Corporation Method for creating waveguides in multilayer ceramic structures and a waveguide having a core bounded by air channels
6917375, Apr 11 1986 Dai Nippon Insatsu Kabushiki Kaisha Image formation on objective bodies
6919003, Mar 23 2000 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Apparatus and process for producing electrophoretic device
6922267, Mar 21 2001 Minolta Co., Ltd. Image display apparatus
6926429, Jan 30 2002 III Holdings 1, LLC Eye tracking/HUD system
6927570, Nov 21 1997 QUANTUM DESIGN INTERNATIONAL, INC Method and apparatus for making measurements of accumulations of magnetically susceptible particles combined with analytes
6927694, Aug 20 2001 RESEARCH FOUNDATION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL FLORIDA INCORPORATED Algorithm for monitoring head/eye motion for driver alertness with one camera
6940361, Oct 06 2000 WSOU Investments, LLC Self-aligned transition between a transmission line and a module
6943788, Oct 10 2001 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Three-dimensional image display apparatus
6950173, Apr 08 2003 Leidos, Inc Optimizing performance parameters for switchable polymer dispersed liquid crystal optical elements
6950227, May 03 2001 Nokia Corporation Electrically controlled variable thickness plate
6951393, Jul 31 2002 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Projection type image display apparatus and image display system
6952312, Dec 31 2002 3M Innovative Properties Company Head-up display with polarized light source and wide-angle p-polarization reflective polarizer
6952435, Feb 11 2002 Speckle free laser probe beam
6958662, Oct 18 2000 RPX Corporation Waveguide to stripline transition with via forming an impedance matching fence
6958868, Mar 29 2004 Motion-free tracking solar concentrator
6963454, Mar 01 2002 UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL FLORIDA RESEARCH FOUNDTION, INC ; University of Central Florida Research Foundation, Inc Head-mounted display by integration of phase-conjugate material
6972788, Jan 28 2002 Rockwell Collins; Rockwell Collins, Inc Projection display for a aircraft cockpit environment
6975345, Mar 27 1998 CORTLAND CAPITAL MARKET SERVICES LLC, AS THE SUCCESSOR COLLATERAL AGENT Polarizing modulator for an electronic stereoscopic display
6980365, Mar 05 2003 3M Innovative Properties Company Diffractive lens optical design
6985296, Apr 15 2003 RealD Inc Neutralizing device for autostereoscopic lens sheet
6987908, Aug 24 2001 BROADCOM INTERNATIONAL PTE LTD Grating dispersion compensator and method of manufacture
6999239, May 23 2001 Research Foundation of the University of Central Florida, Inc Head-mounted display by integration of phase-conjugate material
7002618, Jun 01 2001 RealD Inc Plano-stereoscopic DVD movie
7002753, Jun 02 2004 3M Innovative Properties Company Color-corrected projection lenses for use with pixelized panels
7003075, Jul 12 2002 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Optical measuring device
7003187, Aug 07 2000 ROSEMOUNT INC , A MINNESOTA CORPORATION Optical switch with moveable holographic optical element
7006732, Mar 21 2003 Cisco Technology, Inc Polarization splitting grating couplers
7009773, May 23 2001 Research Foundation of the University of Central Florida, Inc. Compact microlenslet arrays imager
7018563, Nov 26 2002 Leidos, Inc Tailoring material composition for optimization of application-specific switchable holograms
7018686, Jul 12 1996 Leidos, Inc Switchable volume hologram materials and devices
7018744, Aug 27 2001 DAI NIPPON PRINTING CO , LTD Volume type hologram recording photosensitive composition, volume type hologram recording medium using the same and method of producing volume type hologram
7019793, Nov 09 2000 3M Innovative Properties Company Lens systems for projection televisions
7021777, Sep 10 2003 LUMUS LTD Optical devices particularly for remote viewing applications
7026892, Dec 17 2003 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC Transmission line phase shifter with controllable high permittivity dielectric element
7027671, Mar 03 2002 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N V Polarized-light-emitting waveguide, illumination arrangement and display device comprising such
7034748, Dec 17 2003 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC Low-cost, steerable, phased array antenna with controllable high permittivity phase shifters
7046439, May 22 2003 SKC HI-TECH & MARKETING CO , LTD COMPANY REGISTRATION NO 161511-0225312 Optical element with nanoparticles
7050674, Nov 20 2002 LG Electronics Inc. Method for fabricating polymeric optic waveguide grating
7053735, Jun 09 2000 Nokia Corporation Waveguide in multilayer structures and resonator formed therefrom
7053991, Oct 03 2000 Accent Optical Technologies, Inc. Differential numerical aperture methods
7054045, Jul 03 2003 HoloTouch, Inc. Holographic human-machine interfaces
7058434, Dec 19 2002 Nokia Corporation Mobile communication
7068405, Jul 12 1996 Leidos, Inc Switchable polymer-dispersed liquid crystal optical elements
7068898, Sep 05 2002 ONED MATERIAL, INC Nanocomposites
7072020, Apr 08 2003 Leidos, Inc Controlling haze in holographically polymerized polymer dispersed liquid crystal optical elements
7075273, Aug 24 2004 TEMIC AUTOMOTIVE OF NORTH AMERICA, INC Automotive electrical system configuration using a two bus structure
7077984, Jul 29 1998 Leidos, Inc Electrically switchable polymer-dispersed liquid crystal materials
7081215, Jul 29 1998 Leidos, Inc Electrically switchable polymer-dispersed liquid crystal materials including switchable optical couplers and reconfigurable optical interconnects
7088457, Oct 01 2003 University of Central Florida Research Foundation, Inc Iterative least-squares wavefront estimation for general pupil shapes
7088515, Feb 12 2003 RealD Inc Autostereoscopic lens sheet with planar areas
7095562, Sep 27 2004 Rockwell Collins, Inc. Advanced compact head up display
7099080, Aug 30 2001 RealD Inc Autostereoscopic lenticular screen
7101048, Sep 25 2001 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC Flat-panel projection display
7108383, Apr 22 2004 Raytheon Company Optical system with reflection-angle-selective mirror
7110184, Jul 19 2004 ELBIT SYSTEMS LTD. Method and apparatus for combining an induced image with a scene image
7119965, Feb 24 2003 University of Central Florida Research Foundation, Inc Head mounted projection display with a wide field of view
7123418, Dec 31 2002 3M Innovative Properties Company Head-up display with narrow band reflective polarizer
7123421, Apr 22 2005 COURTLAND CAPITAL MARKET SERVICES LLC Compact high performance zoom lens system
7126418, Dec 18 2002 Intel Corporation Delay mismatched feed forward amplifier system using penalties and floors for control
7126583, Dec 15 1999 AMERICAN VEHICULAR SCIENCES LLC Interactive vehicle display system
7132200, Nov 27 1992 DAI NIPPON PRINTING CO , LTD Hologram recording sheet, holographic optical element using said sheet, and its production process
7133084, Nov 09 2000 3M Innovative Properties Company Lens systems for projection televisions
7139109, Oct 31 2001 Sony Corporation Transmission type laminated hologram optical element and image display device comprising this optical element
7145729, Aug 04 2004 3M Innovative Properties Company Foldable projection lenses
7149385, Apr 12 2001 RPX Corporation Optical coupling arrangement
7151246, Jul 06 2001 PIXEL MATCHED HOLDINGS LLC Imaging system and methodology
7158095, Jul 17 2003 Big Buddy Performance, Inc.; BIG BUDDY PERFORMANCE, INC Visual display system for displaying virtual images onto a field of vision
7167286, Mar 10 2003 Akonia Holographics, LLC Polytopic multiplex holography
7167616, Aug 20 2004 Integrated Optics Communications Corp. Grating-based wavelength selective switch
7175780, Nov 26 2002 Leidos, Inc Tailoring material composition for optimization of application-specific switchable holograms
7181105, Mar 25 2003 ADTEC ENGINEERING CO , LTD Method for adjusting alignment of laser beams in combined-laser-light source where the laser beams are incident on restricted area of light-emission end face of optical fiber
7181108, May 13 2003 CITIBANK, N A Method and optical system for coupling light into a waveguide
7184002, Mar 29 2002 CORTLAND CAPITAL MARKET SERVICES LLC, AS THE SUCCESSOR COLLATERAL AGENT Above-and-below stereoscopic format with signifier
7184615, Sep 19 2002 CITIBANK, N A Electrically tunable diffractive grating element
7186567, Aug 29 2002 Leidos, Inc Device and method for detection and identification of biological agents
7190849, Feb 03 2004 Seiko Epson Corporation Display device
7198737, Jul 29 1998 Leidos, Inc Electrically switchable polymer-dispersed liquid crystal materials including switchable optical couplers and reconfigurable optical interconnects
7199934, May 06 2004 Olympus Corporation Head-mounted display apparatus
7205960, Feb 19 2003 MIRAGE INNOVATIONS LTD Chromatic planar optic display system
7205964, Sep 02 1998 Seiko Epson Light source and display device
7206107, Dec 13 2004 CITIBANK, N A Method and system for beam expansion in a display device
7212175, Sep 19 2003 Rockwell Collins, Inc. Symbol position monitoring for pixelated heads-up display method and apparatus
7218817, Jun 02 2003 Board of Regents, The University of Texas System Nonlinear optical guided mode resonance filter
7230767, Jan 16 2001 PPG Industries, Inc. Image display system utilizing light emitting material
