Adaptive alarm system

Abstract

Systems and electronic processes for reducing electronic alarms in a medical patient monitoring system. For example, a system for reducing electronic alarms can include an optical sensor and one or more hardware processors in electronic communication with the optical sensor. The one or more hardware processors can be programmed to measure oxygen saturation values of a patient over a first period of time, determine if at least one oxygen saturation value obtained over the first period of time exceeds a first alarm threshold, determine whether a first alarm should be triggered based on the determination that the at least one oxygen saturation value obtained over the first period of time exceeds the first alarm threshold, determine a second alarm threshold to be applied during a second period of time subsequent to the first period of time, the second alarm threshold replacing the first alarm threshold.

Description

PRIORITY CLAIM TO RELATED PROVISIONAL APPLICATIONS

and the adaptive threshold range (ATR) 660 is:
ATR=L₁−L₂   (4)

As shown in FIG. 6, during a first time period t₁ 692, a parameter segment 620 has a baseline (B) 622 at about Max 612. As such, Δ 626=Max−L₁ and the adaptive threshold (AT) 628 is at about L₁ 614. Accordingly, a transient 624 having a size less than Δ 626 does not trigger the alarm 412 (FIG. 4A).

Also shown in FIG. 6, during a second time period t₂ 694, a parameter segment 630 has a baseline (B) 632 at about L₁ 614. As such, Δ 636 is less than Max−L₁ and the adaptive threshold (AT) 638 is between L₁ and L₂. Accordingly, a smaller transient 634 will trigger the alarm as compared to a transient 624 in the first time segment.

Further shown in FIG. 6, during a third time period t₃ 696, a parameter segment 640 has a baseline (B) 642 at about L₂ 616. As such, Δ 646 is about zero and the adaptive threshold (AT) 648 is at about L₂. Accordingly, even a small negative transient will trigger the alarm. As such, the behavior of the alarm threshold AT 628, 638, 648 advantageously adapts to higher or lower baseline values so as to increase or decrease the size of negative transients that trigger or do not trigger the alarm 412 (FIG. 4A).

FIG. 7 is a parameter versus time graph 700 illustrating the characteristics of an adaptive alarm system 400 (FIGS. 4A-B), as described with respect to FIGS. 4-6, above, where the parameter is oxygen saturation (SpO₂). The graph 700 has a SpO₂ trace 710 and a superimposed baseline trace 720. The graph 700 also delineates tracking periods 730, where the baseline 720 follows the upper portions of SpO₂ values, and lagging periods 740, where the baseline 720 does not follow transient SpO₂ events. The tracking time periods 730 illustrate that the baseline 720 advantageously tracks at the higher range of SpO₂ values 710 during relatively stable (flat) periods, as described above. Lagging time periods 740 illustrate that the baseline 720 is advantageously limited in response to transient desaturation events so that significant desaturations fall below an adaptive threshold (not shown) and trigger an alarm accordingly.

FIG. 8 is a parameter versus time graph 800 illustrating characteristics of an adaptive alarm system 400 (FIGS. 4A-B), as described with respect to FIGS. 4-6, above, where the parameter is oxygen saturation (SpO₂). Vertical axis (SpO₂) resolution is 1%. The time interval 801 between vertical hash marks is five minutes. The graph 800 has a SpO₂ trace 810 and a baseline trace 820. The graph 800 also has a fixed threshold trace 830, a first adaptive threshold (AT) trace 840 and a second AT trace 850. The graph 800 further has a fixed threshold alarm trace 860, a first adaptive threshold alarm trace 870 and a second adaptive threshold alarm trace 880. In this example, L₁ is 90% and L₂ is 85% for the first AT trace 840 and first AT alarm trace 870. L₂ is 80% for a second AT trace 850 and a second AT alarm trace 880. The fixed threshold 830 results in many nuisance alarms 860. By comparison, the adaptive threshold alarm with L₂=85% has just one time interval of alarms 872 during a roughly 6% desaturation period (from 92% to 86%). The adaptive threshold alarm with L₂=80%, has no alarms during the 1 hour 25 minute monitoring period.

FIGS. 9A-B illustrate an adaptive alarm system 900 embodiment having upper parameter limits U₁ and U₂. As shown in FIG. 9A, the adaptive alarm system 900 has parameter 901, first limit (U₁) 903, second limit (U₂) 905 and minimum parameter value (Min) 906 inputs and generates a corresponding alarm 912 output. The parameter 901 input is generated by a physiological parameter processor, such as a pulse oximeter or an advanced blood parameter processor described above, as examples. The adaptive alarm system 900 has an alarm generator 910, a baseline processor 920, and an adaptive threshold processor 940. The alarm generator 910 has parameter 901 and adaptive threshold (AT) 942 inputs and generates the alarm 912 output accordingly. A baseline processor 920 has the parameter 901 input and generates a parameter baseline (B) 922 output. The baseline processor 920, is described in detail with respect to FIG. 9B, below. An adaptive threshold processor 940 has parameter baseline (B) 922, U₁ 903, U₂ 905 and Min 906 inputs and generates the adaptive threshold (AT) 942. The adaptive threshold processor 940 is described in detail with respect to FIGS. 10A-B, below.

As shown in FIG. 9A, in an embodiment U₁ 903 and U₂ 905 may correspond to conventional fixed alarm thresholds with and without an alarm time delay, respectively. For an adaptive threshold schema, however, U₁ 903 and U₂ 905 do not determine an alarm threshold per se, but are reference levels for determining an adaptive threshold (AT) 942. In an embodiment, U₁ 903 is a lower limit of the adaptive alarm threshold AT when the baseline is near the minimum parameter value (Min), and U₂ 905 is an upper limit of the adaptive alarm threshold, as described in detail with respect to FIGS. 10A-B, below. In an exemplar embodiment when the parameter is oxygen saturation, U₁ 903 is set at or around 85% and U₂ 905 is set at or around 90% oxygen saturation. Many other U₁ and U₂ values may be used for an adaptive threshold schema as described herein.

Also shown in FIG. 9A, in an embodiment the alarm 912 output is triggered when the parameter 901 input rises above AT 942 and ends when the parameter 901 input falls below AT 942 or is otherwise cancelled. In an embodiment, the alarm 912 output is triggered after a time delay (TD), which may be fixed or variable. In an embodiment, the time delay (TD) is a function of the adaptive threshold (AT) 942. In an embodiment, the time delay (TD) is zero when the adaptive threshold (AT) is at the second upper limit (U₂) 905.

As shown in FIG. 9B, a baseline processor 920 embodiment has a sliding window 950, a bias calculator 960, a trend calculator 970 and a response limiter 980. The sliding window 950 inputs the parameter 901 and outputs a time segment 952 of the parameter 901. In an embodiment, each window incorporates a five minute span of parameter values. The bias calculator 960 advantageously provides a downward shift in the baseline (B) 922 for an additional margin of error over missed true alarms. That is, a baseline 922 is generated that tracks a lower-than-average range of parameter values, effectively lowering the adaptive threshold AT slightly below a threshold calculated based upon a true parameter average. In an embodiment, the bias calculator 960 rejects an upper range of parameter values from each time segment 952 from the sliding window so as to generate a biased time segment 962.

Also shown in FIG. 9B, the trend calculator 970 outputs a biased trend 972 of the remaining lower range of parameter values in each biased segment 962. In an embodiment, the biased trend 962 is an average of the values in the biased time segment 962. In other embodiments, the biased trend 962 is a median or mode of the values in the biased time segment 962. The response limiter 980 advantageously limits the extent to which the baseline 922 output tracks the biased trend 972. Accordingly, the baseline 922 tracks only relatively longer-lived transitions of the parameter, but does not track (and hence mask) physiologically significant parameter events, such as oxygen desaturations for a SpO₂ parameter to name but one example. In an embodiment, the response limiter 980 has a low pass transfer function. In an embodiment, the response limiter 980 is a slew rate limiter.

FIGS. 10A-B further illustrate an adaptive threshold processor 940 (FIG. 9A) having a baseline (B) 922 input and generating an adaptive threshold (AT) 942 output and a delta (Δ) 944 ancillary output according to parameter limits U₁ 903, U₂ 905 and Min 906, as described above. As shown in FIG. 10A, as the baseline (B) 922 decreases (increases) the adaptive threshold (AT) 944 monotonically decreases (increases) between U₁ 903 and U₂ 905. Further, as the baseline (B) 922 decreases (increases) the delta (Δ) 944 difference between the baseline (B) 922 and the adaptive threshold (AT) 942 monotonically decreases (increases) between Min−U₁ and zero.