7230770, Aug 04 2004 3M Innovative Properties Company Projection lenses having color-correcting rear lens units
7242527, Mar 22 2005 GOOGLE LLC Optical system using total internal reflection images
7248128, Feb 03 2004 Nokia Technologies Oy Reference oscillator frequency stabilization
7248765, Jun 03 2005 Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute Temperature-insensitive polymeric optical AWG device and manufacturing method therefor
7256915, Jul 12 1996 Leidos, Inc Switchable polymer-dispersed liquid crystal optical elements
7259906, Sep 03 2002 OMNI CONTINUUM, LLC System and method for voice control of medical devices
7265882, Jul 12 1996 Leidos, Inc Switchable polymer-dispersed liquid crystal optical elements
7265903, Jul 12 1996 Leidos, Inc Switchable polymer-dispersed liquid crystal optical elements
7268946, Feb 10 2003 API TECHNOLOGIES CORP Universal broadband polarizer, devices incorporating same, and method of making same
7280722, Jan 30 2004 Texas Tech University Temperature compensated optical multiplexer
7285903, Jul 15 2004 Honeywell International, Inc. Display with bright backlight
7286272, Apr 25 2002 Sony Corporation Image display unit
7289069, Jan 04 2005 Nokia Siemens Networks Oy Wireless device antenna
7299983, Sep 27 2002 Nokia Technologies Oy Wireless communication device providing a contactless interface for a smart card reader
7301601, May 20 2004 Alps Electric (USA) Inc. Optical switching device using holographic polymer dispersed liquid crystals
7312906, Jul 12 1996 Leidos, Inc Switchable polymer-dispersed liquid crystal optical elements
7313291, Apr 26 2002 Nokia Siemens Networks Oy Optical modulator
7319573, Jun 16 2003 Hitachi Global Storage Technologies Japan, Ltd. Magnetic disk drive having a suspension mounted transmission line including read and write conductors and a lower conductor
7320534, Jul 23 2004 Murakami Corporation; NIPPON SEIKI CO., LTD. Display device
7323275, Feb 09 2001 DAI NIPPON PRINTING CO , LTD Photosensitive composition for volume hologram recording and photosensitive medium for volume hologram recording
7333685, Nov 24 2003 AVAGO TECHNOLOGIES GENERAL IP SINGAPORE PTE LTD Variable optical attenuator systems
7336271, Sep 03 2002 AGC INC Image display system
7339737, Apr 23 2004 Microvision, Inc Beam multiplier that can be used as an exit-pupil expander and related system and method
7339742, Oct 09 2003 LUMUS LTD High brightness optical device
7349612, Jan 28 2003 Nippon Sheet Glass Company Limited Optical element, optical circuit provided with the optical element, and method for producing the optical element
7356218, Dec 02 2004 Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha Variable demultiplexer
7356224, Jul 03 2002 Brown University Method and apparatus for detecting multiple optical wave lengths
7369911, Jan 10 2007 International Business Machines Corporation Methods, systems, and computer program products for managing movement of work-in-process materials in an automated manufacturing environment
7375870, Jun 13 2002 Nokia Corporation Enhancement electrode configuration for electrically controlled light modulators
7375886, Apr 19 2004 CORTLAND CAPITAL MARKET SERVICES LLC, AS THE SUCCESSOR COLLATERAL AGENT Method and apparatus for optimizing the viewing distance of a lenticular stereogram
7376068, Aug 19 2000 Nano-scale resolution holographic lens and pickup device
7376307, Oct 29 2004 Panasonic Corporation Multimode long period fiber bragg grating machined by ultrafast laser direct writing
7389023, Mar 15 2005 Hewlett Packard Enterprise Development LP Method and apparatus for forming a photonic crystal
7391573, Sep 09 2004 LUMUS LTD Substrate-guided optical devices
7394865, Jun 25 2003 Intellectual Ventures I LLC Signal constellations for multi-carrier systems
7394961, Oct 13 2005 HEWLETT-PACKARD DEVELOPMENT COMPANY, L P Waveguide having low index substrate
7395181, Apr 17 1998 Massachusetts Institute of Technology Motion tracking system
7397606, Aug 04 2005 Rockwell Collins, Inc. Meniscus head up display combiner
7401920, May 20 2003 ELBIT SYSTEMS LTD Head mounted eye tracking and display system
7404644, May 12 2004 Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha Time-sequential colour projection
7410286, Aug 02 2001 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC Flat-panel display using tapered waveguide
7411637, Feb 15 2002 KORAKH, ELIAV System and method for varying the reflectance or transmittance of light
7413678, Jul 29 1998 Leidos, Inc Electrically switchable polymer-dispersed liquid crystal materials
7413679, Nov 26 2002 Leidos, Inc Tailoring material composition for optimization of application-specific switchable holograms
7415173, Jun 13 2006 Nokia Corporation Position sensor
7416818, Jul 12 1996 Leidos, Inc Switchable volume hologram materials and devices
7418170, Mar 29 2004 Sony Corporation Optical device and virtual image display device
7420733, Jul 29 1998 Leidos, Inc Electrically switchable polymer-dispersed liquid crystal materials including switchable optical couplers and reconfigurable optical interconnects
7433116, Sep 03 2002 OMNI CONTINUUM, LLC Infra-red light source including a raman shifter
7436568, Aug 17 2004 Head mountable video display
7447967, Sep 13 2001 Intel Corporation MIMO hybrid-ARQ using basis hopping
7453612, Jun 17 2005 Sony Corporation Optical device, and virtual image display
7454103, Apr 23 2004 High efficiency optical diffraction device
7457040, Mar 21 2002 LUMUS LTD Light guide optical device
7466994, Dec 31 2004 Nokia Corporation Sub-display of a mobile device
7477206, Dec 06 2005 CORTLAND CAPITAL MARKET SERVICES LLC, AS THE SUCCESSOR COLLATERAL AGENT Enhanced ZScreen modulator techniques
7479354, Nov 27 1992 Dai Nippon Printing Co., Ltd. Hologram recording sheet, holographic optical element using said sheet, and its production process
7480215, Nov 27 2002 Nokia Corporation Read write device for optical memory and method therefore
7482996, Jun 28 2004 Honeywell International Inc. Head-up display
7483604, Dec 16 2002 CITIBANK, N A Diffractive grating element for balancing diffraction efficiency
7492512, Jul 23 2004 Mirage International Ltd. Wide field-of-view binocular device, system and kit
7496293, Jan 14 2004 ELBIT SYSTEMS LTD Versatile camera for various visibility conditions
7499217, Mar 03 2006 University of Central Florida Research Foundation, Inc Imaging systems for eyeglass-based display devices
7500104, Jun 15 2001 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC Networked device branding for secure interaction in trust webs on open networks
7511891, Sep 28 2006 GRINTECH GmbH Miniaturized optically imaging system with high lateral and axial resolution
7513668, Aug 04 2005 Rockwell Collins, Inc. Illumination system for a head up display
7522344, Dec 14 2005 University of Central Florida Research Foundation, Inc. Projection-based head-mounted display with eye-tracking capabilities
7525448, Sep 28 2006 Rockwell Collins, Inc Enhanced vision system and method for an aircraft
7528385, Mar 15 2002 NECSEL INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, INC Fiber optic devices having volume Bragg grating elements
7542210, Jun 29 2006 TEDDER, DONALD RAY Eye tracking head mounted display
7545429, Nov 30 2000 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC Flat-panel camera
7550234, Feb 09 2001 DAI NIPPON PRINTING CO , LTD Photosensitive composition for volume hologram recording and photosensitive medium for volume hologram recording
7558446, Oct 12 2005 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N V All polymer optical waveguide sensor
7567372, Aug 29 2003 Nokia Corporation Electrical device utilizing charge recycling within a cell
7570322, Apr 08 2003 Leidos, Inc Optimizing performance parameters for switchable polymer dispersed liquid crystal optical elements
7570405, Apr 08 2003 Leidos, Inc Optimizing performance parameters for switchable polymer dispersed liquid crystal optical elements
7570429, Nov 10 2005 ELBIT SYSTEMS ELECTRO-OPTICS ELOP LTD Head up display mechanism
7572555, Sep 30 2004 FUJIFILM Corporation Hologram recording material, hologram recording method and optical recording medium
7573640, Apr 04 2005 Mirage Innovations Ltd. Multi-plane optical apparatus
7576916, Mar 21 2002 LUMUS LTD. Light guide optical device
7577326, Aug 05 2004 LUMUS LTD Optical device for light coupling
7579119, Nov 27 1992 Dai Nippon Printing Co., Ltd. Hologram recording sheet, holographic optical element using said sheet, and its production process
7583423, Jul 12 1996 Leidos, Inc Switchable polymer-dispersed liquid crystal optical elements
7587110, Mar 22 2005 PHC HOLDINGS CO , LTD ; PANASONIC HEALTHCARE HOLDINGS CO , LTD Multicore optical fiber with integral diffractive elements machined by ultrafast laser direct writing
7588863, Aug 25 2003 FUJIFILM Corporation Hologram recording method and hologram recording material
7589900, Mar 11 2008 Microvision, Inc.; Microvision, Inc Eyebox shaping through virtual vignetting
7589901, Jul 10 2007 Microvision, Inc Substrate-guided relays for use with scanned beam light sources
7592988, Feb 03 2004 Seiko Epson Corporation Display device having optical waveguides and light-emitting units
7593575, Mar 15 2002 Computer Sciences Corporation Systems and methods of capturing information using association of text representations
7597447, Jul 14 2004 Honeywell International Inc. Color correcting contrast enhancement of displays
7599012, Dec 08 2005 Yazaki Corporation Luminous display device