As shown in FIG. 10B, the relationship between the delta (Δ) 944 and the baseline (B) 944 may be linear 550 (solid line), non-linear 560 (small-dash lines) or piecewise-linear (large-dash lines), to name a few. In an embodiment, the adaptive threshold processor 940 (FIG. 9A) calculates an adaptive threshold (AT) 942 output in response to the baseline (B) 922 input according to a linear relationship. In a linear embodiment, the adaptive threshold processor 940 (FIG. 9A) calculates the adaptive threshold (AT) 942 according to EQS. 5-6:

$\begin{array}{cc}\Delta =-\left(\frac{U_1-\mathrm{Min}}{U_2-\mathrm{Min}}\right)\left(B-\mathrm{Min}\right)+\left(U_1-\mathrm{Min}\right)& \left(5\right)\\ \mathrm{AT}=B+\Delta & \left(6\right)\end{array}$
where Δ=U₁−Min @ B=Min; Δ=0 @ B=U₂
and where AT=U₁ @ B=Min; AT=U₂ @ B=U₂, accordingly.

FIG. 11 illustrates the operational characteristics an adaptive alarm system 900 (FIG. 9A) having parameter limits Min 1112, U₁ 1114 and U₂ 1116 and an alarm responsive to a baseline (B) 1122, 1132, 1142; an adaptive threshold (AT) 1128, 1138, 1148; and a corresponding Δ 1126, 1136, 1146 according to EQS. 5-6, above. In particular, a physiological parameter 1110 is graphed versus time 1190 for various time segments t₁, t₂, t₃ 1192-1196. The parameter range (PR) 1150 is:
PR=U₂−Min   (7)
and the adaptive threshold range (ATR) 1160 is:
ATR=U₂−U₁   (8)

As shown in FIG. 11, during a first time period t₁ 1192, a parameter segment 1120 has a baseline (B) 1122 at about Min 1112. As such, Δ 1126=U₁−Min and the adaptive threshold (AT) 1128 is at about U₁ 1114. Accordingly, a transient 1124 having a size less than Δ 1126 does not trigger the alarm 912 (FIG. 9A).

Also shown in FIG. 11, during a second time period t₂ 1194, a parameter segment 1130 has a baseline (B) 1132 at about U₁ 1114. As such, Δ 1136 is less than U₁−Min and the adaptive threshold (AT) 1138 is between U₁ and U₂. Accordingly, a smaller transient 1134 will trigger the alarm as compared to a transient 1124 in the first time segment.

Further shown in FIG. 11, during a third time period t₃ 1196, a parameter segment 1140 has a baseline (B) 1142 at about U₂ 1116. As such, Δ 1146 is about zero and the adaptive threshold (AT) 1148 is at about U₂. Accordingly, even a small positive transient will trigger the alarm. As such, the behavior of the alarm threshold AT 1128, 1138, 1148 advantageously adapts to higher or lower baseline values so as to increase or decrease the size of positive transients that trigger or do not trigger the alarm 912 (FIG. 9A).

FIGS. 12A-B illustrate an adaptive alarm system 1200 embodiment having lower limits L₁, L₂ 1203, such as described with respect to FIGS. 4A-B above, or upper limits U₁, U₂ 1205 such as described with respect to FIGS. 9A-B above, or both. As shown in FIG. 12A, the adaptive alarm system 1200 has parameter 1201, lower limit 1203 and upper limit 1205 inputs and generates a corresponding alarm 1212 output. The parameter 1201 input is generated by a physiological parameter processor, such as a pulse oximeter or an advanced blood parameter processor described above, as examples. The adaptive alarm system 1200 has an alarm generator 1210, a baseline processor 1220 and an adaptive threshold processor 1240. The alarm generator 1210 has parameter 1201 and adaptive threshold (AT) 1242 inputs and generates the alarm 1212 output accordingly. A baseline processor 1220 has the parameter 1201 input and generates one or more parameter baseline 1222 outputs. The baseline processor 1220, is described in detail with respect to FIG. 12B, below. An adaptive threshold processor 1240 has parameter baseline 1222, lower limit L₁, L₂ 1203 and upper limit U₁, U₂ 1205 inputs and generates lower and upper adaptive threshold AT_l, AT_u 1242 outputs. The adaptive threshold processor 1240 also generates ancillary upper and lower delta 1244 outputs. The adaptive threshold processor 1240 is described in detail with respect to FIGS. 13A-E, below.

As shown in FIG. 12A, in an embodiment L₁, L₂ 1203 and U₁, U₂ 1205 may correspond to conventional fixed alarm thresholds with an alarm delay (L₁, U₁) and without an alarm delay (L₂, U₂). For an adaptive threshold schema, however, these limits 1203, 1205 do not determine an alarm threshold per se, but are reference levels for determining lower and upper adaptive thresholds AT_l, AT_u 1242.

Also shown in FIG. 12A, in an embodiment the alarm 1212 output is triggered when the parameter 1201 input falls below AT_l 1242 and ends when the parameter 1201 input rises above AT_l 1242 or the alarm is otherwise cancelled. Further, the alarm 1212 output is triggered when the parameter 1201 input rises above AT_u 1242 and ends when the parameter 1201 input falls below AT_u 1242 or the alarm is otherwise cancelled. In an embodiment, the alarm 1212 output is triggered after a time delay (TD), which may be fixed or variable. In an embodiment, the time delay (TD) is a function of the adaptive thresholds (AT_l, AT_u) 1242. In an embodiment, the time delay (TD) is zero when the lower adaptive threshold (AT_l) 1242 is at the second lower limit (L₂) 1203 or when the upper adaptive alarm threshold AT_u 1242 is at the second upper limit (U₂) 1205.

As shown in FIG. 12B, a baseline processor 1220 embodiment has a sliding window 1250, an over-bias calculator 1260, an under-bias calculator 1265, trend calculators 1270 and response limiters 1280. The sliding window 1250 inputs the parameter 1201 and outputs a time segment 1252 of the parameter 1201. In an embodiment, each window incorporates a five minute span of parameter 1201 values.

Also shown in FIG. 12B, the over-bias calculator 1260 advantageously provides an upward shift in the lower baseline (B_l) 1282 for an additional margin of error over missed lower true alarms. That is, a lower baseline (B_l) 1282 is generated that tracks a higher-than-average range of parameter values, effectively raising the lower adaptive threshold AT_l slightly above a threshold calculated based upon a true parameter average. In an embodiment, the over-bias calculator 1260 rejects a lower range of parameter values from each time segment 1252 of the sliding window 1250 so as to generate an over-biased time segment 1262.

Further shown in FIG. 12B, the under-bias calculator 1265 advantageously provides a downward shift in the upper baseline (B_u) 1287 for an additional margin of error over missed upper true alarms. That is, an upper baseline (B_u) 1287 is generated that tracks a lower-than-average range of parameter values, effectively lowering the upper adaptive threshold AT_u slightly below a threshold calculated based upon a true parameter average. In an embodiment, the under-bias calculator 1267 rejects an upper range of parameter values from each time segment 1252 of the sliding window 1250 so as to generate an under-biased time segment 1267.

Additionally shown in FIG. 12B, the trend calculator 1270 outputs an over-biased trend 1272 of the remaining higher range of parameter values in each over-biased segment 1262. Further, the trend calculator 1270 outputs an under-biased trend 1277 of the remaining lower range of parameter values in each under-biased segment 1267. In an embodiment, the biased trends 1272, 1277 are each an average of the values in the corresponding biased time segments 1262, 1267. In other embodiments, the biased trends 1272, 1277 are each a median or mode of the values in the corresponding biased time segments 1262, 1267. The response limiter 1280 advantageously limits the extent to which the baseline 1222 outputs track the biased trends 1272, 1277. Accordingly, the baseline 1222 outputs track only relatively longer-lived transitions of the parameter 1201, but do not track (and hence mask) physiologically significant parameter events. In an embodiment, the response limiter 1280 has a low pass transfer function. In an embodiment, the response limiter 1280 is a slew rate limiter.

FIGS. 13A-E illustrate parameter (P) operating ranges and ideal ranges in view of both lower and upper parameter limits. As shown in FIG. 13A, as the baseline (B_l) 1317 decreases (increases) the adaptive threshold (AT_l) 1318 monotonically decreases (increases) between L₁ and L₂. Further, as the baseline (B_l) 1317 decreases (increases) the delta (Δ_l) 1319 difference between the baseline (B_l) 1317 and the adaptive threshold (AT_l) 1318 monotonically decreases (increases) between Max−L₁ and 0.

As shown in FIG. 13B, as the baseline (B_u) 1327 increases (decreases) the adaptive threshold (AT_u) 1328 monotonically increases (decreases) between U₁ and U₂. Further, as the baseline (B_u) 1327 increases (decreases) the delta (Δ_u) 1329 difference between the adaptive threshold (AT_u) 1328 and the baseline (B_u) 1327 monotonically decreases (increases) between Min−U₁ and 0.