7600893, May 01 2007 Exalos AG Display apparatus, method and light source
7602552, May 15 2005 Elbit Systems Electro-Optics Elop Ltd. Head-up display system
7605719, Jul 25 2007 Rockwell Collins, Inc.; Rockwell Collins, Inc System and methods for displaying a partial images and non-overlapping, shared-screen partial images acquired from vision systems
7605774, Jul 02 2004 Rockwell Collins, Inc. Enhanced vision system (EVS) processing window tied to flight path
7605882, Apr 08 2003 Leidos, Inc Optimizing performance parameters for switchable polymer dispersed liquid crystal optical elements
7616270, Feb 21 2006 Seiko Epson Corporation Electro-optical device, and projector and electronic apparatus including the same
7617022, Jul 01 2004 Rockwell Collins, Inc. Dual wavelength enhanced vision system optimized for visual landing light alignment
7618750, Nov 27 1992 Dai Nippon Printing Co., Ltd. Hologram recording sheet, holographic optical element using said sheet, and its production process
7619739, Aug 29 2002 Leidos, Inc Detection and identification of biological agents using Bragg filters
7619825, Sep 27 2004 Rockwell Collins, Inc.; Rockwell Collins, Inc Compact head up display with wide viewing angle
7629086, Feb 09 2001 DAI NIPPON PRINTING CO , LTD Photosensitive composition for volume hologram recording and photosensitive medium for volume hologram recording
7639208, May 21 2004 University of Central Florida Research Foundation, Inc. Compact optical see-through head-mounted display with occlusion support
7639911, Dec 08 2005 Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute Optical device having optical waveguide including organic Bragg grating sheet
7643214, Jun 17 2004 LUMUS LTD Substrate-guided optical device with wide aperture
7643225, Nov 20 2008 Largan Precision Co., Ltd. Optical lens system for taking image
7656585, Aug 19 2008 Microvision, Inc.; Microvision, Inc Embedded relay lens for head-up displays or the like
7660047, Sep 03 2008 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC Flat panel lens
7672024, Aug 09 2005 Intellectual Ventures I LLC Contact image sensor module
7672055, Dec 19 2005 LUMUS LTD. Substrate-guided optical devices
7672549, Sep 10 2007 Banyan Energy, Inc. Solar energy concentrator
7675021, Aug 01 2007 Silverbrook Research Pty LTD Two dimensional contact image sensor with frontlighting
7675684, Jul 09 2007 NVIS, INC Compact optical system
7691248, Mar 23 2000 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Apparatus and process for producing electrophoretic device
7710622, Apr 12 1999 Dai Nippon Printing Co., Ltd. Color hologram display and its fabrication process
7710654, May 12 2003 ELBIT SYSTEMS LTD Method and system for improving audiovisual communication
7711228, Aug 30 2004 Japan Science and Technology Agency Two-dimensional photonic crystal and optical device using the crystal
7724441, Mar 19 2003 LUMUS LTD. Light guide optical device
7724442, Sep 10 2003 LUMUS LTD Substrate-guided optical devices
7724443, Feb 10 2005 LUMUS LTD Substrate-guided optical device utilizing thin transparent layer
7733571, Jul 24 2007 Rockwell Collins, Inc. Phosphor screen and displays systems
7733572, Jun 09 2008 Rockwell Collins, Inc. Catadioptric system, apparatus, and method for producing images on a universal, head-up display
7740387, May 24 2006 3M Innovative Properties Company Backlight wedge with side mounted light source
7747113, Mar 29 2004 Sony Corporation Optical device and virtual image display device
7751122, Feb 10 2005 LUMUS LTD Substrate-guided optical device particularly for vision enhanced optical systems
7751662, Jan 24 2008 Carl Zeiss Jena GmbH Optical display device
7764413, Dec 13 2004 CITIBANK, N A General diffractive optics method for expanding an exit pupil
7777819, Nov 10 2005 BAE SYSTEMS PLC Display source
7778305, Dec 22 2005 UNIVERSITE JEAN-MONNET Mirror structure and laser device comprising such a mirror structure
7778508, Dec 06 2004 Nikon Corporation Image display optical system, image display unit, illuminating optical system, and liquid crystal display unit
7843642, May 04 2006 University of Central Florida Research Foundation Systems and methods for providing compact illumination in head mounted displays
7847235, Jan 19 2006 Elbit Systems Electro-Optics Elop Ltd. Laser obstacle ranging and display
7864427, Aug 29 2005 Panasonic Corporation Diffractive optical element and method for manufacturing the same, and imaging apparatus using the diffractive optical element
7865080, Jan 26 2005 XIEON NETWORKS S A R L Methods for the optical transmission of polarization multiplex signals
7866869, Oct 26 2007 Dolby Laboratories Licensing Corporation Laser illuminated backlight for flat panel displays
7872707, Apr 08 2003 Leidos, Inc Method for controlling an index modulation of a switchable polymer dispersed liquid crystal optical component
7872804, Aug 20 2002 ILLUMINA, INC Encoded particle having a grating with variations in the refractive index
7884593, Mar 26 2008 QUANTUM DESIGN INTERNATIONAL, INC Differential and symmetrical current source
7884985, Sep 10 2003 LUMUS LTD. High brightness optical device
7887186, Sep 29 2004 Brother Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Retinal scanning display with exit pupil expanded by optics offset from intermediate image plane
7903921, Jul 07 2005 Nokia Technologies Oy Manufacturing of optical waveguides
7907342, Sep 07 2005 BAE SYSTEMS PLC Projection display
7920787, Apr 12 2002 XIEON NETWORKS S A R L Method for detecting a check-back signal in an optical transmission system
7928862, Jan 30 2006 Rockwell Collins, Inc.; Rockwell Collins, Inc Display of hover and touchdown symbology on head-up display
7936513, Jul 03 2007 Industrial Technology Research Institute Diffraction grating recording medium
7936519, Dec 19 2008 Sony Corporation Head mounted display
7944428, Jun 06 2003 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC Scanning backlight for flat-panel display
7944616, Aug 21 2008 Sony Corporation Head-mounted display
7949214, Nov 06 2008 Microvision, Inc. Substrate guided relay with pupil expanding input coupler
7961117, Sep 16 2008 Rockwell Collins, Inc. System, module, and method for creating a variable FOV image presented on a HUD combiner unit
7969644, Sep 02 2008 WELLS FARGO BANK, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION, AS COLLATERAL AGENT System and method for despeckling an image illuminated by a coherent light source
7969657, Oct 25 2007 University of Central Florida Research Foundation, Inc Imaging systems for eyeglass-based display devices
7970246, Aug 21 2009 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC Efficient collimation of light with optical wedge
7976208, Feb 05 2005 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC Flat panel lens
7984884, Aug 08 2008 B.I.G. Ideas, LLC Artificial christmas tree stand
7999982, May 31 2007 Konica Minolta Holdings, Inc. Hologram optical element, fabrication method thereof, and image display apparatus
8000020, Feb 14 2006 LUMUS LTD Substrate-guided imaging lens
8000491, Oct 24 2006 PIECE FUTURE PTE LTD Transducer device and assembly
8004765, Apr 19 2005 LUMUS LTD. Light guide optical device
8014050, Apr 02 2007 Vuzix Corporation Agile holographic optical phased array device and applications
8016475, Oct 10 2006 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC Prismatic film backlight
8018579, Oct 21 2005 Apple Inc Three-dimensional imaging and display system
8022942, Jan 25 2007 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC Dynamic projected user interface
8023783, Mar 29 2004 Sony Corporation Optical device, and virtual image display device
8073296, Mar 29 2004 Sony Corporation Optical device, and virtual image display device
8077274, Apr 08 2003 Leidos, Inc Optimizing performance parameters for switchable polymer dispersed liquid crystal optical elements
8079713, Sep 12 2005 ELBIT SYSTEMS LTD Near eye display system
8082222, Jan 14 2009 GOLDMAN SACHS BANK USA, AS SUCCESSOR COLLATERAL AGENT CMDB federation method and management system
8086030, Jul 19 2005 ELBIT SYSTEMS ELECTRO-OPTICS ELOP LTD Method and system for visually presenting a high dynamic range image
8089568, Oct 02 2009 Rockwell Collins, Inc.; Rockwell Collins, Inc Method of and system for providing a head up display (HUD)
8093451, Apr 14 2003 Agriculture Victoria Services PTY Ltd Chalcone synthase dihydroflavonol 4-reductase and leucoanthocyanidine reductase from clover, medic ryegrass or fescue
8098439, Jun 17 2004 LUMUS LTD High brightness optical device
8105662, Dec 04 2003 Rolic AG Additive components for liquid crystalline materials
8107023, Dec 18 2007 BAE SYSTEMS PLC Projection displays
8107780, Dec 18 2007 BAE SYSTEMS PLC Display projectors
8120548, Sep 29 2009 Rockwell Collins, Inc.; Rockwell Collins, Inc System, module, and method for illuminating a target on an aircraft windshield
8120848, Dec 27 2006 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Waveplate utilizing form birefringence and waveplate manufacturing method
8132948, Oct 17 2008 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC Method and apparatus for directing light around an obstacle using an optical waveguide for uniform lighting of a cylindrical cavity
8132976, Dec 05 2007 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC Reduced impact keyboard with cushioned keys
8134434, Jan 05 2007 QUANTUM DESIGN INTERNATIONAL, INC Superconducting quick switch
8136690, Apr 14 2009 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC Sensing the amount of liquid in a vessel