As shown in FIG. 13C, combining FIGS. 13A-B, the parameter (P) operating range is bounded by the overlapping regions of 13A and 13B 1330 having an upper bound of U₂ and a lower bound of L₂. In particular, L₁, L₂ are the upper and lower limits of the lower adaptive alarm threshold AT_l; and U₂, U₁ are the upper and lower limits of the upper adaptive alarm threshold AT_u.

FIG. 13D illustrates parameter (P) versus the overlapping independent delta domains F_u, F_l for upper and lower baselines B_u, B_l; adaptive thresholds AT_u, AT_l and deltas Δ_u, Δ_l, based upon FIGS. 13A-C. FIG. 13E illustrates parameter (P) versus the overlapping independent delta domains F_u, F_l (reversed); for upper and lower baselines B_u, B_l; adaptive thresholds AT_u, AT_l and deltas Δ_u, Δ_l,

As shown in FIG. 13E, the equations for bi-lateral adaptive thresholds are:

$\begin{array}{cc}{\Delta }_u=-\left(\frac{U_1-L_2}{U_2-L_2}\right)\left(B-L_2\right)+\left(U_1-L_2\right)& \left(9\right)\\ {\mathrm{AT}}_u=B+{\Delta }_u& \left(10\right)\end{array}$
where Δ_u=U₁−₂ @ B=L₂; and Δ_u=0 @ B=U₂; and
where AT_u=U₁ @ B=L₂; and AT_u=U₂ @ B=U₂.
Further:

$\begin{array}{cc}{\Delta }_l=\left(\frac{U_2-L_1}{U_2-L_2}\right)\left(B-L_2\right)& \left(11\right)\\ {\mathrm{AT}}_l=B-{\Delta }_l& \left(12\right)\end{array}$
where Δ_l=U₂−L₁ @ B=U₂; and Δ_l=0 @ B=L₂; and
where AT_l=L₁ @ B=U₂; AT_l=L₂ @ B=L₂.

Although shown as a linear relationship, in general:
Δ_l=f₁(B);Δ_u=f₂(B)
That is, Δ_l and Δ_u can each be a linear function of B, a non-linear function of B or a piecewise linear function of B, to name a few, in a manner similar to that described with respect to FIGS. 5B and 10B, above.

FIGS. 14A-B illustrate the operational characteristics an adaptive alarm system 1200 (FIGS. 12A-B) having upper limits U₁, U₂ 1412, 1414 and lower limits L₁, L₂ 1422, 1424. An alarm 1212 (FIG. 12A) output is responsive to a baseline (B) 1432, 1442, 1452, 1462; an upper delta (Δ_u) 1437, 1447, 1457, 1467; and a corresponding upper adaptive threshold (AT_u) 1439, 1449, 1459, 1469, according to EQS. 9-10, above. Further, the alarm 1212 (FIG. 12A) output is responsive to a lower delta (Δ_l) 1436, 1446, 1456, 1466 and a corresponding lower adaptive threshold (AT_l) 1438, 1448, 1458, 1468, according to EQS. 11-12, above.

As shown in FIGS. 14A-B, a physiological parameter 1410 is graphed versus time 1490 for various time segments t₁, t₂, t₃, t₄ 1492-1498. The parameter range (PR) 1480 is:
PR=U₂−L₂   (13)

the lower adaptive threshold AT_l range is:
ATR_l=L₁−L₂   (14)
the upper adaptive threshold AT_U range is:
ATR_l=U₂−U₁   (15)

As shown in FIG. 14A, during a first time period t₁ 1492, a parameter segment 1430 has a baseline (B) 1432 at about U₂ 1414. As such, Δ_l 1436=U₂−L₁; Δ_u 1437=0; AT_l 1438=L₁; AT_u 1439=U₂. Accordingly, a negative transient 1434 having a size less than U₂−L₁ does not trigger an alarm.

Also shown in FIG. 14A, during a second time period t₂ 1494, a parameter segment 1440 has a baseline (B) 1442 less than U₂. As such, Δ_l 1446 is less than U₁−L₁ and the adaptive threshold (AT_u) 1447 is between U₁ and U₂. Accordingly, a smaller negative transient 1444 will trigger the alarm as compared to the negative transient 1434 in the first time segment 1430.

Further shown in FIG. 14A, during a third time period t₃ 1496, a parameter segment 1450 has a baseline (B) 1452 less than U₁ 1412. As such, a smaller negative transient 1454 will trigger the alarm as compared to the negative transient 1444 in the second time segment 1440. However, a larger positive transient 1455 is needed to trigger the alarm as compared to the positive transient 1445 in the second time segment 1440.

Additionally shown in FIG. 14A, during a fourth time period t₄ 1460, a parameter segment 1460 has a baseline (B) 1462 at about L₂ 1424. As such, Δ_l 1466=0; Δ_u 1467=U₁−L₂; AT_l 1468=L₂; AT_u 1469=U₁. Accordingly, a positive transient 1465 having a size less than U₁−L₂ does not trigger an alarm.

An adaptive alarm system has been disclosed in detail in connection with various embodiments. These embodiments are disclosed by way of examples only and are not to limit the scope of the claims that follow. One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate many variations and modifications.

Claims

1. A system for reducing electronic alarms in a medical patient monitoring system, the system comprising:

an optical sensor configured to transmit optical radiation into a tissue site of a patient and detect attenuated optical radiation indicative of at least one physiological parameter of a patient; and

one or more hardware processors in electronic communication with the optical sensor, the one or more hardware processors configured to:

measure oxygen saturation values of a patient over a first period of time;

determine if at least one oxygen saturation value obtained over the first period of time exceeds a first alarm threshold;

determine whether a first alarm should be triggered based on the determination that the at least one oxygen saturation value obtained over the first period of time exceeds the first alarm threshold;

determine a second alarm threshold to be applied during a second period of time subsequent to the first period of time, the second alarm threshold replacing the first alarm threshold, the second alarm threshold being determined by:

comparing at least a first oxygen saturation value obtained during the first time period with a lower limit associated with oxygen saturation; and

computing a second alarm threshold based on the comparison where the second alarm threshold is computed to be at a value less than the at least first oxygen saturation value and greater than the lower limit and at an offset from the first oxygen saturation value, wherein the offset is configured to diminish as a difference between the at least first oxygen saturation value and the lower limit diminishes;

measure oxygen saturation values of a patient over the second period of time to determine at least a second oxygen saturation value; and

determine whether a second alarm should be triggered by determining if at least one oxygen saturation value obtained during the second period of time exceeds the second alarm threshold and triggering an alarm if it is determined the second alarm should be triggered.

2. The system of claim 1, wherein the one or more hardware processors are configured to calculate a first baseline measurement from the measured oxygen saturation values over the first period of time and wherein the at least one oxygen saturation value obtained during the first period of time corresponds to the first baseline measurement.

3. The system of claim 2, wherein the one or more hardware processors are configured to calculate a second baseline measurement from the measured oxygen saturation values over the second period of time and wherein the at least one oxygen saturation value obtained during the second period of time corresponds to the second baseline measurement.

4. The system of claim 1, wherein the lower limit is predefined and corresponds to a minimum parameter value for oxygen saturation.

5. The system of claim 1, wherein the one or more hardware processors are further configured to wait for a time delay prior to the triggering of the second alarm, and wherein the time delay is a function of the second alarm threshold.

6. The system of claim 5, wherein the time delay decreases as the difference between the at least first oxygen saturation value and the lower limit diminishes.

7. The system of claim 1, wherein the first alarm threshold is predetermined.

8. A system for reducing electronic alarms in a medical patient monitoring system including a pulse oximeter in communication with an optical sensor, the system comprising one or more hardware processors configured to:

measure oxygen saturation values of a patient over a first period of time;

determine if at least one oxygen saturation value obtained over the first period of time exceeds a first alarm threshold;

determine whether a first alarm should be triggered based on the determination that the at least one oxygen saturation value obtained over the first period of time exceeds the first alarm threshold;

compare at least a first oxygen saturation value obtained during the first time period with a lower limit associated with oxygen saturation;

compute a second alarm threshold based on the comparison;

determine a time delay based on the computed second alarm threshold, wherein the time delay approaches zero as the first oxygen saturation value approaches the lower limit;

measure oxygen saturation values of a patient over the second period of time to determine at least a second oxygen saturation value; and

determine whether a second alarm should be triggered by determining if at least one oxygen saturation value obtained during the second period of time exceeds the second alarm threshold for the time delay and triggering an alarm if it is determined the second alarm should be triggered.