8137981, Feb 02 2010 Nokia Technologies Oy Apparatus and associated methods
8142016, Sep 04 2008 INNOVEGA, INC Method and apparatus for constructing a contact lens with optics
8149086, Jun 29 2004 ELBIT SYSTEMS LTD Security systems and methods relating to travelling vehicles
8152315, Oct 02 2006 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC Flat-panel optical projection apparatus with reduced distortion
8152353, Dec 06 2007 JAPAN DISPLAY WEST INC Surface emission apparatus, light guide, and method of manufacturing light guide
8155489, Nov 02 2006 Nokia Technologies Oy Method for coupling light into a thin planar waveguide
8159752, Aug 07 2008 ELBIT SYSTEMS LTD OF ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY CENTER; ELBIT SYSTEMS ELECTRO-OPTICS ELOP LTD OF ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY PARK Wide field of view coverage head-up display system
8160409, Sep 29 2006 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC Flat-panel optical projection apparatus
8160411, Dec 28 2006 CITIBANK, N A Device for expanding an exit pupil in two dimensions
8167173, Jul 21 2008 3Habto, LLC Multi-stream draught beer dispensing system
8186874, Aug 08 2007 SEMI-CONDUCTOR DEVICES - AN ELBIT SYSTEMS-RAFAEL PARTNERSHIP Thermally based system and method for detecting counterfeit drugs
8188925, Nov 07 2008 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC Bent monopole antenna with shared segments
8189263, Apr 01 2011 GOOGLE LLC Image waveguide with mirror arrays
8189973, Aug 21 2009 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC Efficient collimation of light with optical wedge
8194325, Jun 30 2009 CITIBANK, N A Optical apparatus and method
8199803, Jul 14 2006 XIEON NETWORKS S A R L Receiver structure and method for the demodulation of a quadrature-modulated signal
8202405, Feb 21 2006 INDUSTRIE DE NORA S.P.A. End-box for mercury cathode alkali chloride electrolysis cell
8213065, Nov 29 2007 Sony Corporation Image display device
8213755, Mar 29 2004 Sony Corporation Optical device, and virtual image display device
8220966, Nov 29 2007 Sony Corporation Image display apparatus
8224133, Jul 26 2007 DIGILENS INC Laser illumination device
8233204, Sep 30 2009 DIGILENS INC Optical displays
8253914, Jun 23 2010 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC Liquid crystal display (LCD)
8254031, Jun 02 2006 CITIBANK, N A Color distribution in exit pupil expanders
8264498, Apr 01 2008 Rockwell Collins, Inc.; Rockwell Collins, Inc System, apparatus, and method for presenting a monochrome image of terrain on a head-up display unit
8294749, Sep 16 2005 Dualitas Ltd Methods and apparatus for displaying images using holograms
8295710, Jul 04 2008 XIEON NETWORKS S A R L Optical I-Q-modulator
8301031, Jun 13 2006 XIEON NETWORKS S A R L Method and arrangement for switching a Raman pump laser on and/or off
8305577, Nov 04 2010 Nokia Technologies Oy Method and apparatus for spectrometry
8306423, Dec 08 2008 XIEON NETWORKS S A R L Method and optical network component for signal processing in an optical network and communication system
8310327, Jun 11 2007 Moog Limited Low-profile transformer
8314819, Jun 14 2007 Nokia Technologies Oy Displays with integrated backlighting
8314993, Jun 02 2006 CITIBANK, N A Split exit pupil expander
8320032, Jun 04 2007 CITIBANK, N A Diffractive beam expander and a virtual display based on a diffractive beam expander
8321810, Apr 30 2009 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC Configuring an adaptive input device with selected graphical images
8325166, Jun 10 2008 Sony Corporation Optical device and virtual image display device including volume hologram gratings
8329773, Feb 17 2009 Covestro Deutschland AG Holographic media and photopolymers
8335040, Oct 23 2008 Sony Corporation Head-mounted display apparatus
8335414, Apr 29 2008 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas Diffraction grating coupler, system and method
8351744, Aug 21 2009 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC Efficient collimation of light with optical wedge
8354640, Sep 11 2009 MORPHOTRUST USA, INC Optically based planar scanner
8354806, Aug 21 2009 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC Scanning collimation of light via flat panel lamp
8355610, Oct 18 2007 SNAP INC Display systems
8369019, Apr 14 2008 BAE SYSTEMS PLC Waveguides
8376548, Sep 22 2010 Vuzix Corporation Near-eye display with on-axis symmetry
8382293, May 05 2008 3M Innovative Properties Company Light source module
8384504, Jan 06 2006 QUANTUM DESIGN INTERNATIONAL, INC Superconducting quick switch
8384694, Nov 17 2009 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC Infrared vision with liquid crystal display device
8384730, Sep 26 2008 Rockwell Collins, Inc.; Rockwell Collins, Inc System, module, and method for generating HUD image data from synthetic vision system image data
8396339, Mar 29 2004 Sony Corporation Optical device, and virtual image display device
8396341, Oct 30 2009 China University of Science and Technology Optical filters based on polymer asymmetric bragg couplers and its method of fabrication
8398242, Nov 21 2007 Panasonic Corporation Display apparatus
8403490, Sep 26 2007 Panasonic Corporation Beam scanning-type display device, method, program and integrated circuit
8422840, Sep 29 2006 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC Flat-panel optical projection apparatus
8427439, Apr 13 2009 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC Avoiding optical effects of touch on liquid crystal display
8432363, Feb 23 2007 WSOU Investments, LLC Optical actuators in keypads
8432372, Nov 30 2007 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC User input using proximity sensing
8432614, Feb 10 2005 LUMUS LTD Substrate-guide optical device utilizing polarization beam splitters
8441731, Sep 04 2008 INNOVEGA, INC System and apparatus for pixel matrix see-through display panels
8447365, Aug 11 2009 Vehicle communication system
8466953, Jun 02 2006 CITIBANK, N A Stereoscopic exit pupil expander display
8472119, Aug 12 2011 GOOGLE LLC Image waveguide having a bend
8472120, Feb 28 2010 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC See-through near-eye display glasses with a small scale image source
8477261, May 26 2010 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC Shadow elimination in the backlight for a 3-D display
8481130, Aug 08 2003 Merck Patent GmbH Alignment layer with reactive mesogens for aligning liquid crystal molecules
8482858, Sep 04 2008 INNOVEGA INC System and apparatus for deflection optics
8488246, Feb 28 2010 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC See-through near-eye display glasses including a curved polarizing film in the image source, a partially reflective, partially transmitting optical element and an optically flat film
8491121, Oct 09 2007 WELLS FARGO BANK, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION, AS COLLATERAL AGENT Pupil scan apparatus
8491136, Oct 02 2006 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC Flat-panel optical projection apparatus with reduced distortion
8493366, Jan 25 2007 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC Dynamic projected user interface
8493562, Oct 03 2007 Commissariat a l Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives Optical device with superimposed photonic circuits for coupling to one or more optical waveguides
8493662, Sep 16 2008 SNAP INC Waveguides
8494229, Feb 14 2008 CITIBANK, N A Device and method for determining gaze direction
8508848, Dec 18 2007 CITIBANK, N A Exit pupil expanders with wide field-of-view
8520309, Sep 04 2008 INNOVEGA INC Method and apparatus to process display and non-display information
8547638, Jun 02 2006 CITIBANK, N A Color distribution in exit pupil expanders
8548290, Aug 23 2011 Vuzix Corporation Dynamic apertured waveguide for near-eye display
8565560, Jul 26 2007 DIGILENS INC Laser illumination device
8578038, Nov 30 2009 Nokia Technologies Oy Method and apparatus for providing access to social content
8581831, Jun 06 2003 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC Scanning backlight for flat-panel display
8582206, Sep 15 2010 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC Laser-scanning virtual image display
8593734, Sep 28 2006 CITIBANK, N A Beam expansion with three-dimensional diffractive elements
8611014, Apr 14 2009 BAE SYSTEMS PLC Optical waveguide and display device
8619062, Feb 03 2011 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC Touch-pressure sensing in a display panel
8633786, Sep 27 2010 Nokia Technologies Oy Apparatus and associated methods
8634120, Nov 11 2005 SBG LABS, INC Apparatus for condensing light from multiple sources using Bragg gratings
8634139, Sep 30 2011 Rockwell Collins, Inc. System for and method of catadioptric collimation in a compact head up display (HUD)
8639072, Oct 19 2011 DIGILENS INC Compact wearable display
8643691, May 12 2008 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC Gaze accurate video conferencing
8643948, Apr 22 2007 LUMUS LTD Collimating optical device and system
8649099, Sep 13 2010 Vuzix Corporation Prismatic multiple waveguide for near-eye display
8654420, Dec 12 2008 BAE SYSTEMS PLC Waveguides
8659826, Feb 04 2010 Rockwell Collins, Inc Worn display system and method without requiring real time tracking for boresight precision
8670029, Jun 16 2010 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC Depth camera illuminator with superluminescent light-emitting diode
8693087, Jun 30 2011 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC Passive matrix quantum dot display
8698705, Dec 04 2009 Vuzix Corporation Compact near eye display with scanned image generation
8731350, Sep 11 2012 The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Navy Planar-waveguide Bragg gratings in curved waveguides
8736802, Jun 23 2010 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC Liquid crystal display (LCD)
8736963, Mar 21 2012 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC Two-dimensional exit-pupil expansion
8742952, Aug 14 2012 Rockwell Collins, Inc. Traffic awareness systems and methods
8746008, Mar 29 2009 Montana Instruments Corporation Low vibration cryocooled system for low temperature microscopy and spectroscopy applications
8749886, Mar 21 2012 GOOGLE LLC Wide-angle wide band polarizing beam splitter
8749890, Sep 30 2011 Rockwell Collins, Inc. Compact head up display (HUD) for cockpits with constrained space envelopes
8767294, Jul 05 2011 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC Optic with extruded conic profile
8786923, Nov 22 2002 Akonia Holographics, LLC Methods and systems for recording to holographic storage media
8810600, Jan 23 2012 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC Wearable display device calibration
8810913, Jan 25 2010 BAE SYSTEMS PLC Projection display
8810914, Apr 22 2007 LUMUS LTD Collimating optical device and system
8814691, Feb 28 2010 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC System and method for social networking gaming with an augmented reality
8816578, Jul 16 2012 Rockwell Collins, Inc. Display assembly configured for reduced reflection
8817350, Sep 30 2009 DIGILENS INC Optical displays
8824836, Jun 10 2010 Fujitsu Optical Components Limited Optical waveguide, optical modulator and optical coupler
8830143, Sep 28 2006 Rockwell Collins, Inc.; Rockwell Collins, Inc Enhanced vision system and method for an aircraft
8830584, Dec 17 2007 CITIBANK, N A Exit pupil expanders with spherical and aspheric substrates
8830588, Mar 28 2012 Rockwell Collins, Inc. Reflector and cover glass for substrate guided HUD
8842368, Apr 29 2009 SNAP INC Head mounted display
8859412, Apr 06 2011 VerLASE Technologies LLC Optoelectronic device containing at least one active device layer having a wurtzite crystal structure, and methods of making same
8872435, Feb 16 2010 Midmark Corporation LED light for examinations and procedures
8873149, Jan 28 2013 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC Projection optical system for coupling image light to a near-eye display
8873150, Feb 10 2005 LUMUS LTD Method of making a substrate-guided optical device utilizing polarization beam splitters
8885112, Oct 27 2009 DIGILENS, INC ; Rockwell Collins, Inc Compact holographic edge illuminated eyeglass display
8885997, Aug 31 2012 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC NED polarization system for wavelength pass-through
8903207, Sep 30 2011 Rockwell Collins, Inc System for and method of extending vertical field of view in head up display utilizing a waveguide combiner
8906088, Dec 23 2011 Johnson & Johnson Vision Care, Inc. Variable focus ophthalmic device including liquid crystal elements
8913324, Aug 07 2012 CITIBANK, N A Display illumination light guide
8913865, Jun 27 2013 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC Waveguide including light turning gaps
8917453, Dec 23 2011 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC Reflective array waveguide
8917962, Jun 24 2009 Flex Lighting II, LLC Method of manufacturing a light input coupler and lightguide
8929589, Nov 07 2011 GOOGLE LLC Systems and methods for high-resolution gaze tracking
8933144, Sep 27 2011 FUJIFILM Corporation Curable composition for imprint, pattern-forming method and pattern
8934743, Nov 08 2011 Panasonic Corporation Light-receiving device having light-trapping sheet
8937771, Dec 12 2012 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC Three piece prism eye-piece
8937772, Sep 30 2011 Rockwell Collins, Inc. System for and method of stowing HUD combiners
8938141, Jul 30 2004 University of Connecticut Tunable resonant leaky-mode N/MEMS elements and uses in optical devices
8950867, Nov 23 2011 CITIBANK, N A Three dimensional virtual and augmented reality display system
8964298, Feb 28 2010 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC Video display modification based on sensor input for a see-through near-to-eye display
8965152, Dec 12 2008 BAE SYSTEMS PLC Waveguides
8985803, Mar 21 2012 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC Freeform-prism eyepiece with illumination waveguide
8989535, Jun 04 2012 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC Multiple waveguide imaging structure
9019595, May 16 2011 VerLASE Technologies LLC Resonator-enhanced optoelectronic devices and methods of making same
9025253, Aug 22 2006 LUMUS LTD , AN ISRAELI COMPANY Optical device having a light transmitting substrate with external light coupling means
9035344, Sep 14 2011 VerLASE Technologies LLC Phosphors for use with LEDs and other optoelectronic devices
9075184, Apr 17 2012 DIGILENS INC Compact edge illuminated diffractive display
9081178, Sep 07 2005 BAE SYSTEMS PLC Projection display for displaying an image to a viewer
9097890, Feb 28 2010 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC Grating in a light transmissive illumination system for see-through near-eye display glasses
9103978, Nov 08 2011 PANASONIC INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY MANAGEMENT CO , LTD Light-trapping sheet, and light-receiving device and light-emitting device using the same
9122015, Jul 23 2010 NEC Corporation Optical interconnect structure
9128226, Jul 30 2013 LELIS, INC , AS AGENT Multibeam diffraction grating-based backlighting
9129295, Feb 28 2010 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC See-through near-eye display glasses with a fast response photochromic film system for quick transition from dark to clear
9164290, Nov 06 2013 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC Grating configurations for a tiled waveguide display
9176324, Jun 25 2013 Rockwell Collins, Inc Enhanced-image presentation system, device, and method
9188717, Oct 04 2010 PANASONIC INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY MANAGEMENT CO , LTD Light acquisition sheet and rod, and light receiving device and light emitting device each using the light acquisition sheet or rod
9201270, Jun 01 2012 LELIS, INC , AS AGENT Directional backlight with a modulation layer
9215293, Oct 28 2011 CITIBANK, N A System and method for augmented and virtual reality
9239507, Oct 25 2013 Forelux Inc. Grating based optical coupler
9244275, Jul 10 2009 Rockwell Collins, Inc. Visual display system using multiple image sources and heads-up-display system using the same
9244280, Mar 25 2014 Rockwell Collins, Inc. Near eye display system and method for display enhancement or redundancy
9244281, Sep 26 2013 Rockwell Collins, Inc.; Rockwell Collins, Inc Display system and method using a detached combiner
9253359, Dec 28 2009 CANON COMPONENTS, INC Contact image sensor unit including a detachable light guide supporting member and image reading apparatus using the same
9269854, Sep 10 2010 VerLASE Technologies LLC Methods of fabricating optoelectronic devices using layers detached from semiconductor donors and devices made thereby
9274338, Mar 21 2012 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC Increasing field of view of reflective waveguide
9274339, Feb 04 2010 Rockwell Collins, Inc. Worn display system and method without requiring real time tracking for boresight precision
9274349, Apr 07 2011 DIGILENS INC Laser despeckler based on angular diversity
9310566, Mar 27 2012 SNAP INC Optical waveguides
9316786, Nov 08 2011 PANASONIC INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY MANAGEMENT CO , LTD Light-trapping sheet and rod, and light-receiving device and light-emitting device using the same
9329325, Apr 20 2009 BAE SYSTEMS PLC Optical waveguides
9335548, Aug 21 2013 GOOGLE LLC Head-wearable display with collimated light source and beam steering mechanism
9335604, Dec 11 2013 DIGILENS INC Holographic waveguide display
9341846, Apr 25 2012 DIGILENS INC Holographic wide angle display
9354366, May 16 2011 VerLASE Technologies LLC Resonator-enhanced optoelectronic devices and methods of making same
9366862, Feb 28 2010 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC System and method for delivering content to a group of see-through near eye display eyepieces
9366864, Sep 30 2011 Rockwell Collins, Inc. System for and method of displaying information without need for a combiner alignment detector
9372347, Feb 09 2015 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC Display system
9377623, Aug 11 2014 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC Waveguide eye tracking employing volume Bragg grating
9377852, Aug 29 2013 Rockwell Collins, Inc.; Rockwell Collins, Inc Eye tracking as a method to improve the user interface
9389415, Apr 27 2012 LELIS, INC , AS AGENT Directional pixel for use in a display screen
9400395, Aug 29 2011 Vuzix Corporation Controllable waveguide for near-eye display applications
9423360, Feb 09 2015 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC Optical components
9429692, Feb 09 2015 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC Optical components