9. The system of claim 8, wherein the first alarm threshold is predetermined.

10. The system of claim 8, wherein the lower limit is predefined and corresponds to a minimum parameter value for oxygen saturation.

11. The system of claim 8, where the second alarm threshold is computed to be at a value less than the at least first oxygen saturation value and greater than the lower limit and at an offset from the first oxygen saturation value, wherein the offset is configured to diminish as a difference between the at least first oxygen saturation value and the lower limit diminishes.

12. An electronic method for reducing electronic alarms in a medical patient monitoring system, the electronic method comprising:

measuring oxygen saturation values of a patient over a first period of time;

determining if at least one oxygen saturation value determined over the first period of time exceeds a first alarm threshold;

determining whether a first alarm should be triggered based on the determination that at least one oxygen saturation value obtained during the first period of time exceeds the first alarm threshold;

comparing at least a first oxygen saturation value obtained during the first time period with a lower limit associated with oxygen saturation;

computing the second alarm threshold based on the comparison where the second alarm threshold is computed to be at a value less than the at least first oxygen saturation value and greater than the lower limit and at an offset from the first oxygen saturation value, wherein the offset is configured to diminish as a difference between the at least first oxygen saturation value and the lower limit diminishes and wherein the second alarm threshold is configured to be applied during a second period of time subsequent to the first period of time, the second alarm threshold replacing the first alarm threshold;

measuring oxygen saturation values of a patient over the second period of time to determine at least a second oxygen saturation value; and

determining whether a second alarm should be triggered by determining if at least one oxygen saturation value obtained during the second period of time exceeds the second alarm threshold and triggering an alarm if it is determined the second alarm should be triggered.

13. The electronic method of claim 12, wherein the one or more hardware processors are configured to calculate a first baseline measurement from the measured oxygen saturation values over the first period of time and wherein the at least one oxygen saturation value obtained during the first period of time corresponds to the first baseline measurement.

14. The electronic method of claim 13, wherein the one or more hardware processors are configured to calculate a second baseline measurement from the measured oxygen saturation values over the second period of time and wherein the at least one oxygen saturation value obtained during the second period of time corresponds to the second baseline measurement.

15. The electronic method of claim 12, wherein the lower limit is predefined and corresponds to a minimum parameter value for oxygen saturation.

16. The electronic method of claim 12, wherein the one or more hardware processors are further configured to wait for a time delay prior to the triggering of the second alarm, and wherein the time delay is a function of the second alarm threshold.

17. The electronic method of claim 16, wherein the time delay decreases as the difference between the at least first oxygen saturation value and the lower limit diminishes.

18. The electronic method of claim 12, wherein the first alarm threshold is predetermined.

19. A non-transitory physical computer storage comprising computer-executable instructions stored thereon that, when executed by one or more processors, are configured to implement a process comprising:

transmitting optical radiation into a tissue site of a patient and detecting attenuated optical radiation indicative of an oxygen saturation of a patient;

defining a limit that corresponds to a reference level for a determination of an alarm threshold; and

using an alarm threshold in determining whether to activate an alarm, the alarm threshold being at a value less than a prior oxygen saturation of the patient by a difference, wherein the difference diminishes based on the prior oxygen saturation of the patient approaching the limit.

20. The non-transitory physical computer storage of claim 19, wherein the difference diminishes in response to a decrease in the patient's oxygen saturation until it reaches zero.

21. The non-transitory physical computer storage of claim 19, wherein the diminishment is proportional to the difference.

22. The non-transitory physical computer storage of claim 19, wherein the diminishment is a piecewise function of discrete diminishment steps.

23. The non-transitory physical computer storage of claim 19, wherein the process further comprises automatically determining the alarm threshold.

24. The non-transitory physical computer storage of claim 19, wherein the limit is set at 85% oxygen saturation.

25. The non-transitory physical computer storage of claim 19, wherein the limit is set at 80% oxygen saturation.

26. The non-transitory physical computer storage of claim 19, wherein the limit is set between 80% to 85% oxygen saturation.

27. The non-transitory physical computer storage of claim 19, wherein the limit is predefined.

28. The non-transitory physical computer storage of claim 19, wherein the process further comprises waiting for a time delay prior to activating the alarm, wherein the time delay is based on the alarm threshold.

29. The non-transitory physical computer storage of claim 28, wherein the time delay decreases based on the prior oxygen saturation of the patient approaching the limit.