9431794, Apr 06 2011 VerLASE Technologies LLC Optoelectronic device containing at least one active device layer having a wurtzite crystal structure, and methods of making same
9435961, Oct 15 2014 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.; FUTUREWEI TECHNOLOGIES, INC Stacked photonic chip coupler for SOI chip-fiber coupling
9456744, May 11 2012 DIGILENS INC Apparatus for eye tracking
9459451, Dec 26 2013 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC Eye tracking apparatus, method and system
9464779, Nov 11 2005 SBG LABS, INC Apparatus for condensing light from multiple sources using Bragg gratings
9465213, Dec 12 2008 BAE SYSTEMS PLC Waveguides
9465227, Jul 26 2007 DigiLens, Inc. Laser illumination device
9484482, Jun 26 2014 International Business Machines Corporation Efficient optical (light) coupling
9494799, Sep 24 2014 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC Waveguide eye tracking employing switchable diffraction gratings
9507150, May 10 2013 Rockwell Collins, Inc. Head up display (HUD) using a bent waveguide assembly
9513480, Feb 09 2015 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC Waveguide
9516193, Aug 10 2012 Mitsubishi Electric Corporation Contact image sensor, output correction device for contact image sensor, and output correction method for contact image sensor
9519089, Jan 30 2014 Rockwell Collins, Inc. High performance volume phase gratings
9519115, Mar 25 2013 PHOTONICS ELECTRONICS TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH ASSOCIATION Optical circuit
9523852, Jul 30 2015 Rockwell Collins, Inc. Micro collimator system and method for a head up display (HUD)
9535253, Feb 09 2015 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC Display system
9541383, Jul 12 2013 CITIBANK, N A Optical system having a return planar waveguide
9541763, Jul 29 2015 Rockwell Collins, Inc. Active HUD alignment
9547174, Apr 05 2012 CITIBANK, N A Apparatus for optical see-through head mounted display with mutual occlusion and opaqueness control capability
9551468, Dec 10 2013 Gary W., Jones Inverse visible spectrum light and broad spectrum light source for enhanced vision
9551874, Feb 10 2005 LUMUS LTD. Substrate-guide optical device
9551880, Nov 08 2005 LUMUS LTD Polarizing optical system
9599813, May 10 2013 Rockwell Collins, Inc. Waveguide combiner system and method with less susceptibility to glare
9612403, Jul 12 2013 CITIBANK, N A Planar waveguide apparatus with diffraction element(s) and system employing same
9632226, Feb 12 2015 DIGILENS INC ; ROCKWELL COLLINS INC Waveguide grating device
9635352, Mar 11 2014 Rockwell Collins, Inc. Systems and methods for indicating improper viewing angles
9648313, Mar 11 2014 Rockwell Collins, Inc.; Rockwell Collins, Inc Aviation display system and method
9651368, Jul 12 2013 CITIBANK, N A Planar waveguide apparatus configured to return light therethrough
9664824, Dec 10 2012 BAE SYSTEMS PLC Display comprising an optical waveguide and switchable diffraction gratings and method of producing the same
9664910, Aug 22 2006 LUMUS LTD. Optical device having a light transmitting substrate with external light coupling means
9671612, Jan 29 2014 GOOGLE LLC Dynamic lens for head mounted display
9674413, Apr 17 2013 Rockwell Collins, Inc. Vision system and method having improved performance and solar mitigation
9678345, Aug 15 2014 Rockwell Collins, Inc. Dynamic vergence correction in binocular displays
9679367, Apr 24 2014 Rockwell Collins, Inc. HUD system and method with dynamic light exclusion
9715067, Sep 30 2011 Rockwell Collins, Inc Ultra-compact HUD utilizing waveguide pupil expander with surface relief gratings in high refractive index materials
9715110, Aug 06 2015 Rockwell Collins, Inc. Automotive head up display (HUD)
9726540, Oct 09 2009 DIGILENS INC Diffractive waveguide providing structured illumination for object detection
9727772, Jul 31 2013 DIGILENS, INC Method and apparatus for contact image sensing
9733475, Sep 08 2014 Rockwell Collins, Inc. Curved waveguide combiner for head-mounted and helmet-mounted displays (HMDS), a collimated virtual window, or a head up display (HUD)
9739950, Jul 25 2012 CSEM CENTRE SUISSE D ELECTRONIQUE ET DE MICROTECHNIQUE SA - RECHERCHE ET DÉVELOPPEMENT Method to optimize a light coupling waveguide
9746688, Jul 26 2007 DIGILENS INC Laser illumination device
9754507, Jul 02 2013 Rockwell Collins, Inc.; Rockwell Collins, Inc Virtual/live hybrid behavior to mitigate range and behavior constraints
9762895, Mar 11 2014 Rockwell Collins, Inc.; Rockwell Collins, Inc Dual simultaneous image presentation for a three-dimensional aviation display
9766465, Mar 25 2014 Rockwell Collins, Inc. Near eye display system and method for display enhancement or redundancy
9785231, Sep 26 2013 Rockwell Collins, Inc.; Rockwell Collins, Inc Head worn display integrity monitor system and methods
9791694, Aug 07 2015 Rockwell Collins, Inc.; Rockwell Collins, Inc Transparent film display system for vehicles
9791696, Nov 10 2015 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC Waveguide gratings to improve intensity distributions
9791703, Apr 13 2016 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC Waveguides with extended field of view
9804316, Dec 20 2013 Apple Inc.; Apple Inc Display having backlight with narrowband collimated light sources
9804389, May 11 2012 DigiLens, Inc. Apparatus for eye tracking
9823423, Feb 12 2015 Digilens Inc.; Rockwell Collins Inc. Waveguide grating device
9857605, Jul 26 2007 Digilens Inc. Laser illumination device
9874931, Feb 22 2016 Rockwell Collins, Inc. Head-tracking system and method
9891436, Feb 11 2016 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC Waveguide-based displays with anti-reflective and highly-reflective coating
9899800, Nov 13 2015 STMICROELECTRONICS FRANCE Laser device and process for fabricating such a laser device
9915825, Nov 10 2015 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC Waveguides with embedded components to improve intensity distributions
9933684, Nov 16 2012 DIGILENS INC Transparent waveguide display providing upper and lower fields of view having a specific light output aperture configuration
9939577, Apr 20 2016 Kabushiki Kaisha Toyota Chuo Kenkyusho Diffraction structure, diffraction grating, diffraction grating array, optical phased array, optical modulator, optical filter, laser source
9939628, Mar 20 2014 CSEM CENTRE SUISSE D ELECTRONIQUE ET DE MICROTECHNIQUE SA - RECHERCHE ET DEVELOPPEMENT Imaging system
9959818, Sep 22 2016 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC Display engines for use with optical waveguides
9977247, Sep 30 2011 Rockwell Collins, Inc.; Rockwell Collins, Inc System for and method of displaying information without need for a combiner alignment detector
9989763, Dec 04 2015 Microsoft Technology Licensing, LLC Imaging using multiple different narrow bands of light having respective different emission peaks
20010024177,
20010033400,
20010036012,
20010043163,
20010046142,
20010050756,
20020003509,
20020009299,
20020011969,
20020012064,
20020018040,
20020021407,
20020021461,
20020036825,
20020047837,
20020071472,
20020075240,
20020076154,
20020093701,
20020110077,
20020126332,
20020127497,
20020131175,
20020150032,
20020150337,
20020167462,
20020196332,
20030007070,
20030025881,
20030030912,
20030038912,
20030039422,
20030039442,
20030058490,
20030063042,
20030063884,
20030067685,
20030076590,
20030076950,
20030086670,
20030107809,
20030129542,
20030149346,
20030175004,
20030184868,
20030193709,
20030197154,
20030197157,
20030202247,
20030206329,
20030228019,
20040004767,
20040004989,
20040012833,
20040047938,
20040057138,
20040075830,
20040087049,
20040089842,
20040108971,
20040109234,
20040112862,
20040125454,
20040130797,
20040141217,
20040156008,
20040174348,
20040175627,
20040179764,
20040184156,
20040188617,
20040200368,
20040208446,
20040208466,
20040225025,
20040263969,
20040263971,
20050007639,
20050018304,
20050047705,
20050079663,
20050083564,
20050105909,
20050122395,
20050134404,
20050135747,
20050136260,
20050141066,
20050141811,
20050169579,
20050174321,
20050180687,
20050195276,
20050218377,
20050231774,
20050232530,
20050254752,
20050259217,
20050259302,
20050259944,
20050265585,
20050269481,
20050271258,
20050286133,
20060002274,
20060012878,
20060013977,
20060043938,
20060055993,
20060093012,
20060093793,
20060114564,
20060119837,
20060119916,
20060126179,
20060132914,
20060142455,
20060146422,
20060159864,
20060164593,
20060171647,
20060177180,
20060181683,
20060191293,
20060215244,
20060215976,
20060221063,
20060221448,
20060228073,
20060262250,
20060268104,
20060268412,
20060279662,
20060284974,
20060285205,
20060291021,
20060291052,
20060292493,
20070012777,
20070019152,
20070019297,
20070034600,
20070041684,
20070045596,
20070052929,
20070053032,
20070070476,
20070070504,
20070070859,
20070089625,
20070097502,
20070109400,
20070109401,
20070115553,
20070116409,
20070127348,
20070133089,
20070133920,
20070133983,
20070146624,
20070146625,
20070154153,
20070160325,
20070177007,
20070182915,
20070183650,
20070188602,
20070188837,
20070195409,
20070206155,
20070211164,
20070236560,
20070237456,
20070247687,
20070258138,
20070263169,
20080001909,
20080018851,
20080024598,
20080043334,
20080049100,
20080062259,
20080063808,
20080089073,
20080106775,
20080106779,
20080117289,
20080136916,
20080136923,
20080138013,
20080143964,
20080143965,
20080149517,
20080151370,
20080151379,
20080186573,
20080186574,
20080186604,
20080193085,
20080198471,
20080225187,
20080226281,
20080239067,
20080239068,
20080273081,
20080278812,
20080285137,
20080285140,
20080297731,
20080297807,
20080298649,
20080298740,
20080303895,
20080303896,
20080304111,
20080309586,
20080316303,
20080316375,
20090001632,
20090010135,
20090017424,
20090019222,
20090052017,
20090052046,
20090052047,
20090067774,
20090074356,
20090097122,
20090097127,
20090116790,
20090121301,
20090122413,
20090122414,
20090128495,
20090128781,
20090128902,
20090128911,
20090136246,
20090141324,
20090153437,
20090169152,
20090190222,
20090213208,
20090237804,
20090242021,
20090296218,
20090303599,
20090316246,
20100014312,
20100039796,
20100053565,
20100060551,
20100060990,
20100065726,
20100079841,
20100079865,
20100084261,
20100086256,
20100092124,
20100096562,
20100097674,
20100097820,
20100103078,
20100134534,
20100135615,
20100136319,
20100141555,
20100141905,
20100149073,
20100165465,
20100165660,
20100171680,
20100177388,
20100202725,
20100214659,
20100220293,
20100225834,
20100225876,
20100231532,
20100231693,
20100231705,
20100232003,
20100232016,
20100245756,
20100245757,
20100246003,
20100246004,
20100246993,
20100253987,
20100260030,
20100265117,
20100277803,
20100284085,
20100284090,
20100284180,
20100296163,
20100299814,
20100315719,
20100321781,
20100322555,
20110001895,
20110002143,
20110013423,
20110019250,
20110019874,
20110026128,
20110026774,
20110032602,
20110032618,
20110032706,
20110038024,
20110050548,
20110063604,
20110096401,
20110102711,
20110103762,
20110109880,
20110157707,
20110164221,
20110187293,
20110211239,
20110216255,
20110221656,
20110232211,
20110235179,
20110235365,
20110236803,
20110238399,
20110242349,
20110242661,
20110242670,
20110249309,
20110274435,
20110299075,
20110310356,
20120007979,
20120027347,
20120033306,
20120044572,
20120044573,
20120062850,
20120062998,
20120067864,
20120075168,
20120081789,
20120092632,
20120099203,
20120105634,
20120105740,
20120120493,
20120127577,
20120162549,
20120162764,
20120176665,
20120183888,
20120194420,
20120200532,
20120206811,
20120206937,
20120207432,
20120207434,
20120214089,
20120214090,
20120218481,
20120224062,
20120235884,
20120235886,
20120235900,
20120242661,
20120280956,
20120281943,
20120290973,
20120294037,
20120300311,
20120320460,
20120326950,
20120328234,
20130016324,
20130016362,
20130021392,
20130021586,
20130027006,
20130033485,
20130039619,
20130044376,
20130051730,
20130059233,
20130069850,
20130077049,
20130088637,
20130093893,
20130101253,
20130107186,
20130117377,
20130125027,
20130128230,
20130138275,
20130141934,
20130141937,
20130143336,
20130163089,
20130163928,
20130170031,
20130176704,
20130184904,
20130200710,
20130207887,
20130224634,
20130229717,
20130249895,
20130250207,
20130250380,
20130250430,
20130250431,
20130257848,
20130258701,
20130267309,
20130271731,
20130277890,
20130286053,
20130300997,
20130301014,
20130305437,
20130308185,
20130312811,
20130314789,
20130314793,
20130322810,
20130328948,
20130342525,
20140002514,
20140003762,
20140009809,
20140022616,
20140024159,
20140027006,
20140037242,
20140043672,
20140043689,
20140055845,
20140063055,
20140064655,
20140071538,
20140098010,
20140104665,
20140104685,
20140118647,
20140126029,
20140126175,
20140130132,
20140138581,
20140140653,
20140140654,
20140146394,
20140152778,
20140154614,
20140160576,
20140168055,
20140168260,
20140168735,
20140168783,
20140172296,
20140176528,
20140177023,
20140185286,
20140198128,
20140198896,
20140204455,
20140211322,
20140218468,
20140218801,
20140232759,
20140240834,
20140240842,
20140255662,
20140267420,
20140268017,
20140268353,
20140300947,
20140300960,
20140300966,
20140327970,
20140330159,
20140367719,
20140375542,
20140375789,
20140375790,
20150001677,
20150003796,
20150009550,
20150010265,
20150015946,
20150016777,
20150035744,
20150036068,
20150058791,
20150062675,
20150062707,
20150086163,
20150086907,
20150107671,
20150109763,
20150125109,
20150148728,
20150160529,
20150167868,
20150177443,
20150177686,
20150177688,
20150185475,
20150211960,
20150219834,
20150235447,
20150235448,
20150243068,
20150247975,
20150260994,
20150262424,
20150268399,
20150268415,
20150277375,
20150285682,
20150288129,
20150289762,
20150309264,
20150316768,
20150338689,
20150346490,
20150346495,
20150355394,
20160003847,
20160004090,
20160018673,
20160026253,
20160033705,
20160033706,
20160038992,
20160041387,
20160055822,
20160060529,
20160077338,
20160085008,
20160085300,
20160097959,
20160116739,
20160124223,
20160124241,
20160132025,
20160147067,
20160170226,
20160178901,
20160195664,
20160195720,
20160209648,
20160209657,
20160231568,
20160231570,
20160238772,
20160266398,
20160274356,
20160274362,
20160283773,
20160291328,
20160299344,
20160320536,
20160327705,
20160336033,
20160341964,
20160363840,
20160370615,
20160377879,
20170003505,
20170010466,
20170010488,
20170030550,
20170031160,
20170031171,
20170032166,
20170034435,
20170038579,
20170052374,
20170052376,
20170059759,
20170059775,
20170102543,
20170115487,
20170123208,
20170131460,
20170131545,
20170131546,
20170131551,
20170138789,
20170160546,
20170160548,
20170176747,
20170180404,
20170180408,
20170192246,
20170192499,
20170199333,
20170212295,
20170219841,
20170235142,
20170236463,
20170255257,
20170270637,
20170276940,
20170299793,
20170299794,
20170299860,
20170299865,
20170307800,
20170322426,
20170329140,
20170356801,
20170357841,
20180003805,
20180011324,
20180017801,
20180052277,
20180059305,
20180067251,
20180067318,
20180074265,
20180074340,
20180074352,
20180081190,
20180082644,
20180088325,
20180095283,
20180107011,
20180112097,
20180113303,
20180120669,
20180129060,
20180143438,
20180143449,
20180164583,
20180172995,
20180188542,
20180188691,
20180203230,
20180210198,
20180210205,
20180210396,
20180232048,
20180246354,
20180252869,
20180265774,
20180275350,
20180275402,
20180275410,
20180284440,
20180299678,
20180338131,
20180348524,
20180373115,
20190041634,
20190042827,
20190064526,
20190064735,
20190072723,
20190072767,
20190094548,
20190113751,
20190113829,
20190114484,
20190121027,
20190129085,
20190162962,
20190162963,
20190171031,
20190179153,
20190187474,
20190187538,
20190188471,
20190212195,
20190212557,
20190212573,
20190212588,
20190212589,
20190212596,
20190212597,
20190212698,
20190212699,
20190219822,
20190226830,
20190243142,
20190243209,
20190265486,
20190278224,
20190285796,
20190293880,
20190319426,
20190324202,
20190339558,
20190361096,
20200012839,
20200018875,
20200026072,
20200026074,
20200033190,
20200033801,
20200033802,
20200041787,
20200041791,
20200057353,
20200064637,
20200081317,
20200089319,
20200096692,
20200096772,
20200103661,
20200116997,
20200142131,
20200150469,
20200158943,
20200159023,
20200159026,
20200183163,
20200183200,
20200192088,
20200201042,
20200201051,
20200209483,
20200209630,
20200225471,
20200241304,
20200247016,
20200247017,
20200249484,
20200249491,
20200249568,
20200264378,
20200271973,
20200292745,
20200292840,
20200319404,
20200333606,
20200341194,
20200341272,
20200348519,
20200348531,
20200363771,
20200372236,
20200386947,
20200400946,
20200400951,
20200409151,
20210026297,
20210033857,
20210055551,
20210063634,
20210063672,
20210088705,
20210109285,
20210109353,
20210191122,
20210199873,
20210199971,
20210216040,
20210223585,
20210231874,
20210231955,
20210238374,
20210239984,
20210247560,
20210247620,
20210247719,
20210255463,
20210278739,
20210349328,
20210364803,
20210364836,
20210405299,
20210405365,
20210405514,
20220019015,
20220043287,
20220057749,
20220075196,
20220075242,
20220082739,
20220091323,
20220099898,
20220128754,
20220155623,
20220163728,
20220163801,
20220187692,
20220204790,
20220206232,
20220214503,
20220214551,
20220244559,
20220260838,
20220283376,
20220283377,
20220283378,
20220308352,
20220317356,
20230027493,
20230078253,
20230081115,
20230114549,
20230221493,
20230290290,
20230359028,
20240012242,
20240027670,
20240027689,
20240142695,
20240151890,
BRI720469,
CA2889727,
CN100492099,
CN101103297,
CN101151562,
CN101263412,
CN101589326,
CN101688977,
CN101726857,
CN101793555,
CN101881936,
CN101910900,
CN101945612,
CN102314092,
CN102360093,
CN102393548,
CN102498425,
CN102608762,
CN102782563,
CN102928981,
CN103000188,
CN103031557,
CN103185970,
CN103562802,
CN103777282,
CN103823267,
CN103959133,
CN104035157,
CN104040308,
CN104040410,
CN104076424,
CN104136952,
CN104204901,
CN104246626,
CN104520751,
CN104956252,
CN105074537,
CN105074539,
CN105137598,
CN105190407,
CN105229514,
CN105393159,
CN105408801,
CN105408802,
CN105408803,
CN105531716,
CN105705981,
CN105940451,
CN106125308,
CN106443867,
CN106575034,
CN1066936,
CN106716223,
CN106842397,
CN106950744,
CN107466372,
CN107533137,
CN107873086,
CN108107506,
CN108351516,
CN108474945,
CN108681067,
CN108780224,
CN109073889,
CN109154717,
CN110383117,
CN111025657,
CN111323867,
CN111386495,
CN111566571,
CN111615655,
CN111684362,
CN111902768,
CN113424095,
CN113692544,
CN113728075,
CN113728258,
CN113759555,
CN114207492,
CN114341686,
CN114341729,
CN114450608,
CN114721242,
CN116149058,
CN1320217,
CN1357010,
CN1886680,
CN200944140,
CN208092344,
CN208621784,
CN303019849,
CN303217936,
CN305973971,
D559250, Dec 28 2006 Kopin Corporation Viewing device
D581447, May 24 2008 Oakley, Inc. Eyeglass
D640310, Dec 21 2010 TOSHIBA VISUAL SOLUTIONS CORPORATION Glasses for 3-dimensional scenography
D659137, Oct 19 2009 Brother Industries, Ltd. Image display device
D661334, Aug 05 2011 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Glasses for watching 3D image
D661335, Mar 14 2011 LG Electronics Inc. Glasses for 3D images
D673996, Dec 01 2011 LG Electronics Inc. Glasses for watching 3D image
D691192, Sep 10 2010 3M Innovative Properties Company Eyewear lens feature
D694310, Oct 23 2012 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Glasses with earphones
D694311, Apr 22 2013 Samsung Electronic Co., Ltd.; SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS CO , LTD Earphone glasses
D697130, Apr 02 2013 Pulzit AB Sports glasses
D701206, Jun 04 2013 META PLATFORMS TECHNOLOGIES, LLC Virtual reality headset
D718304, Jan 06 2012 GOOGLE LLC Display device component
D718366, May 10 2013 Intel Corporation Glasses with heads-up display and modules
D725102, Mar 27 2014 LG Electronics Inc. Head mounted display device
D726180, Apr 18 2013 Vuzix Corporation Video eyewear device
D733709, May 21 2014 Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba Wearable image display apparatus
D746896, Sep 23 2014 COSTA DEL MAR, INC Eyeglasses
D749074, Jun 24 2014 GOOGLE LLC Wearable hinged display device
D751551, Jun 06 2014 HO, PATRICK C Pair of temple arms for an eyeglass frame with mount
D752129, Feb 19 2014 LG Electroincs Inc. Frame to fix portable electronic device
D754782, May 16 2014 Kopin Corporation Eyewear viewing device
D793468, Jan 04 2016 Garmin Switzerland GmbH Display device
D795865, Jan 06 2016 Vuzix Corporation Monocular smart glasses
D795866, Jan 06 2016 Vuzix Corporation Monocular smart glasses
D827641, Dec 16 2014 Sony Corporation Wearable media player
D840454, Jul 08 2016 Rockwell Collins, Inc. Head worn display wave-guide assembly
D855687, Mar 09 2018 SOLOS TECHNOLOGY LIMITED Eyewear viewing device
D859510, Jan 16 2018 COSTA DEL MAR, INC Eyeglasses
D871494, Nov 24 2017 HOYA SERVICE CORPORATION; Hoya Corporation Glasses
D872170, Nov 09 2017 Oxsight Limited Glasses
D872794, Sep 08 2017 BAE SYSTEMS PLC Glasses with optical image sensor
D880575, Sep 25 2018 Oakley, Inc. Eyeglasses
DE102006003785,
DE102006036831,
DE102012108424,
DE102013209436,
DE10221837,
DE19751190,
EM17475510002,
EM72341900001,
EP795775,
EP822441,
EP1347641,
EP1402298,
EP1413972,
EP1526709,
EP1573369,
EP1748305,
EP1828832,
EP1938152,
EP2110701,
EP2196729,
EP2225592,
EP2244114,
EP2326983,
EP2381290,
EP2494388,
EP2634605,
EP2733517,
EP2748670,
EP2842003,
EP2929378,
EP2995986,
EP3198192,
EP3245444,
EP3245551,
EP3248026,
EP3256888,
EP3359999,
EP3398007,
EP3433658,
EP3433659,
EP3499278,
EP3548939,
EP3698214,
EP3710876,
EP3710887,
EP3710893,
EP3710894,
EP3894938,
EP3924759,
EP3927793,
EP3938821,
EP3980825,
EP4004615,
EP4004646,
EP4022370,
FI20176157,
FI20176158,
FI20176161,
FR2677463,
FR2975506,
GB2115178,
GB2140935,
GB2508661,
GB2509536,
GB2512077,
GB2514658,
HK1204684,
HK1205563,
HK1205793,
HK1206101,
JP10096903,
JP10105030,
JP10503279,
JP11109320,
JP11142806,
JP1164636,
JP1664536,
JP2000056259,
JP2000261706,
JP2000267042,
JP2000321962,
JP2000511306,
JP2000515996,
JP2001027739,
JP2001296503,
JP2002090858,
JP2002122906,
JP2002156617,
JP2002162598,
JP2002311379,
JP2002520648,
JP2002523802,
JP2002529790,
JP2003066428,
JP2003270419,
JP2003315540,
JP2004021071,
JP2004133074,
JP2004157245,
JP2005222963,
JP2006350129,
JP2007011057,
JP2007094175,
JP2007199699,
JP2007219106,
JP2007279313,
JP2008112187,
JP2008145619,
JP2008233226,
JP2008511702,
JP2008517323,
JP2009036955,
JP2009132221,
JP2009133999,
JP2009211091,
JP2009515225,
JP2010044326,
JP2010256631,
JP2011075681,
JP2011158907,
JP2011164545,
JP2011187108,
JP2011232510,
JP2011505052,
JP2011523452,
JP2012137616,
JP2012163642,
JP2012533089,
JP2013061480,
JP2013235256,
JP2014132328,
JP2015053163,
JP2015172713,
JP2015523586,
JP2016030503,
JP2017156389,
JP2017528739,
JP2018131608,
JP2018508037,
JP2018512562,
JP2018524621,
JP2018533069,
JP2019512745,
JP2019520595,
JP2020512578,
JP2020514783,
JP2020537187,
JP2021509488,
JP2021509736,
JP2021509737,
JP2021509739,
JP2022091982,
JP2022513896,
JP2022520472,
JP2022523365,
JP2022525165,
JP2022535460,
JP2022543571,
JP2022546413,
JP2186319,
JP2689851,
JP2953444,
JP3239384,
JP4303812,
JP4303813,
JP4367775,
JP49092850,
JP5066427,
JP5224018,
JP5303928,
JP5588794,
JP5646748,
JP57089722,
JP6294952,
JP6598269,
JP6680793,
JP6734933,
JP6895451,
JP7098439,
JP7239412,
JP7250799,
JP7399084,
JP7461357,
JP766383,
JP9185313,
JP990312,
KR100803288,
KR1020200106932,
KR1020200108030,
KR1020210127237,
KR1020210138609,
KR1020220036963,
KR1020220038452,
KR1020220054386,
KR20060132474,
KR20100092059,
KR20140140063,
KR20140142337,
KR20170031357,
KR20200104402,
KR20200106170,
KR20210100174,
KR20210134763,
KR301061010,
RE35310, Oct 15 1992 3M Innovative Properties Company Color corrected projection lens
RE39424, Dec 07 1994 3M Innovative Properties Company Telecentric lens systems for forming an image of an object composed of pixels
RE39911, Nov 13 1997 3M Innovative Properties Company Wide field of view projection lenses for compact projection lens systems employing pixelized panels
RE42992, Feb 19 2003 Mirage Innovations Ltd. Chromatic planar optic display system
TW200535633,
TW200801583,
TW201314263,
TW201600943,
TW201604601,
WO1997001133,
WO1997027519,
WO1998004650,
WO1999009440,
WO1999052002,
WO2000016136,
WO2000023830,
WO2000023832,
WO2000023847,
WO2000028369,
WO2001050200,
WO2001090822,
WO2002082168,
WO2003081320,
WO2004023174,
WO2004053531,
WO2004102226,
WO2004109349,
WO2005001753,
WO2005006065,
WO2005047988,
WO2005073798,
WO2005093493,
WO2006002870,
WO2006064301,
WO2006064325,
WO2006064334,
WO2006102073,
WO2006132614,
WO2007015141,
WO2007029032,
WO2007085682,
WO2007130130,
WO2007141587,
WO2007141589,
WO2008011066,
WO2008038058,
WO2008081070,
WO2008100545,
WO2009013597,
WO2009077802,
WO2009077803,
WO2009101238,
WO2009155437,
WO2010023444,
WO2010057219,
WO2010067114,
WO2010067117,
WO2010078856,
WO2010104692,
WO2010122330,
WO2010125337,
WO2010131046,
WO2011012825,
WO2011032005,
WO2011042711,
WO2011051660,
WO2011055109,
WO2011073673,
WO2011107831,
WO2011110821,
WO2011131978,
WO2012052352,
WO2012062658,
WO2012136970,
WO2012158950,
WO2012172295,
WO2013027004,
WO2013027006,
WO2013033274,
WO2013034879,
WO2013049012,
WO2013054972,
WO2013102759,
WO2013163347,
WO2013167864,
WO2013190257,
WO2014064427,
WO2014080155,
WO2014085734,
WO2014090379,
WO2014091200,
WO2014093601,
WO2014100182,
WO2014113506,
WO2014116615,
WO2014130383,
WO2014144526,
WO2014156167,
WO2014159621,
WO2014164901,
WO2014176695,
WO2014179632,
WO2014188149,
WO2014209733,
WO2014209819,
WO2014209820,
WO2014209821,
WO2014210349,
WO2015006784,
WO2015015138,
WO2015017291,
WO2015069553,
WO2015081313,
WO2015117039,
WO2015145119,
WO2016010289,
WO2016020630,
WO2016020643,
WO2016025350,
WO2016042283,
WO2016044193,
WO2016046514,
WO2016048729,
WO2016054092,
WO2016069606,
WO2016087442,
WO2016103263,
WO2016111706,
WO2016111707,
WO2016111708,
WO2016111709,
WO2016113533,
WO2016113534,
WO2016116733,
WO2016118107,
WO2016122679,
WO2016130509,
WO2016135434,
WO2016156776,
WO2016162606,
WO2016181108,
WO2017060665,
WO2017094129,
WO2017120320,
WO2017134412,
WO2017160367,
WO2017162999,
WO2017176861,
WO2017178781,
WO2017180403,
WO2017180923,
WO2017182771,
WO2017203200,
WO2017203201,
WO2017207987,
WO2018096359,
WO2018102834,
WO2018129398,
WO2018150163,
WO2018152337,
WO2018175546,
WO2018206487,
WO2019046649,
WO2019077307,
WO2019079350,
WO2019122806,
WO2019135784,
WO2019135796,
WO2019135837,
WO2019136470,
WO2019136471,
WO2019136473,
WO2019171038,
WO2019185973,
WO2019185975,
WO2019185976,
WO2019185977,
WO2019217453,
WO2020023779,
WO2020123506,
WO2020149956,
WO2020163524,
WO2020168348,
WO2020172681,
WO2020186113,
WO2020212682,
WO2020219092,
WO2020227236,
WO2020247930,
WO2021016371,
WO2021021926,
WO2021032982,
WO2021032983,
WO2021041949,
WO2021044121,
WO2021138607,
WO2021242898,
WO2021262759,
WO2022015878,
WO2022099312,
WO2022109615,
WO2022150841,
WO2022187870,
WO2023250390,
WO2024059644,
WO9216880,
WO9931658,
////////
Executed onAssignorAssigneeConveyanceFrameReelDoc
May 16 2022SHAMS, NIMADIGILENS INC ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS 0687740854 pdf
May 16 2022CONLEY SMITH, ROGER ALLENDIGILENS INC ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS 0687740854 pdf
May 17 2022POPOVICH, MILAN MOMCILODIGILENS INC ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS 0687740854 pdf
May 23 2022GRANT, ALASTAIR JOHNDIGILENS INC ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS 0687740854 pdf
May 23 2022LAO, EDWARDDIGILENS INC ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS 0687740854 pdf
Jul 20 2022WALDERN, JONATHAN DAVIDDIGILENS INC ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS 0687740854 pdf
Sep 26 2022HE, SIHUIDIGILENS INC ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS 0687740854 pdf
Jun 02 2023Digilens Inc.(assignment on the face of the patent)
Date Maintenance Fee Events
Jun 02 2023BIG: Entity status set to Undiscounted (note the period is included in the code).
Oct 17 2023PTGR: Petition Related to Maintenance Fees Granted.


Date Maintenance Schedule
Nov 12 20274 years fee payment window open
May 12 20286 months grace period start (w surcharge)
Nov 12 2028patent expiry (for year 4)
Nov 12 20302 years to revive unintentionally abandoned end. (for year 4)
Nov 12 20318 years fee payment window open
May 12 20326 months grace period start (w surcharge)
Nov 12 2032patent expiry (for year 8)
Nov 12 20342 years to revive unintentionally abandoned end. (for year 8)
Nov 12 203512 years fee payment window open
May 12 20366 months grace period start (w surcharge)
Nov 12 2036patent expiry (for year 12)
Nov 12 20382 years to revive unintentionally abandoned end. (for year 12)